Philosophy mt

Essay Prompt 1 Case 1 Ms. E Consider Case 1 of Ms. E. in the article by Sirotin and Lo. Use the perspective of Historical Context to give a possible explanation of the patient's feelings and actions.

A complete answer will address most or all of those points: How might the historical context of racism in U.S. medical practice explain what happened? What mistakes were made in working with the patient? What would an ideal interaction with this patient have looked like? In your answer, be more specific than Sirotin and Lo (and feel free to disagree with their suggestions). Justify your answers by connecting them with specific historical instances of earned distrust in medical practice, as well as the Principle of Autonomy.

Premise 1) If pigs have wings, then pigs can fly. Premise 2) Pigs have wings. Conclusion Pigs can fly.

Answer 1: valid Answer 2: unsound

Answers will be graded for clarity, conciseness, completeness, and accuracy. Use complete sentences. Cite all sources.

As described in the Midterm Study Guide, you are expected to have prepared two essays while studying.

Identify four important principles in Bioethics (check all that apply)

Autonomy Beneficence Nonmaleficence Distributive Justice

According to Gamble, the National Research Act of 1974 solved all the ethical problems with medical research and treatment by requiring Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) for federally funded research on human subjects. This act has guaranteed that all human subjects are always treated equally regardless of race or social status.

False

Consider this statement: "If a doctor tells a patient about a procedure, and the patient says yes to the procedure, then this interaction meets all the criteria for informed consent." Is this statement true or false? Write down True or False in the text box below. Optional: If you want, you can explain your answer.

False

True or false? If you show that an argument is unsound, then you have shown that the conclusion is definitely false.

False. It is possible to have unsound arguments that nonetheless have a true conclusion, for example if the premises are false or unrelated to the conclusion.

In the literary classic The Hounds of Baskerville, Dr. Watson discovers that his friend, Detective Sherlock Holmes, has been lying to him for weeks. Holmes pretended to be at home in London, when in fact he was hiding out on the countryside, spying on a murder suspect. Read the passage, and answer the question below. Sherlock Holmes: "Be careful with that gun" Dr. Watson: "You! I thought you were in Baker Street working on that case of blackmail?" Holmes: "That's what I wished you to think." Dr. Watson: "Then you used me!" From: The Hounds of Baskerville, Chapter 12. by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Dr. Watson objects that Sherlock Holmes has acted immorally by deceiving him. Dr. Watson sense of morality here is best in line with:

Immanuel Kant's Formula of Ends

According to each framework, how do you decide the right thing to do?

Mill's Utalitarianism - Choose the action that will lead to the most happiness overall for the most people in the long run. Kant's Formula of Ends - Never use people for your own purposes without also respecting them as individuals. Respect people's abilities to make their own autonomous choices. Care Ethics - Examine the particular details of the situation, and try to meet the needs and wants of everyone affected.

Premise 1) If pigs have wings, then pigs can fly. Premise 2) Pigs have wings. Conclusion) Pigs can fly. This argument is in the form of:

Modus Ponens

Consider this argument in favor of animal research: "Animals (that is, nonhuman animals, in the ordinary sense of the word) lack this capacity of free moral judgment. They are not beings of a kind capable of exercising or responding to moral claims. Animals, therefore have no rights, and can have none." - Carl Cohen, "The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research" New England Journal of Medicine 315, no 14 (1986). Which argument below offers the best reconstruction of this argument?

Premise 1) Animals are not moral agents. Conclusion Animals are not moral patients.

Premise 1) If pigs have wings, then pigs can fly. Premise 2) Pigs have wings. Conclusion Pigs can fly.

Premise 1) If X, then Y. Premise 2) X. Conclusion Y

Baby Owens did not receive life-saving surgery because:

The parents did not wish it because they did not want to raise a child who had Downs Syndrome.

Prompt 2 Apply Kant's Formula of Ends and Mill's Principle of Utility to the case of Dax Cowart.

This means: Explain both of these moral frameworks, and then explain how they each apply to the case. For the Principle of Utility, be sure to take into consideration overall total suffering, and remember that the treatment caused Dax to suffer enough that he was willing to give up the rest of his life to make it stop. He suffered this much everyday. For 10 months. For each moral framework, what would the right action be: treat him or not?

Pick a 2nd term from this list. Define it. Principle of Charity Moral agent premise false dichotomy Relational Autonomy paternalism Social Model of Disability Medical Model of Disability Principle of Nonmaleficence Moral Dilemma

To define the term: 1) Explain what it means in your own words. 2) Give an example. 3) Provide a contrast (that is, explain what the term does not mean). Use your own words and your own example. Use complete sentences. Cite all sources (including online sources you use in studying).

Pick one term from this list. Define it. Principle of Charity Moral agent premise false dichotomy Relational Autonomy paternalism Social Model of Disability Medical Model of Disability Principle of Nonmaleficence Moral Dilemma

To define the term: 1) Explain what it means in your own words. 2) Give an example. 3) Provide a contrast (that is, explain what the term does not mean). Use your own words and your own example. Use complete sentences. Cite all sources (including online sources you use in studying).

Someone can be a moral patient even if they are not a moral agent.

True

Is it ever possible for a valid argument to have a false conclusion?

Yes, if it has at least one false premise.

According the Munson, a doctor violates the Principle of Nonmaleficence whenever

a certified surgeon is available, but instead someone who is not certified to perform the surgery does it (even if the patient's health outcome is good)

"The right to control your own body is a right you're born with." - Dax Cowart (Cowart 1998 pg 16, reproduced in Munson 76-80). Review Dax's statements in Munson on pages 78 and 79, then answer the questions below. Dax Cowart argues that when physicians continue painful treatment against the consent of the patient, this is analogous to

all of these answers

Re-read the Nuremberg Code, and then use it to answer this question: The Nuremberg Code requires that medical research on humans

must allow the participants to stop at any time

According to Mike Oliver, being disabled can be a problem because

of society's systematic exclusion of people with disabilities

The historical significance of the Tuskegee Syphilis study is that

outcry over the study lead to the National Research Act, a code of Bioethics in the U.S.

Care Ethics involves responding to moral conflicts by: (check all that apply)

taking into account the concerns and feelings of everyone involved, if possible focusing on the details of the specific case

During the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment, researchers

withheld treatment from study subjects, but did not infect them