Phonological Disorders Introduction and Chapter 2

What are Phonemes? How do they look when transcribed?

(written in virgules // because it is a MENTAL representation. Use brackets when writing): the smallest unit of sound that signals a change in meaning (/pit/ vs /bit/). A phoneme is a single sound in a language that means something different from another sound. For example, "cat" and "cot" obviously are different words with different meanings. We know this because the "a" and the "o" in these words are different phonemes.

What are Allophones?

-Allophones are different ways of pronouncing a single phoneme. -An allophone is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.[1] -Allophones are single letters that when inserted into two different words produce different sounds of the same letter. Ex: /k/ in kite and /k/ in sky. More aspiration on the /k/ in kite. For example, [pʰ] (as in pin) and [p] (as in spin) are allophones for the phoneme /p/ in the English language. Thus, a phoneme is a family of allophones.

What kind of errors are more common: vowels or consonants? Why?

-It takes a lot more precision for a consonant than a vowel. -Vowels have stronger formants (continuous, last longer and are louder)

What is a Vowel? By what oral parts can it be described by?

-a vowel is a sound that is made with the mouth and throat not closing at any point (no direct constriction of expired airflow with steady periodic airflow) -Described by relative positions of the tongue and lips Ex: a, e, i, o, u,

What is Complementary Distribution?

-complementary distribution is the mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in an environment where the other segment never occurs. -Sounds that never occur in the same environment. Ex: Clark Kent=Superman: same person but different realizations. Will never see Superman and Clark Kent at the same place or time, only one or the other. Ex: When the sound /k/ occurs in the middle of the word it is not aspirated(sky, scan, skirt) but when it occurs in beginning it is aspirated(cat, keep, cool). Ex: The word cats =[kats] and the word birds=[birdz]. The endings -s and -z cannot occur in opposite form ([birds] or [katz].

What is Free Variation?

-free variation is an alternative pronunciation of a word (or of a phoneme in a word) that doesn't affect the word's meaning. -sounds that appear differently in the same word without changing the meaning(allophone of the same phoneme). Ex: If you were to release /p/ or unreleased /p/ in word final position for the word "pop" or "map." It would not change the meaning of the word no matter which way you pronounced it, either with the final /p/ can be released audibly with a small burst as the lips open, or it can be unreleased if the lips are closed. Ex: Stop, stap, stop(with an aspirated p).

What is coarticulation, and why does it occur?

-is the idea that each speech sound is affected by every other speech sound around it and each sound slightly changes according to its environment. -the influence that sounds(letters) exert on each other; sounds subtly change when produced next to others. -In a nutshell, it sounds take on qualities of other sounds that precede or follow them (our articulators either anticipate the next sound or carryover qualities from the prior sound). Ex: He sneezed -> He snoozed. Difference in unrounded /i/ and rounded vowel /u/. You can feel anticipatory lip rounding as you alternately say sneeze and snooze with your finger lightly touching your lips.

What is a deviant language difficulty?

-the errors not typically observed in young children's development (backing of alveolars) -language difficulties that are considered 'odd' for a child of any age.

What is Semantics?

-the meaning and interpretation of words, phrases and sentences. It is concerned with the relationship between signifiers—like words, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what they stand for, their denotation. -an understanding and appropriate use of meaning in single words, phrases, sentences and even longer units. Semantic language skills include the ability to: understand and state labels, recognize and name categorical labels, understand and use descriptive words (including adjectives and smaller parts of whole items), comprehend and state functions, and recognize words by their definition and define words. -the selection of words

What are Morphemes?

-the smallest unit of sound that signals meaning (ex: 2 morphemes in "cats" - 'cat' and plural 's'). -Morphemes are combined into phrases and sentences according to the grammatical rules of the language. Ex: Walked (two morphemes are the verb walk and the past tense maker ed).

Anatomy of the Speech Mechanism

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Chapter 2

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Typical Variations in Speech and Language: Dialect vs Accent

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What is the difference between a language disorder and a speech disorder?

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What are the four criteria for Speech Sound Disorders(SSD)?

1. Persistent, unintelligible speech consisting of phoneme addition, omission, distortion, or substitution, 2. Which interferes with verbal communication for purposes of social participation, academic performance, and/or occupational performance. 3. The onset of symptoms occur in early childhood, 4. and is not caused by an acquired mental or neurological condition (such as brain injury)

What are phonological awareness skills and what are they good predictors of?

Ability to mentally manipulate the sounds and syllables in words. Phonological awareness skills are good predictors of later literacy (late development).

What is the purpose of the Larynx?

Also called the voice box, it generates the voiced sounds of speech by vibration of the vocal folds, or it allows air to pass from the lungs to the vocal tract (oral and nasal cavities). To regulate the airflow from the lungs to create both voiced and voiceless segments

The Big 9

Articulation Fluency Voice/Resonance Expressive/Receptive Language Hearing Swallowing Cognitive Aspects of Communication Social Aspects of Communication AAC

Common syllable configurations in English

CV VC CVC CCVC CCCVCC

How might knowledge of articulation by helpful to an SLP?

Can give info if they can produce in isolation or in context? Just producing /r/ on it's own but how about in a word or maybe next to another letter

How does an SSD relate to language disorder?

Communication Disorders Language Disorders Physical Disorders (Under Language Disorders) Expressive- Speech Disorders Receptive Auditory processing (Under Expressive) Aphasia, Speech-sound - Phonological Disorders(Lisp), Fluency(Stuttering,Cluttering), Processing(guessing, noise filtering) (Separate branch under Physical Disorders) Oral Muscular Voice(Disphonia, Esophageal Voice) Neuromuscular(mutism, Dysarthria, Apraxia)

How is spoken language processed? What does it start(bottom) and end(top) with?

Discourse-level comprhension Syntax/sentences Morphology/grammar Lexical/word Phonological/segmental Phonetic

What were Speech Disorders formerly known as?

Formerly known as "articulation disorders/phonological disorders"

Morphemes Examples

Free and Bound Morphemes There are two types of morphemes-free morphemes and bound morphemes. "Free morphemes" can stand alone with a specific meaning, for example, eat, date, weak. "Bound morphemes" cannot stand alone with meaning. Morphemes are comprised of two separate classes called (a) bases (or roots) and (b) affixes. A "base," or "root" is a morpheme in a word that gives the word its principle meaning. An example of a "free base" morpheme is woman in the word womanly. An example of a "bound base" morpheme is -sent in the word dissent. Affixes An "affix" is a bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base. An affix that comes before a base is called a "prefix." Some examples of prefixes are ante-, pre-, un-, and dis-, as in the following words: antedate prehistoric unhealthy disregard An affix that comes after a base is called a "suffix." Some examples of suffixes are -ly, -er, -ism, and -ness, as in the following words: happily gardener capitalism kindness -s noun plural -'s noun possessive -s verb present tense third person singular -ing verb present participle/gerund -ed verb simple past tense -en verb past perfect participle -er adjective comparative -est adjective superlative

Example of Allophones

I'll give you another example: the word "cut." Although we think of the "uh" sound in "cut" as a single sound, I've probably pronounced this single sound any number of ways: IPA [kʌt], [kɜt], [kət], or [kɐt] depending on how fast I'm speaking, who I'm talking to, and any other number of factors. But although I may technically say this word in a number of different ways, the "uh" sound in "cut" is still the same phoneme. The variations in pronunciation are allophones of this phoneme.

When does a delay become a deviant?

If one area is slow (delayed), it may lead to difficulties across several areas of development, which results in errors that might then describe as deviant.

What is Phonation and how do we use it?

It's the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. By closing out vocal folds over exhaled air, we vibrate the outward airflow. Ex: For voiced sounds like the sounds in the word "buzz"

What is Phonetic transcription/variation?

Phonetic variation (written in brackets [ ]) refers to details in the signal that does not necessary indicate change in phonemic category (ex: /pit/ vs. [phit ̚])

What are the '5 levels' of speech function for children with speech sound disorders?

Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of the language being spoken. Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different positions in words etc.

What are Articulation disorders? What are some examples?

Problems with production of speech. Ex: -Lisp -Gliding liquids (/r/ -> /w/, "wabbit")

What are Phonological disorders? What are some examples?

Problems with the rules governing speech. Ex: -Fronting all velars ('duck' -> 'dut', 'dog' -> 'dod') -Voicing errors ('hospital' -> 'hosbidal')

What is Resonance and how do we use it?

Resonance refers to the way airflow for speech is shaped as it passes through the oral (mouth) and nasal (nose) cavities We use the different configurations of our oral/nasal cavities to modulate the resonance. Ex: Hypernasal speech is a result of valopharyngeal insufficiency

What is a speech delay?

Speech sound errors that are often regarded as "normal" errors found in young children as they learn the proper use of sounds (lisps, misarticulations of /r/ or the affricatives) but which persist in some children. Typical errors that persist beyond infancy

Accent

Systematic differences in the pronunciation of language, due to regional influences or a different native language. Ex: Parents, where Russian was the first language and then trying to learn English. Accent in most sentences.

Examples of Consonants

The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant /j/ in yoke, the vowel /ɪ/ in myth, the vowel /i/ in funny, and the diphthong /aɪ/ in my. W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in growth, raw, and how, and in a few loanwords from Welsh, like crwth or cwm.

How do we use Respiration?

The act of breathing in and out, we use it to speak on exhaled air.

What controls the entire process of speech production?

The nervous system, which must translate the message to be communicated into a pattern of signals that run to the various muscles of the speech mechanism.

What are Obstruents/Nonsonorants?

The obstruents are the stops, the fricatives, and the affricates. -The cavity configuration does not allow spontaneous voicing. Special mechanisms must be used to produce voicing during the nonconsonant sounds.

Valopharynx

The soft palate (or velum) joins or seperates the oral and nasal cavities so that air passes through the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, or both. Closes when food or liquid enters to prevent it from entering the nasal cavity

What are Sonorants?

The sonorants are the vowels, liquids, glides, and nasals -Vocal tract above larynx is open so that no special laryngeal adjustments are needed to initiate voicing

What are all of the divisions of the tongue?

The tip or Apex The Blade The Back or Dorsum The Root The Body

What is the vocal tract and where is it located?

The upper airway that runs from the larynx to the mouth or nose and is the site of speech articulation.

True or False: A dialectal difference or accented speech is NOT a speech sound disorder.

True

How do we use Articulation?

We use the different configurations of our vocal tract to modulate the expired airflow.

What is a Language Disorder?

When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then he or she has a language disorder. A stroke can result in aphasia, or a language disorder.

What is a Consonant?

a consonant is a sound that is made with the air stopping once or more during the vocalization. That means that at some point, the sound is stopped by your lips, teeth, tongue, nasal passage or constriction of the vocal cords(throat). -Contrasts with vowels since for them the mouth and throat is always open -All consonants may be classified as either voiced or voiceless. In articulating a voiced consonant, the vocal cords are vibrating. -Airflow is irregular of obstruents -Airflow is steady for sonorants

Dialect

a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. Ex: "Hello mate" "Reckon I have"

What is childhood apraxia of speech?

childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder. Children with CAS have problems saying sounds, syllables, and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts (e.g., lips, jaw, tongue) needed for speech. The child knows what he or she wants to say, but his/her brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words.

CV, VC, CVC, CCVC, CCCVCC

do, be, too on, add, in dog, cat, man truck, skin, clap screams, squint, scratched

What is a receptive language disorder?

have problems understanding oral language or in listening.

What is a voice/resonance disorder?

is difficulty controlling the volume, pitch and quality of the voice. A child with this type of speech impairment may sound hoarse or breathy or lose his voice.

What is an articulation disorder?

is difficulty producing sounds correctly. A child with this type of speech impairment may substitute one speech sound for another, such as saying wabbit instead of rabbit.

What is a fluency disorder?

is disruption in the flow of speech, often by repeating, prolonging or avoiding certain sounds or words. A child with this type of speech impairment may hesitate or stutter or have blocks of silence when speaking. Ex: Stuttering or when the person stops completely and holds his mouth in a position to say "p,pause.icture."

Alveolar ridge

is one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth. Consonants whose constriction is made with the tongue tip or blade touching or reaching for the alveolar ridge are called alveolar consonants. (t,d,s,z,n,l)

What is expressive language disorder?

the inability to share thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely.

What is Syntax?

the ordering of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. The combination of Morphemes into phrases and sentences according to the grammatical rules of language

Compare/Contrast: traditional phonetic description vs. distinctive features description

traditional phonetic description: describe sounds in terms of place, manner, voicing distinctive features: a binary system developed by Chomsky & Halle class features: vocalic, consonantal, or sonorant (approximants and nasals) manner of artic: tense (- = lax) cavity features: high, low, back, rounded, nasal (know vowel quadrilateral)

What are Speech Disorders?

when a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. Difficulties pronouncing sounds, or articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of speech disorders.