Phonology: Exams 1-3

Communication: a. Only occurs between two people b. Involves one-way exchange of information c. The process through which information is shared d. Only related to nonverbal signals

The process through which information is shared

8. Examples of labiodental consonant sounds are a. /f,v/ b. /o,u,a/ c. /t,d,n/ d. /p,b,m,w/

a. /f,v/

An English language learner who is a native speaker of Arabic is assessed for speech sound production skills. The assessment should ideally include: a. An assessment of the child's English and Arabic speech sounds b. A standardized assessment of the child's English only because the child will attend an English-speaking elementary school c. A standardized assessment of the child's Arabic only because that is the primary language d. Information based only on parent report as they speak both Arabic and English

a. An assessment of the child's English and Arabic speech sounds

5. A common sequence for an instructional framework for establishing new behavior is? a. Antecedent event, response, consequence event b. stimulus , response,repeat c. instruction , antecedent event, response d. Antecedent event, prompt, consequence event

a. Antecedent event, response, consequence event

1. Freddie is a 4 year, 9 month old male. He demonstrates an extensive collapse of contrasts. He substitutes [b] for the following phonemes: [t, d, p, k, g, m, n, s, l, r, ʃ, tʃ, j, h]. Which of the following would be an appropriate list of targets for the multiple oppositions contrast approach? a. Book - took - cook - nook - look - shook b. Bake - book - bike - take - took - tyke c. Boo - too - doo - coo d. Bee - see - she - fee

a. Book - took - cook - nook - look - shook

8. Intelligibility can be impacted by all of the follow except a. Child's chronological age b. Listener familiarity with the speaker c. Level and complexity of verbal output d. Topics related to shared experiences of the communication partners

a. Child's chronological age

1. Target selection for maximal oppositions is based on: a. Complexity approach b. Developmental approach c. Phonological processes d. Substitution errors

a. Complexity approach

10. Based on motor learning theory, skills acquisition represents a. Demonstration of a new skill during production practice b. Retention of a skill c. Transfer of a skill d. Mastery of a skill

a. Demonstration of a new skill during production practice

19. Target selection in the PROMPT approach primarily considers a. Error phonemes according to the progression through the motor speech hierarchy b. Developmental acquisition guidelines c. Error phonemes that are stimulable d. Impact on intelligibility

a. Error phonemes according to the progression through the motor speech hierarchy

1. Target words identified for multiple oppositions are selected on the basis of a. Extensive homonymy due to collapse of contrasts b. Minimal feature differences c. Phonological processes d. Speech sound omission errors

a. Extensive homonymy due to collapse of contrasts

Which of the following is a syllable structure process? a. Final consonant deletion b. Stopping c. Consonant cluster substitution d. Prevocalic voicing

a. Final consonant deletion

Charlie is a typically developing 4 year, 8-month old, English-speaking child. He produces [ti] for "key". What phonological process(es) does he demonstrate? a. Fronting b. Gliding of liquid and cluster reduction c. Stopping d. Prevocalic voicing

a. Fronting

4. Which of the following provides the child with the most information in the form of a verbal prompt? a. Immediate imitation b. Partial imitation c. Elicitation with a picture prompt d. Spontaneous response without a model or a cue

a. Immediate imitation

One key factor in assessment and analysis that supports a differential diagnosis between an articulation- and a phonemic- based speech sound disorder is: a. Neutralization or loss of phonemic contrasts b. Difficulty with the motor aspect of speech sound production c. Voicing errors d. Presence of a range of early and later developing phonemes

a. Neutralization or loss of phonemic contrasts

9. The period of phonological development prior to first true words is called a. Prelinguistic development b. Linguistic development c. Vocal performance d. First 50 words

a. Prelinguistic development

Which type of client would be most appropriate for the Cycles approach? a. Severe to profound speech sound disorder, characterized by phonological processes b. Errors on later developing phonemes c. Significantly limited phonetic inventory d. Distortions of sibilant phonemes

a. Severe to profound speech sound disorder, characterized by phonological processes

Successive approximation as a sound establishment strategy for [s,z], might involve: a. Shaping of [s] from [t] b. Shaping of [s] from [k] c. Shaping of [z] from [g] d. Shaping a [z] from [n]

a. Shaping of [s] from [t]

1. Major class features seek to distinguish phonemes by making distinction between a. Sonorants and obstruents b. Consonants and vowels c. Place of articulation d. Manner of articulation

a. Sonorants and obstruents

3. An articulation disorder involves difficulties with a. The motor act of producing speech sounds b. Contrastive use of phonemes c. Linguistic skills d. Simplification processes

a. The motor act of producing speech sounds

4. The immovable articulators include a. The teeth and hard palate b. The hard palate and the tongue c. The tongue and the velum d. The tongue and the teeth

a. The teeth and hard palate

Using a Complexity Approach, which of the following is predicted to result in the most amount of change of the child's phonological system? Targets that reflect: a. Two new paired phonemes - with a major class feature difference b. A new phoneme and a functional phoneme - with a major class feature difference c. Two new paired phonemes - with a nonmajor class feature difference d. A new phoneme and a functional phoneme - with a nonmajor class feature difference

a. Two new paired phonemes - with a major class feature difference

Benjamin is a 9-month old infant and is considered to be typically developing. What is the most mature type of vocalization that is appropriate to his age? a. Variegated babbling b. Vegetative sounds c. True words d. Cooing, vowel-like sounds, and laughing

a. Variegated babbling

When thoughts and ideas are shared through spoken works, this is considered to be: a. Verbal communication b. Speech production c. Gestural communication d. Written communication

a. Verbal communication

1. Ben, a 6 year, 2 month old male, was noted to have the following phonemes missing from his inventory [m, p, n, k, g, l, r, ʃ, tʃ, dʒ, ʒ, s, z, v, θ, ð], which of the following pairs of phonemes would be considered maximal contrasts represents an empty set? a. [t, k] b. [s, z] c. [k, l] d. [t, n]

a. [k, l]

Nate is a 4 year, 11 month old male, from who which English is his only language. He has been diagnosed with a severe phonological disorder. The Cycles approach has been selected based on the nature of his speech sound error patterns. A feature of the Cycles approach that is not commn with other approaches is used during his therapy sessions. The strategy is a. Drill-play production activities for sound establishment b. Amplified auditory stimulation of a list of words that contain the target sound /pattern c. Minimal pair words d. Visual feedback

b. Amplified auditory stimulation of a list of words that contain the target sound /pattern

An independent analysis would provide: a. Error analysis by word position b. An inventory of speech sounds produced c. Patterns of errors noted in the sample d. Stimulability for error sounds

b. An inventory of speech sounds produced

17. The difficulty in speech production for children appropriate for the core vocabulary approach is in a. Accurate production of phonemes b. Assembling the phonological plan for speech output c. Oral-motor coordination d. Producing voiced phonemes

b. Assembling the phonological plan for speech output

2. Regional dialect boundaries may be shifting or the differences declining. This phenomenon is called a. Dialect shifting b. Dialect leveling c. Dialect distinction d. Dialect extension

b. Dialect leveling

1. Based on the Principles of Motor Learning, blocked practice involves: a. A set number of sessions in a predetermined time period b. Focus on repeated production of the same stimuli c. Focus on a variety of stimuli d. A set number of repetitions during a session

b. Focus on repeated production of the same stimuli

12. Blocked practice involves a. A set number of sessions in a predetermined time period b. Focus on repeated production of the same stimuli c. Focus on a variety of stimuli d. A set number of repetitions

b. Focus on repeated production of the same stimuli

8. Phonemic- or linguistic based approaches focus on a. Accurate motor-based production of phonemes b. Function of phonemes c. Form of phonemes d. Functional communication

b. Function of phonemes

1. Charlie is a typically developing 3 year, 8-month-old, English-speaking child. He produces [wit] for "street". What phonological process(es) does he demonstrates? a. Cluster substitution b. Gliding of liquid and cluster reduction c. Stopping of fricative d. Labial assimilation

b. Gliding of liquid and cluster reduction

What type of goal attack strategy is used in Stimulability Intervention? a. Vertical b. Horizontal c. Cycles d. No goal attack strategy as this is short-term intervention used before another approach is chosen

b. Horizontal

If a speaker of Spanish-influenced English has difficulty producing the GAE sounds [v, h, ŋ] this is likely due to? a. Articulation disorder in the primary language b. Interference c. Phonological disorder in english d. A suspected hearing impairment

b. Interference

Target selection for maximal oppositions contrast approach is made on the basis of the amount of predicted change expected in the child's phonological system. This continuum is based on target selection across three parameters: a. Major class feature, minor class feature, and child's phonetic inventory b. Major class feature, non major class features or production features, and the child;s phonetic inventory c. Place, manner, and voicing features d. None of the above

b. Major class feature, non major class features or production features, and the child;s phonetic inventory

2. The component of language that involves the study of the structure of words and the rules for combining word parts to create complete words is a. Phonology b. Morphology c. Syntax d. Semantics

b. Morphology

10. Humans begin to experience auditory stimulation: a. Beginning at birth b. Prior to birth c. Within the first week after birth d. During the prelinguistic period of development

b. Prior to birth

6. Administration of an articulation test a. Provides multiple opportunities for a child to produce all sounds and sound combinations in English b. Provides primarily word-level speech production opportunities c. Reflects a comprehensive assessment battery d. Provides opportunity for conversational speech assessment

b. Provides primarily word-level speech production opportunities

1. The feedback, " can you try that again for me?" during an articulation-based intervention provides the child an opportunity to practice what skill? a. Responding to maximum cues b. Self-monitoring c. Auditory perception d. Probing

b. Self-monitoring

What is the benefit of stimulability testing? a. It can predict sounds that will correct without intervention b. Stimulability can guide treatment planning decisions regarding effective elicitation strategies and potential treatment target c. It provides an estimate of percentage of consonants correct d. It is an indicator of children who do not quality for speech pathology services

b. Stimulability can guide treatment planning decisions regarding effective elicitation strategies and potential treatment target

Consider the following objective: Helen will produce [s] in the initial word position, at the word level, in response to pictures, with 90% accuracy over 2 consecutive sessions. The underlined component is a. The "do" statement b. The "condition" statement c. The "criterion" statement d. Dismissal criteria

b. The "condition" statement

The contrast approaches utilize the concept of minimal paris as a stimuli for intervention. What statement below best explains this principle for all of the contrast approaches? a. It is easy to identify meaningful minimal pairs that can be represented in pictures b. The minimal pairs highlight the function of phonemes to create different meanings c. Minimal pairs result in interesting stimuli for children d. Children are stimulable for minimal pairs

b. The minimal pairs highlight the function of phonemes to create different meanings

Vowels are described with a set of found different characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics? a. The position of the tongue in relation to the hard palate b. The voicing feature c. Tongue advancement d. The shape of the opening at the lips

b. The voicing feature

Divisions of the tongue include: a. Alveolar ridge, rugae, and frenulum b. Tip, blade, dorsum, and root c. Front, back, root, blade d. Tip, ridge, root, base

b. Tip, blade, dorsum, and root

In PROMPT, which of the following represents a motor speech hierarchy in an appropriate developmental sequence? a. Tone, phonatory control, prosody, lingual control b. Tone, mandibular control, lingual control, sequenced movement c. Prosody, lingual control, mandibular control, sequenced movement d. Tone, prosody, breath support, phonatory control

b. Tone, mandibular control, lingual control, sequenced movement

20. Jaw grading for mandibular control would utilize which type of potential target words? a. Lingua-alveolar sounds b. open -vowels such as [a] c. Labio-dental sounds d. Bilabial sounds

b. open -vowels such as [a]

Which of the following is an example of the clinician providing verbal instruction paired with a visual model as an antecedent event? a. "I'm thinking of a food that is an orange vegetable." b. "Watch my mouth and see how my top teeth are touching my bottom lip." c. "Let's try to say the word 'car'. Remember to pull your tongue back for 'k' sound. Watch my mouth do it." d. "Try this, fffffff-an."

c. "Let's try to say the word 'car'. Remember to pull your tongue back for 'k' sound. Watch my mouth do it."

Which of the following words has a vowel that is considered to be a high-front vowel? a. "Book" b. "Up" c. "Meat" d. "Fall"

c. "Meat"

Which of the following distinctive features can describe the english consonant /b/? a. + consonantal, +nasal + voice b. +sonorant, +lateral +round c. + consonantal, +anterior + voice d. +sonorant, +high +anterior

c. + consonantal, +anterior + voice

The maximal oppositions contrast approach is most suitable for children who demonstrate a. Primary vowel errors b. A collapse of phoneme contrasts c. A significantly limited phonetic inventory, excluding at least 6 or more phonemes d. Inconsistent speech sound errors

c. A significantly limited phonetic inventory, excluding at least 6 or more phonemes

1. Sarah is 7 years, 10 months of age. Her speech is characterized by motor production errors as well as rule-based errors that limit the contrastive use of phonemes. It is likely that Sarah is demonstrating a. An articulation disorder only b. A phonological disorder only c. An articulation disorder as well as a phonological disorder d. Age-appropriate speech production skills

c. An articulation disorder as well as a phonological disorder

The degree to which a speaker will use features of AAE will vary based on which factors? a. Age and gender b. Social-economic status c. Both and A and B d. None of the above

c. Both and A and B

Candidates for the contrast approaches meet which of the following criteria a. Demonstrate primarily vowel errors b. Demonstrate distortion errors of several phonemes c. Demonstrate loss of phonemic contrasts d. Are not stimulable for target phonemes

c. Demonstrate loss of phonemic contrasts

9. A list of stimuli words that contain the child's target speech sounds in the same word position, but that have not been utilized in therapy sessions a. Untrained phonemes b. Untrained word position c. Generalization probe d. Standardized measure of progress

c. Generalization probe

Core vocabulary is an appropriate intervention approach for children who demonstrate: a. Phonological processes b. A few developmental articulation errors c. Inconsistent speech sounds errors and unintelligible speech d. A few sound substitution errors

c. Inconsistent speech sounds errors and unintelligible speech

13. Which of the following is NOT characteristics of a child's first true word? a. Production consistently produced in a particular context b. Stable phonetic form c. Invented words d. Similar to adult production

c. Invented words

The oral tract structures of an infant are different from an adult. An infant's features are described as: a. Larger tongue in relation to the size of the oral cavity to facilitate suck and swallow b. Smaller tongue in relation to the size of the oral cavity and lower larynx c. Larger tongue in relation to the size of the oral cavity, the epiglottis and the velum are in close approximation, and larynx is higher d. Larynx is lower, the vocal folds are larger, and the buccal pads are larger

c. Larger tongue in relation to the size of the oral cavity, the epiglottis and the velum are in close approximation, and larynx is higher

5. Which of the following groups of consonants are sonorants? a. Stops and fricatives b. Liquids and stops c. Liquids and nasals d. Affricates and fricatives

c. Liquids and nasals

6. The cycles approach utilizes a. Minimal pair words b. The same target words with every cycle c. Object and action words d. One phoneme for each phonological pattern

c. Object and action words

21. The PROMPT approach considers which of the following when assessing a child's communication a. Motor speech abilities and cognitive abilities b. Auditory perception ability and facilitative contexts c. Physical/sensory, cognitive/linguistic, social/emotional abilities d. The motor speech hierarchy

c. Physical/sensory, cognitive/linguistic, social/emotional abilities

25. The Cycles approach seeks to impact speech sound production skills by a. Reducing the collaspe of phonemes b. Comparing the target sounds with the error sound c. Reducing the frequency of occurrence of a phonological process d. Pairing cognates

c. Reducing the frequency of occurrence of a phonological process

1. The Cycles approach seeks to improve speech sound production skills and phonological knowledge by: a. Reducing the collapse of phonemes b. Comparing the target sounds with the error sound c. Reducing the frequency of occurrence of phonological processes d. Pairing cognates during auditory bombardment

c. Reducing the frequency of occurrence of phonological processes

7. A spontaneous speech sample a. Takes significant time to complete, so only do when clinically indicated b. Always yield similar information to standardized assessment c. Takes some planning to maximize the time investment d. Should only be transcribed live

c. Takes some planning to maximize the time investment

16. To facilitate transfer and carryover, therapy tasks for claire would involve which of the following? a. Practicing [s,z] during conversational tasks with the clinician during therapy sessions b. Practicing [s,z] at the word level in the initial and medial positions c. Using the phonemes during conversational interactions with teachers or peers in the cafeteria or on the playground

c. Using the phonemes during conversational interactions with teachers or peers in the cafeteria or on the playground

Claire is a 6 year, 9 month old female who speaks English as her primary language. Articulation based therapy is focusing on her accurate production of [s,z] phonemes. She produces both phonemes with an interdental place of articulation. During the first session, a brief perceptual training phase, the following type activities would be appropriate: a. Production practice with visual cues and verbal models b. Learning about using the sounds in everyday situations and contexts c. identifying , locating, stimulation, and discrimination d. Auditory stimulation

c. identifying , locating, stimulation, and discrimination

2. Which of the following is an example of a clinician providing verbal emphasis as an antecedent event? a. "I'm thinking of a food that is orange and a vegetable" b. "Watch my mouth and see how my teeth are touching my bottom lip" c. "Let's try to say the word car. Remember to pull you tongue back for the 'k' sound d. "Try this, fffffff-an"

d. "Try this, fffffff-an"

7. Examples of bilabial consonant sounds are: a. /f,v/ b. /o,u,a/ c. /t,d,n/ d. /p,b,m,w/

d. /p,b,m,w/

3. African American English is considered to be a a. Systematic, rule-governed dialect b. Ethnic dialect c. Dialect spoken by all African Americans d. A and B

d. A and B

A facilitating context that might elicit an accurate production of [s] would be: a. The target words "cats, hats, bats" b. In syllables that contain voiceless th sounds c. Targets words that contain the consonant sequence 'st', as in "stop, stone, steep" d. A and C

d. A and C

The multiple oppositions contrast approach is appropriate for children who demonstrate a collapse of phonemes. A collapse of phonemes represents: a. Large number of phonemes missing from the child's phonetic inventory b. Several different distortion errors of the same phoneme c. A child's inability to produce certain sound during stimulability testing d. A sound substitution for several different target sounds; a sound preference

d. A sound substitution for several different target sounds; a sound preference

Which of the following groups of consonants are all obstruent? a. Stops, fricatives and nasals b. Liquids, stops and affricates c. Affricates, nasal fricatives and glides d. Affricates, fricatives and stops

d. Affricates, fricatives and stops

18. Production practice in the core vocabulary approach involves a. Limited imitation of stimuli b. Identification of the best, consistent production c. CV productions of target stimuli d. All of the above

d. All of the above

A relational analysis would provide: a. Error analysis by word position b. Consistency of substitution errors c. Phoneme preferences and/or collapse of contrasts d. All of the above

d. All of the above

An English language learner who is a natie speaker of Spanish is assessed for speech sound production skills. The assessment reveals production errors in English and in Spanish. The child may be demonstrating: a. Native language interference b. A speech sound disorder evident in both languages c. Differences in the phonetic inventories in both languages d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Behavioral objectives are written to include whihc of the following components? a. A "do" statement b. A "condition" statement c. A "criterion" statement d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Consistency of error may refer to a. Frequency - how oftern does the child produce an error for a target sound b. Consistency - when an error is made, it is always the same error c. Nature of the context - surrounding sounds or phonetic context, or certain words positions d. All of the above

d. All of the above

5. Which of the following tasks might be a component of a screening for speech sound disorders? a. Comprehensive audiological evaluation b. Conversation speech tasks c. Passages that contain a representative sample of English speech sounds d. B and C

d. B and C

1. To date, research on Dynamic Temporal Tactile Cueing (DTTC) is shown to be effective with which population of children? a. Children with Severe Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) aged 0-3 years b. Children with mild CAS and phonological impairment c. Children with moderate-severe CAS aged 12 and above who have difficulty with phonological awareness and literacy skills d. Children with severe CAS in the preschool to early elementary years

d. Children with severe CAS in the preschool to early elementary years

11. Benjamin is a 12-week old infant, and is considered to be typically developing. What type of vocalization would he be expected to produce? a. Varigated babbling b. Reduplicated babbling c. Crying and vegatiative sounds only d. Cooing, vowel-like sounds, and laughing

d. Cooing, vowel-like sounds, and laughing

7. Intervention for children with multiple phoneme errors may utilize which goal attack strategy? a. Stages b. Vertical c. Lateral d. Horizontal

d. Horizontal

Which of the following in NOT a feature if African American English (AAE)? a. Unstressed syllable deletion b. Deletion of final consonant c. Stopping of interdental fricatives d. Initial consonant sequence reduction

d. Initial consonant sequence reduction

11. Principles of practice includes the time between therapy sessions. Sessions scheduled with less time between each session is considered to be a. Distributed practice b. Blocked practice c. Scheduled practice d. Massed practice

d. Massed practice

1. The empty set is a. Phoneme pairs from different sound classes b. A phoneme that is deleted c. Phoneme pairs from the same sound or production class d. Phoneme pairs not in the child's current phonetic inventory

d. Phoneme pairs not in the child's current phonetic inventory

To identify pairs of words for minimal oppositions approach, what phonological analysis is used? a. Distortion errors b. Phonological knowledge c. Distinctive feature analysis d. Place-manner-voice analysis

d. Place-manner-voice analysis

4. The Hispanic Spanish sound system contains a. The same vowel sounds as General American English b. Five vowels that are long and tense c. A greater number of vowels than general American English d. R-colored vowels

d. R-colored vowels

23. Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of the Cycles approach? a. Speech sound acquisition is gradual b. Children primarily learn speech sounds through auditory input c. Children are actively engaged in speech sound learning d. Speech sound acquisition does not reflect the effect of generalization

d. Speech sound acquisition does not reflect the effect of generalization

12. Various studies have examined early consonants inventories. Based on those studies, what consonants would most likely be a part of the phonetic inventory for Sarah, who is 15 months of age, is typically developing, and is in English-speaking home? a. [t,k,s,f] b. [t,d,f,v,s,z] c. [k,g,d,m] d. [p,b,m,w]

d. [p,b,m,w]

1. T/F: American Sign Language is a verbal form of communication

false

1. T/F: a phonological disorder refers to difficulty establishing the correct placement of the articulators and executing the motor movements needed to produce speech

false

1. T/F: place-manner-voicing analysis is integral to target selection for the multiple oppositions contrast approach

false

1. T/F: scripted, predictable events, such as describing how to prepare a sandwich, would not be a good strategy for eliciting a conversational speech sample from a highly unintelligible child

false

1. T/F: target words in minimal oppositions approach differ by more than one production feature

false

1. T/F: the International Phonological Alphabet is the notation system used for phonetic transcription

false

1. T/F: the empty set is expected to result in the least predicted change to the child's sound system

false

1. T/F: when selecting targets for multiple oppositions contrast approach, it is necessary to develop target words for every phoneme in the collapse of contrasts

false

10. T/F Distinctive features are characteristics that are used only in the descriptions of vowels

false

11. T/F There is not a correlation between the developing oral structures, feeding and infants first vocalization

false

12. T/F Prior to a child's first birthday, speech perception for sounds of other languages exceeds their speech perception for sounds of the native language

false

13. T/F The phonemes of a child's first language will not impact the child's acquisition of phonemes in a subsequent language

false

15. T/F Spanish is the most used language in the United States

false

17. T/F The Spanish language is a single dialect language

false

26. T/F The cycles approach does NOT utilize experiential learning activities to enhance improved phonological skills

false

30. T/F The PROMPT approach specifically emphasizes a child's progression through a motor speech hierarchy, and does not consider other factors such as communication needs, developmental expectations, stimulability, and impact on intelligibility

false

31. T/F the PROMPT approach uses instrumental stimulation to facilitate accurate articulatory movements to enhance the look, sound and feel of speech sound production

false

32. T/F clinicians are the best equipped and knowledgeable for selecting appropriate intervention targets for the Core Vocabulary approach

false

34. T/F consistent productions have a negative impact on intelligibility

false

38. T/F variable and intermittent ratios for response scheduling provides a very predictable pattern of reinforcement and is most appropriate in the beginning of intervention when a child is just learning the accurate production of a speech sound

false

39. T/F structured play provided a child with maximum opportunities to produce a target sound

false

T/F Each cycle continues until a specific level of performance criterion has been achieved

false

The component of language that involves the study of the sound system of a language is: a. Phonology b. Morphology c. Syntax d. Semantics

phonology

1. T/F: Inconsistent speech sound substitution errors impact speech intelligibility more than consistent errors

true

1. T/F: Pure tone audiometry and screening tympanometry are within the scope of practice for speech language pathologists

true

1. T/F: a monopthong is a vowel that is produced with one articulatory position

true

1. T/F: a phoneme collapse represents extensive homonymy

true

1. T/F: canonical babbling is an infraphonological stage that includes both reduplicated babbling and variegated babbling

true

1. T/F: communication can be the conveying of messages in nonverbal, verbal, or written forms

true

1. T/F: linguistic- or phonemic-based approaches emphasize phoneme function

true

1. T/F: marginal babbling will include vowel-like and consonant-like protophones

true

1. T/F: naturalness and markedness refer to level of difficulty and frequency of occurrence of speech sounds in a language

true

1. T/F: selecting targets that emphasize feature differences in intended to prompt change across the child's phonological system

true

1. T/F: speech is the term used to reference the verbal, oral, or spoken means of communication or expression

true

14. T/FCode-switching refers to the ability to adapt dialect use based on communicative context

true

16. T/F Transfer refers to the incorporation of native language sounds into the nonnative language

true

18. T/F Spontaneous speech sampling allows a clinician to determine the consistency of errors noted during citation-form tests.

true

28. T/F Several target sounds are selected in each phonological pattern to facilitate progress in Cycles

true

29. T/F the multimodality input for improved speech sound production is a key feature of PROMPT

true

33. T/F In the core vocabulary approach, consistency is assessed through a production task in which the child is asked to produce each target word 3 times

true

35. T/F Metaphors provide a rich description of sounds that provide a means of explaining features of speech sounds

true

36. T/F Regarding complexity of production of a target sound at the sentence level, a simple short sentence with one occurence of the target sound is the least complex

true

37. T/F in traditional approaches, the sound establishment phase of training focuses on learning how to produce the target sounds

true

40. T/F some evidence suggest that emphasis on complex phonetic contrast has resulted in more extensive changes to a child's sound system.

true

9. T/F The tongue is an important articulator

true

T/F: perceptual training may be incorporated in the contrast approaches

true

24. Which of the following would NOT be considered a primary target pattern in the Cycles approach? a. Final consonant sequences b. Palatals c. Stridency deletion d. Gliding of liquids

Palatals

6. Which of the following words has a vowel that is considered to be a high-front vowel? a. Book b. Boot c. Seat d. Fall

Seat

The linguistic-based approaches for speech sound disorders focus on what level of sitmuli as a core component of intervention? a. Sounds b. Syllables c. Words d. Place of articulation

Words

The motor aspect of planning and executing the sequences of motor movements that result in speech is referred to as a. Phonology b. Phonetics c. Articulation d. Phonemes

articulation

Incorporating principles of motor learning and the principles of feedback: knowledge of performance feedback for claire might include which of the following a. " i heard a good 's'" b. "I saw how you worked hard to keep your tongue behind your teeth" c. "Can you try that again" d. "Tell me what you thought about that one"

b. "I saw how you worked hard to keep your tongue behind your teeth"

3. Which of the following is an example of a clinician providing verbal instructions paired with a visual model as an antecedent event? a. "I'm thinking of a food that is orange and a vegetable" b. "Watch my mouth and see how my teeth are touching my bottom lip" c. "Let's try to say the word car. Remember to pull you tongue back for the 'k' sound d. "Try this, fffffff-an"

b. "Watch my mouth and see how my teeth are touching my bottom lip"

Criterion guidelines suggest that intelligibility of a child that is 2-3 years old is expected to be approximately: a. 20-50% intelligibile b. 50-75% intelligible c. 75-90% intelligible d. More intelligible in preferred speaking contexts

b. 50-75% intelligible