Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

increasing your rate of exercising is one way to loose weight. use your understanding of cell respiration to explain where exactly the lost weight goes

the lost mass is mostly breathed out as carbon dioxide, with smaller amount lost as water. when you diet, your body starts metabolizing fat, fat stores into cell respiration the only two products of cell respiration that don't re-enter the cycle anywhere else are carbon dioxide and water.

cell respiration is aerobic, meaning it requires oxygen. where in the process is the oxygen actually used and what does it do?

the oxygen is used in the electron transport chain it is the final electron acceptor and combines with H+ ions to form water

aerobic cell respiration is about 40% efficient, meaning that 40% of the potential energy in the glucose molecule is converted to ATP. what happens to the rest?

the rest is lost as heat

why are pigments such as chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis

they absorb the suns rays in order to create food for the organisms

what specific wavelengths of energy are utilized by plants on photsynthesis

visible light waves

the the events of the light dependent reactions in order in which they occur and describe how each step is dependent on the step that comes before it

1. light energy is absorbed by electrons in pigments and water molecules are split into H+ ions, oxygen and electrons. 2. high energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, where energy from electrons are used to pump H+ ions into thylakoid space. 3. at end of chain, NADP+ molecules pick up the high energy electrons along with H+ ions to be come NADPH 4. H+ ions in the thylakoid space pass through ATP synthase in this thylakoid membrane causing the ATP synthase base to rotate and produce ATP

the NET gain of ATP molecules after glycolysis is

2 ATP

what is the total amount of ATP produced through glycolysis and aerobic cell respiration?

36 ATP

would a molecule of ATP be more analogous to a fully charged battery or a partially charged battery? what about ADP?

ADP and ATP are like batteries because they store energy in the chemical bonds they contain. ADP has only two phosphate groups (and fewer bonds) so its like a partially charged battery. ATP has three phosphate groups so its like a fully charged battery and has more bonds available for energy storage.

how does the structure of ATP make it an ideal source of energy for the cell?

ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups

what is the kinetic energy that plants utilize in photosynthesis? what form of potential energy are they producing?

ATP is potential energy storing energy and kinetic energy is released in the calvin cycle when ATP is turned into ADP

Cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H20 + ATP (energy)

photosynthesis equation

H20 + CO2 ---> C6H12O6 + O2

explain how electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 are used to generate ATP in chemiosmosis.

NAD and FADH2 release the electrons and H+ions they were carrying along the chain of proteins. the energy from these electrons is used to transport some of the H+ ions into the inter membrane space of the mitochondria.

how would photosynthesis be affected if there were a shortage of NADP+ in the cells of plants?

NADPH wouldn't be produced and the other parts of the cell wont get energy, killing it eventually

how well would a plant grow under pure yellow light

a plant would barely grow, it at all, in yellow light because chlorophyll doesn't absorb light in the green of the light spectrum which also includes yellow

what is ATP and what is its role in the cell

a source of energy ans cells use it to store and release energy

what are the two pathways that might follow glycolysis? what determines which pathway a cell might follow?

after glycolysis if oxygen is available, a cell might carry out the rest of the cellular respiration. if oxygen is not available, some cells carry out the rest of fermentation

Why do organisms that rely on anaerobic fermentation have to produce either lactic acid or alcohol as a waste product?

alcohol and lactic acid are the byproducts of using up the pyruvate and NADH produced by glycolysis to generate more NAD+ which is needed for glycolysis to continue generating ATP

the Krebs cycle breaks pyruvic acid down into

carbon dioxide

why is the enzyme Rubisco called the bridge to life? what exactly does it do?

carbon dioxide is considered a lifeless molecule but RuBP is organic and part of plants cellular process

what is the function NADPH

carry high energy electrons, produced through light absorption from chlorophyll to chemical reactions in other parts of the cell.

to generate energy over long periods, the body must use

cellular respiration

which statement correctly describes photosynthesis and cellular respiration

cellular respiration releases energy while photosynthesis stores energy.

in what organelle do the majority of photosynthesis reactions occur?

chloroplast- thylakoids (light dependent reactions), stroma (light independent reactions)

glycolysis occurs in...

cytoplasm

why are decomposers such as mushrooms considered heterotrophs and not autotrophs

decomposers consume the remains of living things for energy and cannot make their own food.

what conditions lead to photo-respiration? why is it considered a wasteful process for plants?

dehydration/no ATP or sugar is produced by this process while a lot of the carbon compounds in the plant are consumed

how is glucose changed during glycolysis? what is produced as a result of glycolysis

during glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. the other products are ATP molecules and High-energy electrons that are picked up by NAD+

what happens in the krebs (or citric acid) cycle?

during the krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of reactions that give off energy. the high energy electrons that are produced are picked up by a series electron carriers and the energy is used to convert ADP into ATP

NADH and FAD2 are described as carriers in cell respiration. what exactly are they carrying?

energized electrons and hydrogen ions

how are fermentation and cellular respiration similar? What is the difference between starting compounds?

fermentation and cellular respiration are both processes that break down glucose and release the energy stored in the molecule. both start with the process of glycolysis, which produces pyruvic acid. cellular respiration requires oxygen as a reactant. fermentation occurs without oxygen.

raw materials required for cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

in eukaryotes the electron transport chain is located in the

inner mitochondrial membrane

what role does the krebs cyclce play in the cell

it releases energy from molecules formed during glycolysis

list at least three differences between the light dependent and the light independent reactions of photosynthesis

light dependent require light and water and occur in thylakoids to produce ATP and NADPH. the light independent requires carbon dioxide, occurs in stroma and produces high energy sugars

how is light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis

light energy is converted into chemical energy through two long lists of of reactions. first are the light dependent reactions which use water and sunlight to create energy rich compounds. they become the light independent reactions by taking carbon dioxide and making carbon-containing sugars and other energy rich carbs

what are the two pieces of evidence behind the Endosymbiosis theory for mitochondria

mitochondria only form from the division of other mitochondria. mitochondria also have their own circle of DNA similar to bacteria.

in what organelle is the majority of cell respiration reactions occur?

mitochondria- matrix (krebs cycle), inner membrane (electron transport chain). cytoplasm (glycolysis)

For a long time, the conventional wisdom was that plants gained most of their mass by eating or absorbing nutrients from soil. in reality, where where does most of their mass come from?

most of plants mass come from the carbon dioxide used during photosynthesis. during photosynthesis plants convert the suns energy into chemical energy which is captured within the bonds of carbon molecules built from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water.

under what conditions would muscles switch to lactic acid fermentation? what is the side effect of this change?

muscles uses lactic acid fermentation when oxygen levels are low. this lowers the overall Ph of the muscle fibers causing irritation and soreness

example of potential and kinetic energy

p= ATP, glucose, glycogen, starch k= cell, organelle

which pigments of visible light do plants absorb and use for photosynthesis? which are reflected?

red/green pigment because plants are green

what is the ultimate source of energy for plants

sunlight

what are the 3 primary factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

temperature, light intensity, availability of water

what is the calvin cycle

the calvin cycle is another name for the light independent reactions in which ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reacctions are used to produce high energy sugars. it is named after melvin calvin who worked on its details.

Summarize what happens during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

the light dependent use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

describe the overall process of photosynthesis including the reactants and products

the light enters the light dependent reaction while the CO2 enters the light independent reaction. the sugars are made from the light independent reaction while O2 is made from the light dependent reaction