Photosynthesis quizlet

pigment molecules bound to protein

light-harvesting complexes

transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center

light-harvesting complexes

the primary pathway that involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

linear electron flow

you see the _____ of visible light

medium

photolysis occurs __, and uses _____ nanometers (PS_)

once, 680, II

a ______ is a collection of pigment

photosystem

endergonic, or

powered by light

The reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes are:

the light-dependent reactions

where do light reactions occur?

the thylakoid membrane

connected sacs in the chloroplast, contain a third membrane system

thylakoid

Oxygen produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis comes directly from:

H2O

light reactions split _____ and release O2 into the

H2O, atmosphere

reducing enzyme

NADP+ reductase

All organisms are classified into two general trophic groups. These two groups are:

autotrophs and heterotrophs

thylakoids may be stacked in columns called

grana

What is the correct order of the main steps of ATP synthesis in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

light excites electrons in photosystem II, electrons from photosystem II pass along electrons transport chain, carriers use energy from electrons to move H+ across membrane, H+ concentration gradient established, H+ diffuses through a transport protein, energy of H+ flow and ATP synthetase make ATP

light reactions convert ____ energy to the ____ energy of ____ and _____

light, chemical, ATP, NADPH

All of the following statements are true regarding the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis except: a. the energy source utilized is ATP and NADPH b. these reactions begin after sundown and begin before sunrise c. the five carbon sugar RuBP is constantly being regenerated d. the intermediate product is PGAL e. the reactions are all enzyme mediated

b.

In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. This type of reaction is classified as:

a redox reaction

Which of the following is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reactions? a. NADPH b. PGA c. PGAL d. glucose e. RuBP

a.

Which term is NOT correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source? a. heterotroph--light energy sources b. chemotroph--chemical energy sources c. phototroph--light energy sources d. autotroph--carbon fixation

a.

what do pigments do?

absorb light?

Which of the following is not associated with the thylakoid membrane? a. photosystems I and II b. the Calvin Cycle c. electron transport chain d. ATP synthase e. cytochrome complex

b.

weak medium example

microwaves

what is the process called when the photon from PSII split the water molecule?

photolysis

where do the electrons come from that replace the first two that left the chlorophyll a molecule?

photolysis

a small packet of light is called a

photon

Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as:

photons

light behaves as though it consists of discrete particles called

photons

in _____, rubisco adds ____ instead of CO2 in the calvin cycle, producing a ____ - carbon compound

photorespiration, O2, 2

The process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is:

photosynthesis

cyclic electron flow uses ____ and produces _____, but not ______

photosystem I, ATP, NADPH

functions first and uses chlorophyll a

photosystem II 680 nanometers

in the reaction center, this accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a reulst

primary electron acceptor

Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are:

producers

a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron is called a

proton

what kind of pump is found in the membrane of light reactions?

proton pump

a photosystem has a type of protein complex called

reaction-center complex

The energy of a photon light is least for ________ light.

red

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on what process?

synthesis of ATP

What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle?

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

what is the most important molecule in the light reactions?

water

the distance between crests of waves; determines the type of electromagnetic energy

wavelength

the higher the frequency the ______ the wave

weaker

ROYGIBIV

weakest to strongest as the colors go across

strong medium example

x-rays

is oxygen released in photolysis?

yes

in what part of the chloroplast do you find the enzymes needed for photosynthesis?

stroma

how many PGAL's are needed to make one glucose molecule? how many times does the cycle spin?

2, twice

photolysis

2H2O--->4H^+ + 4e- + O2

it takes _______ to turn __ PGAL and __ RuBp into __ PGAL and __ RuBp

3 ADP, 5, 3, 3, 5

____H2O/glucose

6

the calvin cycle needs _____ nanometers to start

680

photosynthesis

6CO2+ 6H2O -----> (sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6O2

what wavelength does chlorophyll b absorb?

700 nanometers

the calvin cylce returns ____, ______, and ______ to the light reactions

ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+

Thylakoid membranes are involved in ____________ synthesis.

ATP

what is the name of the enzyme that combines with the energy from the electrons to form the product of the light reactions?

ATP synthase

what is the name of the channel that the protons pass through in light reactions?

ATP synthesizing channel

the calvin cycle uses ____ and ____ to make ____ into the sugar ______

ATP, NADPH, CO2, G3P

photorespiration consumes O2 and releases CO2 without producing ____ or ____

ATP, sugar

some plants, including succulents, use ______ to fix carbon

CAM

the closing of stomata reduces access to ____ and causes ____ to build up

CO2, O2

1 molecule of PGAL is spit out during the calvin cycle after ________ is made

GAP dehydrogenase

___ is oxidized and ____ is reduced in photosynthesis

H20, CO2

Noncyclic electron transport needs a constant supply of electrons. These are obtained from:

H2O

some substances, such as purple sulfur bacteria, have PS _ but not PS _

I, II

give the name of the reducing protein found in the thylakoid membrane.

NADP+

what is the name of the final electron acceptor for the light reactions?

NADP+

what are the products of light reactions?

NADPH and ATP

what is the name of the final electron acceptor in the cytochrome a complex?

PC

where does the energy come from to run the pump?

PC

Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from:

PGAL

______ is the intermediate molecule formed in the calvin cycle

PGAL

G3P is another name for

PGAl

A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multilayer voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Since the spaceship will be too far from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. What wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum of energy expenditure?

blue and red light

the calvin cycle begins with ______, incorporating _____ into organic molecules

carbon fixation, CO2

the calvin cycle has three phases

carbon fixation, catalyzed by rubisco, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor RuBp

an accessory pigment is called a

carotenoid

In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because chlorophyll is degraded and _____________________________.

carotenoids and other pigment are still present in the leaves

where does the plant get the water for photosynthesis if there is no rain water available?

central vacuole

when ATP breaks off a phosphorous group and turns itself into ADP, which then picks up a phosphorous group to become ATP

chemiosmosis

pigment that gives leaves their green color

chlorophyll

The most important photosynthetic pigment is:

chlorophyll a

the pigment/ reaction center for PSII is

chlorophyll a

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin Cycle in one hour. You find that 30,000 molecules of ATP were consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH were consumed. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?

cyclic electron flow

in this, electrons flow back from ferredoxin to the photosystem I reaction

cyclic electron flow

ATP is _______ to make ADP

dephosphorylized

carbon fixation does or does not need energy?

does not

Which of these colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? a. blue b. red c. violet d. orange e. green

e.

when the excited electrons leave the chlorophyll a molecule, they enter a membrane potential called the

electron transport chain

photosynthesis is a(n) _____ process

endergonic

The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an _____________ reaction that is couple to the diffusion of ___________ down their concentration gradient.

endergonic; protons

NADP+ reductase is an _____ and a _______

enzyme, final electron acceptor

True or False: The electrons that leave the electron transport system have just as much energy as when they went in

false

what is the name of the primary electron acceptor in light reactions?

ferredoxin

number of waves in a given space

frequency, measured in apmtitudes or ampts

What chemical has the most energy in the Calvin Cycle?

glucose

ATP is formed when ___________ the thylakoid lumen.

hydrogen ions leave

What is chlorophyll's reaction to light?

it absorbs red and blue light, and reflects green light

An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a ______________ atomic orbital to a _____________ atomic orbital.

low energy; high energy

You have just discovered a new flower species that has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths are not being absorbed by this pigment?

red and yellow

NADP+ is a

reducing protein

we see the color that is

reflected

In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a carbon dioxide to produce a six carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of PGA. After phosphorylation and reduction produces PGAL what needs to happen to complete the Calvin Cycle?

regeneration of RuBP

kinase means to

remove and attatch a phosphate group

_____ is the most abundant

rubisco

what are the electrons called that enter photosystem I?

spent electrons

CO2 enters and O2 exits through pores called

stomata

In C3 plants, the ______________ are typically closed at night and open during the daytime to allow for gas exchange.

stomata

In a chloroplast, there is an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid-filled region called the:

stroma

defense fluid

stroma

PGAL is the _____ formed in the calvin cycle

the intermediate molecule

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb different wavelengths of light because

they are making different kinds of energy