Photosynthesis

light reactions steps

1) Chlorophyll a absorbs light and passes the energy to reaction center of photosystem 2 2)an excited electron is captured by the primary electron recpetor(in photosystem 2) 3)as electrons pass gown as electron transport chain, H+ is pumped from stroma into thylakoid space 4)light excited electron from photosystem 1 which is passed to a primary electron accepetor 5)electrons are passed to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH ** when water is split its electrons are passed to photosystem 2, the oxygen atom combines with another froms O2, which will diffuse through organelle, cell, and plant into air **the flow of H+ ions from ETC causes a concentration gradient and moves the ions to ATP synthase which drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP releasing ATP as it move through the enzyme/protien channel

Photosynthesis takes place in two steps that are

1) Light Reaction 2) Calvin cycle (independent/dark reaction)

Calcin Cycle process

1) carbon fixation, the enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with the five-carbon sugar RuBP. the products split inot two molecules of the 3 carbon organic acid 3-phosphoglyceride(3PGA) 2)reduction - s drtird of two chemical reactions uses energy from ATP and electrons donated from NADPH to reduce the sixe molecules of 3PGA to six moelcules of the 3 carbon sugar 3PGA 3)release of one molecule of G3P- for every 3 CO2 that enters the cycle, net output is on G3P sugar molecules, 5 of of the G3P from step 2 remain in cycle 4)regeneration fo RuBP 0 a series of chemical reactions that uses energy from ATP to rearange atoms of the 5 G3Ps (15 carbons total) forming three RuBP molecules (15 carbons)

What can plants do with the •new" water produced by photosynthesis?

1)plants can use it in light dependent reaction 2)use it to do hydrolysis of ATP to ADP+P 3)evaporate of by surface of leaves by diffusing through stoma

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

how does photosynthesis occurs with light energy particles and how it transfers its energy to chemical energy.

A photon of light energy travels until it reaches a molecule of chlorophyll. The photon causes an electron in the chlorophyll to become "excited". this electron that is excited in is in photosystem 2 that wil travel through ECT to photosystem I, and then onto NADP+ reducing it to NADPH. This enrgy molecule will help in the calvin cycle producing sugar molecules for the plant to harness as chemical energy

Granum

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

High energy molecules

ATP and NADPH

What are the 2 types of energy molecules involved in Photosynthesis.

ATP and NADPH

Describe how ATP synthase generates ATP.

ATP synthase is the integral membrane protein that harnesses the energy of the proton motive force by allowing hydrogen ions to diffuse down their electrochemical gradient (from a high concentration of protons to a lower concentration of protons). The turning parts of the ATP synthase regenerates ATP from ADP and P. The H+ ions are also pumped into thlakoid space, a result the H+ ions diffuse through the membrane using ATP synthase. ATP synthase is an eznyme and a protien chanell. As H+ ions diffuse through the protein channel, ATP synthase catalzye the reaction to form ATP using ADP +P from the calvin cycle.

why is glucose not the product of the calvin cycle

Because it takes six carbon molecules to make a glucose, this cycle must be repeated six times to make a single molecule of glucose. To accomplish this equation, five out of six glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate molecules that are created through the Calvin cycle are regenerated to form RuBP molecules

examples of plants that have evolved to lessen photorespiration.

C4 and CAM plants ex of C4 plants - sugar cane, corn crops, craby grasss (plants found/grown in grasslands CAM - cacti, succulent pineapple (plants found in dessert climate)

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) ---------> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + energy

Explain the role carbon fixation has in the process and the importance of the enzyme involved.

Carbon fixation:The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound( by an autotrophic organism.) The enzyme involved in the process of taking the carbon from carbon dioxide and putting with an organic compound (RuBP) to create [(3)PGA] is called Rubisco

cells, tissues, organ

Cell - single cells Tissue - groups of cells that work together to complete (certain) process organs - groups of tissue that work together to complete certain process Ex -sieve tube cells (cells) -> phloem tissue (tissue) -> leaf (plants lack and organ system)

which pigments are the best at absorbing visible light.

Chlorophyll

What pigments does a plant use to capture light

Chlorophyll a, as well as chlorophyll B and carotenoids

How does absorption and reflection impact how we see plants

Chlorophyll absorbs mainly red and blue light (As well as orange and violet) causing us not to see these wavelengths, However, chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths which is why we see plants as green

what role do wavelengths play in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts (in plants) absorbs certain wavelengths. Wavelengths absorbed by chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments generate electrons to power photosynthesis (by using solar energy aka white light). All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll which absorbs violet-blue and reddish-orange-red wavelengths. Chlorophyll a reflects green and yellow-green wavelengths, which is why plants look green to us

Chromatography and how does it separate pigments

Four primary pigments of green plants can easily be separated and identified using a technique called paper chromatography. These pigments include two greenish pigments called chlorophylls and two yellowish pigments called carotenoids. he V-shaped tip of the paper is placed in the chromatography solvent and acts as a wick to draw the solvent up the paper, separating pigments according to their relative solubility and molecular weights. The paper is allowed to remain in the solvent until the uppermost pigment band nears the top of the paper.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis a pigment that gives plants their green color, light absorbing pigment in chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy

Why does the by product oxygen come from in the light reaction

H2O is split into electrons, H+ ions and oxygen in the light reactions., otherwise known as photolysis IN photosystem 2 water is split into these three groups. Electrons travel on Electron transport chain to photosystem 1 and reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The hydrogens are pumped into the thylakoid spacae by the ETC(?) creating a concentration gradient. The H+ ions are also pumped into thlakoid space, a result the H+ ions diffuse through the membrane using ATP synthase. ATP synthase is an eznyme and a protien chanell. As H+ ions diffuse through the protein channel, ATP synthase catalzye the reaction to form ATP using ADP +P from the calvin cycle. The O atom from H2O also ends up thylakoid space where it joins with another O to form O2 (oxygen), After it diffuse through organelle, cell, and tissue into air.

plant structures involved in photosynthesis.

In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane, that forms long folds within the organelle. Chloroplasts - where photosynthesis takes place -chlorophyll - light absorbing pigment -thylakoid (and thylakoid space) - where reactions for photosynthesis take palce -stroma - envelop of membranes where think fluid is filled where other organelles sit

parts of plant involved in photosynthesis

In plants, the process of photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll of the leaves, inside the chloroplasts. Inside chloroplasts, the thylakoids and and stroma contain the proccess of photo synthesis

why a plant would be classified as a C-3 plant when using the calvin cycle.

In the first step of the cycle CO2 reacts with RuBP to produce two 3-carbon molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).

Explain the NADPH-NADP+ cycle

In the light independent reaction sunlight energy (photons) excite electrons in photosystem 2, those electrons travel to photosystem 1 using electron transport chain (ETC that realses ATP). In photosystem 1, the electrons attach to NADP+ and reduce it to NADPH, This NADPH travels to calvin cycle where its oxidized and loses its hydrogen as PGA become G3P (with help of ATP) and returns to light reaction where the process repeats

Explain the ATP-ADP cycle

In the light reaction, sunlight energery excites electrons in photosystem 2 which are then transported using the electron transport chain, which releases ATP. That that ATP is used to power the reactions in the Calvin cylce. That ATP is used to reduce PGA +Carbon into G3P as well as regenerate RuBP. To regenerate RuBP, the calvin cycle use a phosphate from ATP, turing it into ADP - that ADP goes back to the the light reaction where it will become ATP and repeat process again **the flow of H+ ions from ETC causes a concentration gradient and moves the ions to ATP synthase which drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP releasing ATP as it move through the enzyme/protien channel

Photolysis

In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependant reactions, two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.

Properties of light

Light travels in straight lines Light can be reflected Light can bend Light is a form of energy light can be absorbed

How do plants get the water that they require for photosynthesis?

Plants absorb water in the roots from soil wet from rainfall

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Plants use solar energy to convert CO2 and H2O into sugar and other organic molecules, O2 is released as a by-product

Define nutrition in terms of producers and consumers.

Producers are organisms that produce food for themselves and other organisms. They use energy and simple inorganic molecules to make organic compounds. The stability of producers is vital to ecosystems because all organisms need organic molecules. Producers are also called autotrophs. There are two basic types of autotrophs: photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs. Consumers are organisms that depend on other organisms for food. They take in organic molecules by essentially "eating" other living things. They include all animals and fungi (fungi don't really "eat"; they absorb nutrients from other organisms). They also include many bacteria and even a few plants, such as the pitcher plant shown in Figure below. Consumers are also called heterotrophs.

Photosynthesis reactants and products

Reactants: h2o and co2 products: o2 and glucose

Photo respiration

Reaction in which rubisco attaches oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate a respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide, contrary to the general pattern of photosynthesis. when Rubisco binds with oxygen (due to high concentration) instead of CO2 Bad for C3 plants b/c Rubisco should be binding with CO2 to help with Calvin cycle and photosynthesis and not with oxygen IF there is a high concentration fo oxygen, Rubsico will make mstake of binding to O2 instead of CO2

Ezyme crucial in Calvin Cylce

Rubisco - specifically carbon fixation

electromagnetic spectrum

Spectrum of electromagnetic waves one side (left) - greater frequency, higher energy, shorter wavelength other side (right) - less frequency, lower energy, higher wavelength sunlight - white light

describe the structure of the chloroplast and how it is designed to carry out photosynthesis.

Stroma, Granum (stacks of thylakoids, Thylakoids, Inner and outer membrane. The stroma and thylakoids are desgined to carry ouot photosynthesis (as well as thyakloid space

What makes C - 4 plants special?

The design of their leaves allow CO2 to be stored and close Stoma when it's hot to preserve water When water is avaliable, C4 platns open their stomates during day time and capture CO2, and puts it into a 4 carbon compound that will be stored until it is needed for the carbon cycle

light reactions

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process. Occurs in thylakoids, converts light energy to solar energy, realses O2, water is split providing a sources of electrons and giving off O2, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in thlakoid membrane and is used to drive transfer of electron and H+ from water to NADP+

what is the first stable product of the calvin cycle

The first stable product of this cycle is a three-carbon compound, phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), and for this reason this process is referred to as the C3 cycle

Purpose of Calvin Cycle

To make glucose from carbon dioxide The Calvin cycle is a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow. Every living thing on Earth depends on the Calvin cycle. Plants depend on the Calvin cycle for energy and food.

What makes CAM plants unique?

When water is avaliable, CAM plants open their stomates at night and capture CO2 and store it in a 4-carbon coupound which is stored in a (central vacoule) during the day time, the 4 carbon compound relases Co2 so that it can be used in calvin cycle

What color(s) of light do chlorophyll absorb and reflect

absorb - usually red and blue light reflect - green light (why plants appear green b/c color green is being reflected giving appeance of green)

autotrophs and heterotrophs

autotrophs - Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs - Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms

Explain the different types of autotrophic nutrition

chemotrophs - nutrition means the energy derived from chemical reactions that take place. During this mode of nutrition, organisms use inorganic compounds to synthesise several organic compounds with the existence of carbon atoms. Those organisms that possess such a mode of nutrition are known as chemoautotrophs. phototrophs. - Organisms that can obtain nutrition using light like most plants do in this way are called phototrophs or sometimes photoautotrophs. The prefix photo- means light, indicating that these organisms use photosynthesis to synthesize, or produce, sugars using light energy and simple inorganic materials.

where colors of visible light found in the chloroplast

chlorophyll absorbs light in the red (long wavelength) and the blue (short wavelength) regions of the visible light spectrum. Green light is not absorbed but reflected, making the plant appear green. Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of plants.

what is the purpose of the light reaction

convert light energy into chemical energy convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH (for light independent reaction)

Besides plants, what other 2 kingdoms of organisms carry out photosynthesis?

eubacteria and protista

Reduction

gains electrons or hydrogens

light reaction inputs and outputs

inputs - water, light output - byproduct of oxygen, ATP and NADPH (for calvin cylce)

plant structures in leaf and their function

leaf cross-section, vien - contains xylem and phloem palisades - to maximize light absorption to help with photosynthesis spongy layer - temporary storage of sugar and amino acids synthesized in the palisades layer - and gas exchange guard cells - form stomate and open and close to let substances exit and enter the cell - keep thins in/out stomates (lower epidermis layer) - formed by guard cells, holes that let things enter/exist cells mesophyll - layer that contains palisades and spongy layers xylem - transports water and nutrients from plant, soil interface to stems and leaves and provides mechanical support and storage phloem - translocates water and products of photosynthesis from tissue to other regions where they will be used to stored Meristem - to begin growth of new cells

producers and consumers

living things are divided into these two groups based on how they obtain their food Producers - make their own food (autotrophs) - ex plants Cosumers - eat organsim that make their own food (heterotrophs) - ex animals

Oxidation

loss electrons or hydrogens

What happens during transpiration?

movement of water from roots to leaves. when water evporates of surface of leaves through stomata it will pull up the water behind due to coehesion. this action will draw up water from stem and roots

CELLS in the leaf that contain the chloroplasts.

palisades mesopyhll cells, spongy mesopyhll cells, and gaurd cells

How do plants get the carbon dioxide that they require for photosynthesis?

plants absorb carbon dioxide that diffuse into leaves through stoma

Calvin cycle reactants and products

reactants CO2 (NADPH and ATP) products Sugar (G3P, glucose and other compounds) RuBP, (NADP+ and ADP+P)

Light reaction reactants and products

reactants H2O, Light (NADP+ and ADP+P) products O2 (ATP, NADPH)

Cellular respiration reactants and products

reactants: glucose and oxygen products: carbon dioxide and water C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2--> 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H20 (Water) + ATP (Energy)

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars. light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar Occurs in Stroma, a cyclical series of reactions that assembles sugar molecules using CO2 and the energy rich products of light reaction. Incoropartion of carbon from Co2 into organic compounds entering calvin cycle known as carbon fixation. ATP and NADPH produced by light reaction provide electrons for reducing carbon compounds,

Colors of visible light

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet (white light)

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

redox reaction (reduction + oxidation reaction

Glucose is transported through these tubes in the vascular bundle of the leaf.

sieve tube cells in phloem

Starch

stored energy in plants, polysaccharide

Glucose

stored energy, simple sugar, monosaccharide

The Calvin cycle takes place in the Light reaction takes place in

stroma - claving cycle thylakoid - light reaction (in the chloroplasts)

Explain what would happen if the thylakoid membrane was permeable to H+ ions in terms of the Light (dependent) reaction

the thylakoid membrane does not allow H+ iones to pass through the cell membrane without a protien channel b/c although they are small, they are charged. Due to this, the H+ ions pass through a protien channel known as ATP synthase. This protien channel is also an enzyme that helps catalyze the reaction of turning ADP+P into ATP. If H+ ions did not need this protien channel, ADP+P would not be able to turn into ATP as quickly as needed to hlep power calvin cycle and the calvin cycle would not be able to occur.

How do CAM and C4 plants prevent photorespiration

they are able to close their stomates (when its dry for C4 or day for CAM) to prevent oxygen from entering cell and creating a high concentration so that photorespiration wont happen. Their abiliting to close their stomates depending on envrioment haw allowed to to survive in less than ideal enviromnets such as dry or hot places

Where does the light reaction take place?

thylakoid of the chloroplast

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

to convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP Cellular respiration is used to generate usable ATP energy in order to support many other reactions in the body. ATP is particularly important for energetically unfavorable reactions that would otherwise not occur without an energy input.

Water is transported through these tubes in the vascular bundle of the leaf.

vessel elemnts in xylem

Frequency and Wavelngth

wavelength - Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves frequency - The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time