PHRM 829 - Most Missed Exam Questions
The partition coefficient: A: Is the affinity of a drug for the polymer membrane relative to its affinity for water. B: Low value indicates that a drug prefers to be in polymer membrane rather than in water. C: Has a range from 10 to 10,000 D: Has units of concentration (typically mL). E: All of the above
A. Is the affinity of a drug for the polymer membrane relative to its affinity for water
You are asked to prepare 1 L of O/W emulsion of an oil having a HLB value of 9 with Span 65 (HLB 2) and Brij 56 (HLB 13). The total surfactant concentration should be 0.5% (0.5 g per 100 mL). Calculate how much Span 65 and Brij 56 are required. A: 1.82 g Span 65 and 3.18 g Brij 56 B: 3.18 g Span 65 and 1.82 g Brij 56 C: 0.182 g Span 65 and 0.318 g Brij 56 D: 0.318 g Span 65 and 0.182 g Brij 56
A: 1.82 g Span 65 and 3.18 g Brij 56
Consider two batches of polymers. Batch 1 has 30 molecules of 50 kDa polymer and 150 molecules of 20 kDapolymer. Batch 2 has 30 molecules of 100 kDa polymer and 150 molecules of 10 kDa polymer. Both batches havea number average molecular weight of 25 kDa. However, batch 1 has a weight average molecular weight of 30 kDaand Batch 2 has a weight average molecular weight of 70 kDa. Which one of the following is CORRECT? ChooseTWO (no partial credit). A: Batch 1 has a narrower molecular weight distribution (relatively monodispersed) than Batch 2. B: Batch 1 has a broader molecular weight distribution (relatively polydispersed) than Batch 2. C: Batch 2 has a narrower molecular weight distribution (relatively monodispersed) than Batch 1. D: Batch 2 has a broader molecular weight distribution (relatively monodispersed) than Batch 1. E: Batch 2 has a broader molecular weight distribution (relatively polydispersed) than Batch 1.
A: Batch 1 has a narrower molecular weight distribution (relatively monodispersed) than Batch 2 E: Batch 2 has a broader molecular weight distribution (relatively polydispersed) than Batch 1.
The following is the formulation of Pepto-Bismol. Choose components that play similar roles in this formulation. Bismuth subsalicylate, Benzoic acid, D&C Red No. 28, Magnesium aluminum silicate, Methylcellulose, Sodium saccharin, Salicylic acid, Sodium salicylate, Sorbic acid, Water A: Benzoic acid Magnesium aluminum silicate B: Salicylic acid Bismuth subsalicylate C: D&C Red No. 28 Magnesium aluminum silicate D: Magnesium aluminum silicate Methylcellulose E: Benzoic acid Sodium salicylate
A: Benzoic acid Magnesium aluminum silicate
Which one of the following describes a dispersed suspension best? A: Cloudy suspension B: Large sediment volume C: May appear as a semi-solid when undisturbed but is fluid when shaken. D: Easily redispersed by shaking E: High rate of sedimentation
A: Cloudy suspension
In protein drug formulations, "preferential exclusion" refers to: A: Excipients B: A manufacturing process C: Receptor binding D: Syringes
A: Excipients
Consider a graph of the turbidity of lactoglobulin solution measured over a period of time.The numbers are the concentrations of ��lactoglobulin. This graph indicates: A: If this drug is administered by subcutaneous injection, which uses a small volume of vehicle, there is a good chance that the drug will aggregate. B: Protein solubility increases with increasing concentration. C: Protein aggregation decreases with increasing concentration. D: Protein solubility increases with time. E: Aggregated proteins will be dissociated with time.
A: If this drug is administered by subcutaneous injection, which uses a small volume of vehicle, there is a good chance that the drug will aggregate.
Select the correct statement. A: Red blood cells are better equipped to tolerate hyper-osmotic solutions than hypo-osmotic ones. B: Red blood cells are better equipped to tolerate hypo-osmotic solutions than hyper-osmotic ones. C: Red blood cells are equally equipped to tolerate hyper-osmotic solutions as hypo-osmotic ones. D: Red blood cells are not properly equipped to tolerate either hyper-osmotic solutions or hypo-osmotic ones
A: Red blood cells are better equipped to tolerate hyper-osmotic solutions than hypo-osmotic ones.
Dextrose (MW=180.16 gm/mol) and glycerol (MW = 92.09 gm/mol) are frequently use to make isotonic solutions. Consider a solution of glycerol at a concentration of 5% (w/v) in SWFI. Exposing blood cells to this solution should be expected to have the following effect: A: Shrink the cells B: Expand the cells C: Leave the size/volume of the cells unchanged
A: Shrink the cells
Which one of the following does not require a preservative? A: Single use ampules for injection B: Multiple dose vials C: 15 mL Visine Tears Long Lasting Dry Eye relief solution D: Pepto Bismol 8 fl. Oz. E: Robitussin expectorant 4 fl. Oz.
A: Single use ampules for injection
Consider a solution of levothyroxine sodium compounded by dissolving the equivalent of 1 mg of levothyroxine in 10 mL of SWFI. Such a compounded solution is expected to be hemolytic if injected into the blood stream. Levothyroxine sodium (MW = 799.86 gm/mol) Levothyroxine (MW = 776.87 gm/mol) A: True B: False
A: True
Which of the following identified the type of syringe tip to be used when compounding sterile preparations of hazardous drugs? A: Luer tip B: Luer lok C: Swage lock D: Swage tip E: Any of the above
B. Luer Lok
Which one of the following is NOT relevant to the advantages of extended-release dosage forms? A: Reduces the number of dosages taken per unit time B: Simpler to manufacture for most dosage forms C: Reduces fluctuations of drug blood levels
B. Simpler manufacture for most dosage forms
A matrix erosion device has: A: A zero order release rate B: A release rate impacted by a dissolving polymer C: A polymeric membrane that regulates drug release D: A slow initial release of drug followed by an increasing drug releate rate E: All of the above
B: A release rate impacted by a dissolving polymer
A protein drug that consists of a monoclonal antibody link to a potent, small molecule cytotoxin is called: A: A chimeric protein B: An antibody-drug conjugate C: A fusion protein D: A PEGylated protein
B: An antibody-drug conjugate
Which one of the following is a different type (W/O, O/W) of emulsion than others? A: An emulsion stabilized with Tween 80 B: An emulsion stabilized with charcoal C: An emulsion containing 20% petrolatum and 80% water D: An emulsion stabilized with bentonite E: An emulsion used for a water-washable lotion
B: An emulsion stabilized with charcoal
The commonly used component of parenteral preparations that can produce gasping syndrome in neonates is: A: Ascorbic acid B: Benzyl alcohol C: Ethyl alcohol D: Methyl paraben E: Propylene glycol
B: Benzyl alcohol
Consider the following description of polyacrylamide gel polymerization. Which synthesis method is leastrelevant? Polyacrylamide gels are formed by copolymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide "bis"Polymerization is initiated by ammonium persulfate and TEMED (tetramethylethylenediamine): TEMEDaccelerates the rate of formation of free radicals from persulfate and these in turn catalyze polymerization. Thepersulfate free radicals convert acrylamide monomers to free radicals which reacts with unactivated monomers.The elongated polymer chains are randomly crosslinked by bis, resulting in a gel with a characteristic porositywhich depends on the polymerization conditions and monomer concentrations. A: Chain polymerization B: Condensation polymerization C: Free-radical polymerization D: Addition polymerization
B: Condensation polymerization
Creaming is a type of emulsion instability, which is irreversible and will form separate layers of oil and water.Creaming cannot be fixed by shaking; thus, the product needs to be reformulated. A: True B: False
B: False
Which one of the following is relevant to suspension? Choose TWO that apply. A: Suspension shows first-order degradation kinetics and, thus, is less stable than solution. B: For bitter drug, suspension is more palatable than solution. C: Suspension is less flexible than tablets in dosing. D: Calamine lotion is a suspension in which the active ingredient is suspended as liquid droplets in vehicle. E: Suspension is used to enhance dissolution of poorly soluble drug.
B: For bitter drug, suspension is more palatable than solution. E: Suspension is used to enhance dissolution of poorly soluble drug.
Which one of the following is NOT the advantage of solution formulations of biologics as compared to other common dosage forms? A: Simplest formulation B: Least expensive to manufacture C: Convenient for hospital personnel since they do not require reconstitution D: Reduced rates of chemical and physical degradation E: Can be inspected visually prior to administration
B: Least expensive to manufacture
A solution product contains the following ingredients. Which one of the following is used as a reducing agent (consuming oxygen)? A: Sorbitol B: Sodium bisulfite C: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) D: Propyl paraben E: Glycerin
B: Sodium bisulfite
The following ingredients serve similar purposes in an emulsion product, but one of them, ________, fulfills thisrole with a different mechanism than the others. A: Bentonite B: Sodium lauryl sulfate C: Magnesium aluminum silicate D: Aluminum hydroxide E: Charcoal
B: Sodium lauryl sulfate
Consider poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(butylene terephthalate). Poly(vinyl acetate) softens over a range 35-85 deg.C, whereas poly(buthylene terephthalate) shows a sharp melting point of 220 deg.C. Which one of the following is correct? A: Poly(vinyl acetate) is crystalline. B: The temperature at which poly(vinyl acetate) softens is called a glass transition temperature. C: Poly(vinyl acetate) can make highly durable structures at body temperature. D: Poly(butylene terephthalate) is amorphous. E: Poly(buthylene terephthalate) can pack together in regular arrays at T > 220 deg.C
B: The temperature at which poly(vinyl acetate) softens is called a glass transition temperature.
All of the following statements are true of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) EXCEPT: A: mAbs have light and heavy chains B: mAbs are small proteins (~30,000 Da) C: mAbs have beta sheet structure D: mAbs have disulfide bonds
B: mAbs are small proteins (~30,000 Da)
The following substances play a similar role in liquid dosage forms, but _____ works in a different mechanism than the others. A: Benzyl alcohol B: Benzoic acid C: Benzalkonium chloride D: Butyl paraben E: Chlorobutanol
C: Benzalkonium chloride
Which one of the following is typically an advantage of an extended release system compared to an immediate release system? A. Smaller dosage form (e.g. smaller tablet) B. Reduced dosing intervals (more frequent dosing) C. Better patient adherence to regimen D. More peaks and valleys in the concentration vs. time profile E. Easier to stop dosage if side effects observed
C. Better patient adherence to regimen
Encapsulated cell technology (ECT) implants consist of genetically modified cells that are encapsulated in a section of semi-permeable hollow fiber membrane. The implant has a suture loop at one end to anchor it to the sclera in the vitreo-retinal body inside the eye. The current product is 6 mm in length, roughly the size of a grain of rice. What is the role of membrane in this device? A: Prevents the loss of therapeutic protein from the device B: Allows for immune cells to enter the device C: Allows for the influx of oxygen and nutrients D: Allows for the controlled release of therapeutic cells E: None of the above
C: Allows for the influx of oxygen and nutrients
You intend to make a sulfadiazine suspension. The particle size of sulfadiazine as received is 26ȝm, and waterwith a density of 1 g/mL is currently used as a vehicle. In order to reduce the settling velocity of drug particles insuspension, the following can be done. What is LEAST relevant? A: Particle size is reduced to 5 ˩m by micronization. B: A sorbitol solution with a viscosity of 110 cps is used instead of water. C: Diluted bentonite magma (clay) is added to reduce repulsive forces between the drug particles. D: A sorbitol solution with a density of 1.3 g/mL is used as a suspension vehicle.
C: Diluted bentonite magma (clay) is added to reduce repulsive forces between the drug particles.
It is possible to enhance skin penetration of a drug via physical and chemical means. [A] in the attached picture depicts a control skin that does not receive any treatment to enhance drug penetration, whereas [B] shows a procedure that enhances drug permeation thorugh skin. Which method does B describe? A: Prodrugs B: Chemical enhancers C: Electroporation D: Iontophoresis E: Ultrasound
C: Electroporation
Consider a polymer in the picture. This polymer is mucoadhesive because it can interact with the following components of mucin EXCEPT _________: A: Sialic acid of mucin B: Protein domain of mucin C: Inorganic salts in mucin
C: Inorganic salts in mucin
Which of the following is NOT relevant to the respiratory region of the nose? A: It is the main site for systemic drug delivery B: It has a surface area of ~150 cm^2 C: It provides direct access to the central nervous system D: It is well vascularized E: It is covered with mucus that provides a physical and enzymatic barrier to drugdelivery
C: It provides direct access to the central nervous system
Which one of the following is NOT relevant to the stability of lyophilized protein products? A: Lyophilization can cause protein instability by freeze-concentration. B: Lyoprotectants or cryoprotectants are used to inhibit perturbation of protein structure during lyophilization. C: Lyophilized products should be shaken to accelerate reconstitution. D: Once reconstituted, biologics are less stable than the lyophilized forms. E: Reconstituted solution of lyophilized proteins should be visually inspected for the presence of particles.
C: Lyophilized products should be shaken to accelerate reconstitution.
Which polymer is often used in erosion controlled-released devices: A: Polystyrene B: Polyethylene C: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) D: Polybutylene E: Polyisoprene
C: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
What is the proper name of the polymer in the figure? A: Poly(methyl)methylcrylate B: Poly(methyl) methacrylates C: Poly(methyl methacrylate) D: Poly(methyl methacrylates)
C: Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Which of the following solvents, if used for sterile preparations, has the lowest hemolytic potential? A: Ethyl alcohol B: Propylene glycol C: Polyethylene glycol
C: Polyethylene glycol
The following describes ingredients of ArthriCare Medicated Rub and their functions. Which one is INCORRECT? A: Cetyl alcohol - Emulsifier & thickening agent B: Stearyl alcohol - Emulsifier and thickening agent C: Polysorbate 60 - Preservative D: Sodium lauryl sulfate - Emulsifier (surfactant) E: Propylene glycol - Humectant
C: Polysorbate 60 - Preservative
Of the following, which one is most suitable for the delivery of a drug that requires fast onset of systemic action (e.g., nitroglycerin for acute angina attack)? A: Topical cream B: Transdermal patch C: Sublingual tablet D: Buccal patch
C: Sublingual tablet
A buffer contains 0.1 M sodium formate and 0.1 M formic acid. 0.02 of sodium hydroxide was added. The pKa value of the formic acid is 3.75. What is the pH after the addition of sodium hydroxide? A: 3.93 B: 3.57 C: 4.23 D: 3.27 E: None of the above
D: 3.27
Calculate the osmolarity of a solution containing a mixture of 2.5 % (w/v) dextrose and 2.5% (w/v) glycerol. Dextrose MW = 92.09. Round up the final answer to the nearest whole number. A: 205 mOsm/L B: 275 mOsm/L C: 341 mOsm/L D: 410 mOsm/L E: 820 mOsm/L
D: 410 mOsm/L
Encapsulated cell technology (ECT) implants consist of genetically modified cells that are encapsulated in a section of semi-permeable hollow fiber membrane. The implant has a suture loop at one end to anchor it to the sclera in the vitreo-retinal body inside the eye. The current product is 6mm in length, roughly thesize of a grain of rice. What is the role of membrane in this device? A: Prevents the loss of therapeutic protein from the device B: Allows for immune cells to enter the device C: Allows for the influx on oxygen and nutrients D: Allows for the controlled released of therapeutic cells E: None of the above
D: Allows for the controlled
If somebody mixes equal volumes of NS and D5W, the correct abbreviation for labeling it will be: A: D5W/NS B: D5W/½NS C: D2.5W/NS D: D2.5W/½NS E: none of the above
D: D2.5W/½NS
Which one of the following most accurately describes BOTH reservoir diffusion and matrix diffusion systems? A: Zero order release rate B: The coating/membrane thickness can be used to control the drug release rate. C: The system contains uniform coating thicknesses to ensure proper release. D: Drug diffusion through a polymer network is the rate limiting step. E: All of the above
D: Drug diffusion through a polymer network is the rate limiting step.
Fentora is an effervescent tabelt that rapidly releases fetanyl int the buccal pouch and is used to treat breakthrough pain in opiod-tolerant cancer pateints. Which one is the following is true? A: Fentora can be taken with water like regular tablets if a pateint prefers B: Fentora can be either chewed or melted in the mouth C: Fentora may be substitued for Actiq, another transmucosal dosage form of fentanyl, as equal dose(microgram to microgram) D: Fentora may be placed between cheek and gum or under the tongue.
D: Fentora may be placed between cheek and gum or under the tongue.
An O/W emulsion including sodium stearate should not be prepared with hard water. Why? A: Hard water can accelerate sedimentation of oil droplets. B: Hard water can cause creaming. C: Hard water can lead to coalescence. D: Hard water can induce phase inversion of the emulsion. E: Hard water can degrade oil droplets.
D: Hard water can induce phase inversion of the emulsion.
Select the correct statement. A: Buffers in parenteral preparations are always used to ensure that the pH of the preparation matches the physiological pH. B: The pH of all parenteral preparations must always match the physiological pH. C: If the pH of a parenteral preparation differs significantly (by more than 2 pH units) from the physiological pH, the preparation needs to be buffered. D: If the pH of a parenteral preparation differs significantly (by more than 2 pH units) from the physiological pH, it is best if the preparation is unbuffered.
D: If the pH of a parenteral preparation differs significantly (by more than 2 pH units) from the physiological pH, it is best if the preparation is unbuffered.
Which one of the following will produce a buffer solution of pH 7.4 with a buffering capacity of 0.1? A: Acetic acid 0.00042 mol and sodium acetate 0.18 mol in 1L of water B: Citric acid 0.00042 mol and monosodium citrate 0.18 mol in 1L of water C: Phosphoric acid 0.072 mol and monosodium phosphate 0.11 mol in 1L of water D: Monosodium phosphate 0.072 mol and dipotassium phosphate 0.11 mol in 1L of water E: Dipotassium phosphate 0.11 mol and trisodium phosphate 0.072 mol in 1L of water
D: Monosodium phosphate 0.072 mol and dipotassium phosphate 0.11 mol in 1L of water
Consider the decomposition rate constant profile of methotrexate in the Figure. To design a buffer for storage of methotrexate, which pair of acid and salt is most appropriate? A: Citric acid, monosodium citrate B: Monosodium citrate, disodium citrate C: Phosphoric acid, monosodium phosphate D: Monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate E: Disodium phosphate, trisodium phosophate
D: Monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate
The following can be injected directly into the IV stream. A: Purduemycin for injection B: Purduemycin injectable suspension C: Purduemycin for injectable suspension D: None of the above
D: None of the above
Which one of the following describes interfacial phenomena in emulsion INCORRECTLY? A: Two liquids with a great tendency to interact with each other have low interfacial tension B: Interfacial tension decreases with increasing temperature C: Internal phase tends to coalesce to reduce interfacial tension D: Surfactants with HLB value > 10 are typically used to stabilize a W/O emulsion E: At concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, surfactants do not reduce interfacial tension any more
D: Surfactants with HLB value > 10 are typically used to stabilize a W/O emulsion
In a matrix diffusion system: A: The polymeric matrix dissolves to release the drug B: It is more susceptible to dose dumping than a reservoir diffusion system C: Drug release follows zero-order kinetics D: The drug release rate is proportional to the square root of time E: None of the above
D: The drug release rate is proportional to the square root of time
The following describes different approaches to formulate a suspension product with a long shelf-life. One of them employs a different principle than the others. Which one is it? A: Reduce the repulsive forces between drug particles to form floccules. B: Electrolytes, clay, or surface-active agents are used to create a secondary minimum in the potential energy vs. particle distance plot. C: The suspension may settle fast, but the sediment is loose and easy to redisperse. D: The suspension is very thick and does not allow settling of drug particles when undisturbed but becomes fluid when shaken
D: The suspension is very thick and does not allow settling of drug particles when undisturbed but becomes fluid when shaken
Which one of the following is LEAST relevant to transdermal delivery? A: Drugs with a molecular weight <1000 Da and high oil/water partition coefficient are suitable for transdermal delivery B: Hydrated skin is easier for a drug to penetrate than dry skin C: Reducing agents such as ascorbate of dithiothreitol can enhance skin permeability by disrupting disulfide bonds of proteins in keratinized cells D: Transdermal delivery is suitable for drugs with high dose requirement E: Organic solvents such as azone or dimethyl sulfoxide increase the skin permeability by distrupting the ordered lipid bilayer structure of stratum corneum
D: Transdermal delivery is suitable for drugs with high dose requirement
Consider the following components used in CSPs. Identify the combination that may present an extremely dangerous risk to the patient if admixing is not performed properly. [A] Acetate [B] Calcium [C] Citrate [D] Phosphate A: [A] and [B] B: [A] and [C] C: B] and [C] D: [B] and [D] E: [C] and [D]
D: [B] and [D]
Consider osmotic systems. Semipermeable membranes are primarily used in osmotic devices to: A: Allow drug to diffuse through the membrane at a controlled rate B: Control release to the small intestine and not the stomach C: Serve as an interior membrane to push drug out D: Provide easy identification of osmotic devices E: Allow water to diffuse across membrane at a controlled rate
E: Allow water to diffuse across membrane at a controlled rate
Which one of the following is LEAST relevant to the structured vehicle system? A: Thixotropy B: Non-Newtonian flow C: Shear-thinning D: Plastic flow E: Dilatant flow
E: Dilatant flow
The following products are applied on skin. However, one of them aims to have an effect on a different location (systemic vs. local) than others. Which one is it? A: ALACORT- hydrocortisone cream B: Benzo-Jel anesthetic gel C: Burt's Bees Medicated Lip Balm - with beeswax, camphor, menthol, clove oil, anise, eucalyptus, spearmint and lemon balm D: ADVANCED SKIN LIGHTENING SERUM - hydroquinone gel E: Exelon rivastigmine patch
E: Exelon rivastigmine patch
The following products are applied on skin. However, one of them aims to have an effect on a different location (systemic vs. local) than others. Which one is it? A: ALACORT- hydrocortisone cream B: Benzo-Jel anesthetic gel C: Burt's Bees Medicated Lip Balm - with beeswax, camphor, menthol, clove oil, anise, eucalyptus, spearmint and lemon balm D: ADVANCED SKIN LIGHTENING SERUM - hydroquinone gel E: Exelon rivastigmine patch
E: Exelon rivastigmine patch
NuvaRing (etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring) is a non-biodegradable, flexible, transparent, colorless to almost colorless, combination contraceptive vaginal ring containing two active components, etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol. Based on information in the packaging insert and your knowledge of a NuvaRing from class, which one of the following is considered LEAST relevant to NuvaRing? A: It is a reservoir-diffusion system showing a zero-order release kinetics. B: It consists of a drug reservoir and rate-limiting membrane. C: It will maintain constant drug levels for 3 weeks. D: Drug is systemically absorbed via the vaginal epithelial membrane. E: It shows an initial burst release of drug followed by a decreasing drug release rate.
E: It shows an initial burst release of drug followed by a decreasing drug release rate.
Select the correct statement. A: USP provides the highest standard for the quality of CSPs. B: USP Chapters, regardless of number, are all mandatory. C: USP Chapters, regardless of number, are all informational only. D: USP Chapters with number greater than 1000 are mandatory. E: USP Chapters with number greater than 1000 are informational only.
E: USP Chapters with number greater than 1000 are informational only.11. The commonly used component of parenteral preparations that can produce gasping syndrome in neonates is:
Consider the Descriptions in the packaging inserts of the following products. All of the following drugs are biologics EXCEPT:
E: VELCADE ® (bortezomib) for Injection: Bortezomib is provided as a mannitol boronic ester which, in reconstituted form,consists of the mannitol ester in equilibrium with its hydrolysis product, the monomeric boronic acid. The drug substance exists in itscyclic anhydride form as a trimeric boroxine. The chemical name for bortezomib, the monomeric boronic acid, is [(1R)-3-methyl-1-[[(2S)-1-oxo-3-phenyl-2 [(pyrazinylcarbonyl) amino]propyl]amino]butyl] boronic acid. The molecular weight is 384.24. The molecularformula is C19H25BN4O4.
The structure in the figure describes polyethylene. Which one of the following is NOT relevant?
The repeating unit of this polymer is -CH2-