PHSY Unit 2

This is a graph relating the size of things versus the speed of things. Which area of the graph best describes the realm of the dual nature of matter? C B A

A

This is a graph relating the size of things versus the speed of things. Which area of the graph best describes the realm of Special Relativity? B A C

B

The molecular model cannot explain why the pressure of a gas in a container with fixed volume, such as car or bike tires, increases with increasing temperature. True False

False

Within a given period, metals have higher ionization energies than non-metals do. True False

False

Which of these is a collection of elements that shares a set of similar chemical and physical properties? Family Period

Family

When sunlight passes through a large opening, such as a door or window, it makes a bright spot about the size of the opening. When light passes through a very small opening, such as a pin hole, it spreads out over an area much larger than the size of the opening. Why does this occur? Light has electrical charge. Light has wave properties. Light carries energy. Light has particle properties. Light has colors.

Light has wave properties.

When looking at Brownian motion of dust particles in water, what would be observed if the temperature is increased? The erratic motion of the dust particles increases. No change in the erratic motion of the dust particles would be detected. Brownian motion would no longer be seen. The erratic motion of the dust particles decreases.

The erratic motion of the dust particles increases.

Which wave has the largest amplitude?

The one with the largest height

What does the exclusion principle state? The better one knows an electron's position, the less one knows about the electron's momentum. The lowest energy orbitals are filled first. In an atoms, all electrons must have different spin. There can only be two electrons in one orbital and the electrons must differ by spin.

There can only be two electrons in one orbital and the electrons must differ by spin.

The Bohr Model explains why discrete spectra are observed. True False

True

There are experiments that show that light has particle properties. True False

True

There are experiments that show that light has wave properties. True False

True

The ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to do what to an atom? remove an electron add an electron

remove an electron

Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation travels at the fastest speed? gamma rays AM radio waves blue light red light the speed is the same for all of these

the speed is the same for all of these

This is a graph relating the size of things versus the speed of things. Which area of the graph best describes the realm of Newtonian Laws? B A C

C

Louis de Broglie proposed that all matter has dual nature. The wavelength of any particle is related to its momentum by this equation: wavelength = h/mv Which of the following is the best explanation of why we don't notice wave behavior in large objects such as baseballs, but it is fairly easily detected in small objects such as electrons. Large objects will have large wavelengths because of their larger volumes. Plank's constant, h, changes with mass. It has a larger value for objects like electrons than it does for baseballs. Baseballs have wavelengths too large to fit through slits the way electrons do. Electrons travel at faster velocities and this gives them larger wavelengths. Large objects will have wavelengths far too small to detect wave behavior because of their larger masses.

Large objects will have wavelengths far too small to detect wave behavior because of their larger masses.

What principle best describes what happens as the slit becomes narrower and the position of the electron is measured more accurately at the slit. The wave particle duality of electromagnetic radiation The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle The Bohr model of the atom The Pauli Exclusion Principle The law of increasing disorder

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Electrons can experience interference just as light can. True False

True

If you draw an energy well for a neutral neon atom, how many electrons does a neon atom have in its 2p orbitals? Neon has 10 electrons. 2 4 6 8 10

6

As the temperature of a material increases, what happens to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the material? It decreases. It increases. It remains the same.

It increases.

The diagrams are snapshots of two different water waves moving through the same depth of water. What can you conclude about the frequency of the two waves? The second wave has a higher frequency. The two waves have the same frequency. The first wave has a higher frequency. It is not possible to determine anything about frequency from the still pictures.

The first wave has a higher frequency.

When a material conducts electricity in the solid and liquid forms, what is it called? an ionic nonconductor an ionic substance a nonionic substance a nonconductor a conductor

a conductor

The substance that a wave travels through is known as what? an ocean a medium space

a medium

Light from a laser shines on a pair of closely spaced slits and then fall on a screen. No attempt is made to detect the light until it hits the screen. Which of the following best represents the resulting image on the screen? a single narrow band about as narrow as a single slit a single dot a series of bright and dark bands two narrow bands about the width of each slit a single fuzzy band that is wider than the combined width of the slits

a series of bright and dark bands

A sound wave is an example of what type of wave? torsion shear compression surface

compression

The photoelectric effect shows that light has ________ properties. particle wave

particle

Of the following, which has the longest wavelength? infrared light red light blue light x-rays radio waves

radio waves

The interference of light shows that light has ________ properties. wave particle

wave

In an important experiment used to determine the nature of atoms, a gas like hydrogen, neon, or mercury is excited by sparking it with electricity. The light emitted is separated out into individual colors using a prism or diffraction grating and a few lines of colored light are seen. The light observed in such a spectrum is emitted when an electron in an atom does what? [This question tests your ability to identify which conclusions about the structure of atoms followed from which early experiments.] is converted to the pure energy of a photon is completely removed from the atom "jumps" from one energy level down to another lower energy level is absorbed by the nucleus "jumps" from one energy level up to another higher energy level

"jumps" from one energy level down to another lower energy level

The exclusion principle states that how many electrons may occupy a single orbital? 1 2 3 4

2

A single electron is sent through a single, tiny slit. Later it is detected by a screen placed on the opposite side. It is possible to change the width of the slit. (This experiment could also be done with a slow neutron rather than an electron.) When a single electron is sent through the slit, which of the following images best depicts the image produced on the screen? A single broad band that is broader than the combined width of the slit. A series of bright and dark bands. A single narrow band about as narrow as the slit. A single dot somewhere on the screen; you can't predict exactly where. A single dot opposite the slit; the dot will be located in an area the size of the slit

A single dot somewhere on the screen; you can't predict exactly where.

What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment show? All of an atom's positive charge is concentrated into a small volume. Each atom has a specific number of electrons. Atoms only emit certain discrete colors of light. Atoms contained neutral particles called neutrons.

All of an atom's positive charge is concentrated into a small volume.

What did Rutherford conclude about atoms from these experiments? Electrons occupied discrete energy levels. All of the positive charge was concentrated in a very small volume. The gold atoms had a large mass. Electrons collapse into the nucleus. Alpha particles exhibit wave particle duality.

All of the positive charge was concentrated in a very small volume.

Why do elements in the same column of the periodic table react in similar ways? The quantum model of the atom supports this observation. Each element in the column has the same ionization energy. Mendeleev ordered them that way on purpose. Each element in the column has the same number of valence electrons.

Each element in the column has the same number of valence electrons.

In the modern quantum mechanical model of the atom, which of the following best describes the behavior of electrons? Electrons orbit around the nucleus in complicated paths that look like dumbbells and cloverleaves. Electrons are small particles embedded in a positive nucleus. Electrons orbit around the positive nucleus in a restricted number of fixed energy levels. Electrons orbit in elliptical paths according to the electric force law and Newton's laws of motion. Electrons are described as standing waves of probability.

Electrons are described as standing waves of probability

Which of the following is experimental evidence that the Bohr model is incorrect? (The quantum model can explain why all of these occur, but the Bohr model doesn't provide an explanation as to why one of these happens.) Electrons moving in circular paths radiate energy, but electrons around undisturbed atoms do not radiate any energy. Positively charged particles are repelled by the nucleus. Atoms can be broken into charged particles. Atoms produce discrete emission spectra.

Electrons moving in circular paths radiate energy, but electrons around undisturbed atoms do not radiate any energy.

According to the quantum model of the atom, the valence electrons of an atom are buried deep inside the atom. True False

False

It is possible to predict exactly where an electron will be located once its orbital is determined. True False

False

The electrons in an atom spin around in the orbitals like a top. True False

False

Which of the following statements is true? Gases are fluids. A liquid will expand to assume both the size and shape of its container. In all cases, the solid form of a given material is more plastic than the liquid form. In all cases, the solid form of a given material is more dense than the liquid form.

Gases are fluids.

In an experiment done in the early 1900s, Rutherford used a radioactive source to bombard a thin sheet of gold foil with a narrow beam of alpha particles. He carefully measured where these alpha particles went after they hit the foil. Thomson's plum pudding model was the model of the atom being used at the time. Which of the following explains what Rutherford expected to happen based on Thomson's model, and why he expected these results? He expected very few of the alpha particles to go through because in Thomson's model there was very little space between atoms. He expected none of the alpha particles to go through because gold is a solid. He expected almost all of the alpha particles to go through because in Thomson's model atoms are very tiny and the odds of hitting one were very small. He expected almost all of the alpha particles to go through because in Thomson's model most of an atom is empty space. He expected all of the alpha particles to go through because in Thomson's model there was no concentration of charge to repel them.

He expected all of the alpha particles to go through because in Thomson's model there was no concentration of charge to repel them.

What is the fact that it is impossible to simultaneously determine both the speed and position of a particle with complete precision known as? Rutherford's nuclear model the molecular model of matter Einstein's photoelectric theory the theory of special relativity Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

Light from a laser shines on a pair of closely spaced slits and then fall on a screen. No attempt is made to detect the light until it hits the screen. What does this demonstrate about the behavior of light? Light has electrical charge. Light carries energy. Light has wave properties. Light has colors. Light has particle properties.

Light has wave properties.

What did De Broglie hypothesize? Matter has wave properties. It is possible for matter to travel faster than the speed of light. Light has mass. It is impossible to determine both an object's position and momentum with perfect accuracy. Atoms are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Matter has wave properties.

Which of the following is true regarding red and blue light? They both travel at different speeds from one another in a vacuum. Only blue light creates a diffraction pattern. Both blue light and red light have the same wavelength. Only red light creates an interference pattern. Photons from blue light have more energy.

Photons from blue light have more energy.

On which side of the periodic table are non-metals found? Left Right

Right

When the water begins to boil, he adds some salt. Water molecules have less mass than the sodium atoms in the salt. At any given temperature, how does the behavior of the two compare? The average speed of the sodium atoms is higher, but the average kinetic energy is the same. The average speed of the two is the same, but the average kinetic energy of the water molecules is higher. The average speed and average kinetic energy of the water molecules and sodium atoms is the same. The average speed of the water molecules is higher, but the average kinetic energy is the same. The average speed of the two is the same, but the average kinetic energy of the sodium atoms is higher.

The average speed of the water molecules is higher, but the average kinetic energy is the same.

A glass that contains a mix of ice and water stays at 0°C as long as there is ice left, even when the temperature of the room is much higher than 0°. Why? Water is unique because of its hydrogen bonds. Few, if any, other substances will exhibit this behavior. At the freezing point, water radiates away as much energy as it absorbs, so it stays at equilibrium. The energy from the room is increasing the kinetic energy of the water molecules. The room stops transferring energy once water reaches its melting point no matter how hot the room is. The energy transferred from the room is increasing the potential energy of the water molecules.

The energy transferred from the room is increasing the potential energy of the water molecules.

A glass thermometer at room temperature (20° C) is placed in a pan of near-freezing water (1° C). Which of the following statements is true concerning the heat conduction which may occur in this situation? The glass molecules transfer some of their kinetic energy to the water molecules, which have, on average, more kinetic energy. The water molecules transfer some of their kinetic energy to the glass molecules, which have, on average, less kinetic energy. No heat conduction occurs since the water is so cold. The glass molecules transfer some of their kinetic energy to the water molecules, which have, on average, less kinetic energy. The water molecules transfer some of their kinetic energy to the glass molecules, which have, on average, more kinetic energy.

The glass molecules transfer some of their kinetic energy to the water molecules, which have, on average, less kinetic energy.

If the slit is made narrower in an attempt to know exactly where the electron is when it passes through the slit, what will happen to the image on the screen? The location of the image becomes harder to predict. (That is, you will see the same band, dot, or series of bands, but you will not be able to predict where on the screen this image will appear.) The image becomes larger. (That is, you will see a wider band, larger dot, or wider pattern of bands.) The image becomes narrower. (That is, you will see a narrower band, a smaller dot, or a narrower series of bands.) The image becomes dimmer. (That is, you will see the same image, but it will become less and less crisp and more like a pattern of dots.) The location of the image becomes easier to predict. (That is, you will see the same band, dot, or series of bands, but you will be able to predict more accurately where on the screen this image will appear.)

The location of the image becomes harder to predict. (That is, you will see the same band, dot, or series of bands, but you will not be able to predict where on the screen this image will appear.)

scientist is investigating how an unknown material responds to mechanical vibrations. During his studies he notes that compression waves travel through the substance, but shear waves do not. What can he conclude from this information? The material could be a liquid or solid, but is not a gas. The material must be a liquid. The material could be a liquid or gas, but is not a solid. The material must be a solid. The material must be a gas.

The material could be a liquid or gas, but is not a solid.

Light from a laser shines on a pair of closely spaced slits and then fall on a screen. No attempt is made to detect the light until it hits the screen. If the light is made extremely dim, what happens to the pattern produced? The pattern stays basically the same shape, but gets dimmer. The pattern stays basically the same shape, but gets narrower. The pattern stays basically the same shape, but gets speckled, like it is made up of dots. Changing the brightness of the light doesn't change the pattern at all. The pattern stays basically the same shape, but gets fuzzier.

The pattern stays basically the same shape, but gets fuzzier.

This diagram shows two sound waves. Use it to answer the next three questions. The waves are emitted by speakers producing a single tone. The light areas represent regions of high pressure, and the dark areas represent low pressure. The following three questions ask you to use your understanding of wave behavior to explain what is happening at certain points. If you increase the amplitude of the sound wave, what else will happen? The sound wave will have a higher pitch. The distance between points of high pressure will become larger. The sound wave will become louder. The sound wave will travel faster through the air. The sound wave will spread out more.

The sound wave will spread out more.

What can you determine about the speed of the waves in the water? The speed is greater for the first wave. The speed is the same for both waves. The speed is greater for the second wave.

The speed is the same for both waves.

This diagram shows two sound waves. Use it to answer the next three questions. The waves are emitted by speakers producing a single tone. The light areas represent regions of high pressure, and the dark areas represent low pressure. The following three questions ask you to use your understanding of wave behavior to explain what is happening at certain points. At point B, two low pressure regions overlap. What is happening at point B? The two waves will bounce off of each other. The two waves will bend around each other. The two waves will combine to make a louder sound at point B. The two waves will cancel out so that there is no sound at point B. The two waves will create a new wave that spreads out from point B.

The two waves will combine to make a louder sound at point B.

Carbon (C), silicon (Si), and lead (Pb) belong to the same family. True False

True

In an experiment done in the early 1900s, Rutherford used a radioactive source to bombard a thin sheet of gold foil with a narrow beam of alpha particles. He carefully measured where these alpha particles went after they hit the foil. What were the actual results of the experiment? All of the alpha particles went through the foil. Very few of the alpha particles bounced off of the foil. None of the alpha particles went through the foil. Very few of the alpha particles went through the foil. About one-half of the alpha particles bounced off of the foil.

Very few of the alpha particles bounced off of the foil.

White light (containing all visible colors) passes through a gas that absorbs some of the light. The spectrum is then analyzed. How could that spectrum best be described? a continuous spectrum except for some black lines a continuous spectrum a discrete spectrum except for some colored lines a discrete spectrum of colored lines a completely black spectrum

a continuous spectrum except for some black lines

The shape of a "p" orbital most closely resembles which shape? a sphere a cloverleaf a cone concentric circles a dumbbell

a dumbbell

What is a material that will flow to assume the shape of its container, but will maintain its volume? a liquid a gas a plasma a crystal a solid

a liquid

What is a material that doesn't conduct electricity regardless of whether it is in a liquid state or solid state called? a nonionic substance a nonconductor a conductor an ionic nonconductor an ionic substance

a nonconductor

Which of the following is the best description of a photon? a particle with mass and negative charge a particle without mass and with positive charge a particle without mass and with negative charge a particle without mass and with no charge a particle with mass and no charge a particle with mass and positive charge

a particle without mass and with no charge

In the Thomson (plum pudding) model of the atom, how is an atom described? a negative "pudding" with one large lump of positive charge in the middle a neutral "pudding" with small lumps of positive and negative charge distributed throughout a positive "pudding" with small lumps of negative charge distributed throughout a negative "pudding" with small lumps of positive charge distributed throughout a neutral "pudding" with lumps of negative charge around the outside and lumps of positive charge in the middle

a positive "pudding" with small lumps of negative charge distributed throughout

Which of the following describes a wave property, not a wave phenomenon? Select all that apply. amplitude frequency interference reflection

amplitude & frequency

Lithium fluoride does not conduct electricity as a solid, but will conduct if melted or dissolved in water. What kind of material is it? a plastic material a material with a continuous spectrum a non-ionic material an ionic material a plasma

an ionic material

As the temperature of the water increases from 30°C to 80°C, which of the following is also increasing? average volume of each liquid molecule average kinetic energy of the molecules density of the liquid average molecular mass of the molecules chemical potential energy of the molecules

average kinetic energy of the molecules

As a compression elastic wave passes through a medium, how does each piece of the medium move? a combination of back and forth and parallel or perpendicular, depending on conditions back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling in one direction parallel to the direction the wave is traveling in one direction perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction the wave is traveling

back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction the wave is traveling

A rainbow is an example of a ____________ spectrum. continuous discrete

continuous

When sunlight passes through a large opening, such as a door or window, it is concentrated immediately behind the opening. When light passes through a very small opening, such as a pin hole, it spreads out over an area much larger than the size of the opening. This is an example of what? interference refraction reflection the photoelectric effect diffraction

diffraction

Waves may be observed to reflect, refract, diffract, and interfere. Two of these behaviors are unique to waves only and two of them may also be observed for particles (or convincingly counterfeited by particles). Which two are wave behavior only? reflection and refraction interference and refraction diffraction and reflection refraction and diffraction reflection and interference diffraction and interference

diffraction and interference

What type of spectra are observed from gaseous atoms? discrete continuous

discrete

Chemical potential energy is one form of internal energy. Which of the following is the source of chemical potential energy? temperature electrical potential energy of molecules average molecular speed average molecular kinetic energy random motion of molecules

electrical potential energy of molecules

In a mechanical wave, what is actually traveling from one place to another? frequency energy medium dispersion

energy

Which of the following is an example of refraction? sound from a TV in a nearby room that passes through an open door two waves in a lake coming together to form a larger wave. eyeglasses correcting a person's vision an echo that bounces off a nearby wall

eyeglasses correcting a person's vision

What is the energy of a photon related to? wave speed amplitude frequency

frequency

Order the following substances from lowest to highest density: granite rock, helium gas, and ocean water. ocean water, granite rock, helium gas granite rock, helium gas, ocean water helium gas, ocean water, granite rock helium gas, granite rock, ocean water ocean water, helium gas, granite rock granite rock, ocean water, helium gas

helium gas, ocean water, granite rock

Which of the following are fluids? maple syrup, hydrogen gas, pencil eraser clay, rubber, hydrogen gas rubber, hydrogen gas, pencil eraser maple syrup, hydrogen gas, liquid nitrogen clay, maple syrup, rubber

maple syrup, hydrogen gas, liquid nitrogen

In the molecular model of matter, matter is said to consist of tiny units called ________. molecules nuclei electrons protons

molecules

Experiments with gas discharge tubes showed the atom consisted of positive and negative charges. The ________ bits were found to be the same for all types of atoms. positive negative

negative

A polar explorer wakes up one morning and notes that the temperature is 20° below 0°C. He decides he needs some hot water to cook his mac 'n cheese, so he cuts out a block of ice, puts it in a pot, and heats it on his camp stove until it first melts and later starts to boil. The next four questions deal with this situation of the explorer and his cooking. Which of the following is the best general description of the behavior of the liquid water molecules? particles in random motion that collide, transfer energy, and exert forces according to the conservation laws and Newton's laws of motion the infinitely divisible material that fills up the space in the can objects that move around and change direction randomly, but which are too small to ever hit anything or experience forces squishy particles like little cotton balls that are nearly at rest and touching one another squishy particles that are mostly empty space and can pass through each other without ever exerting forces on each other

particles in random motion that collide, transfer energy, and exert forces according to the conservation laws and Newton's laws of motion

Which of the following graphs best represents the relationship between melting point and boiling point?

positive linear line

The ________ of a gas is attributed to collisions of the gas molecules. density temperature pressure

pressure

Which of the following are types of electromagnetic radiation? (Select all that apply.) earthquake waves radio waves ultraviolet light x-rays sound waves visible light

radio waves ultraviolet light x-rays visible light

Suppose you are in a room with no windows and no lights on but the door is open. Light from the hall fills most of the room. The light entering the room can best be explained by: reflection refraction interference diffraction

reflection

A blue car ________ more blue light than any other color(s). absorbs diffracts reflects reverberates

reflects

In the quantum model, electrons in which orbital of the 4th shell will have the lowest energy? f p d s spin

s

Which of the following is the lowest energy orbital in an atom? d g p f s

s

Changes of state occur with increasing temperature in which following order? solid, gas, plasma, liquid solid, plasma, liquid, gas solid, gas, liquid, plasma solid, liquid, plasma, gas solid, liquid, gas, plasma

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

Unfortunately, before adding his pasta, the explorer steps outside for a few minutes, and when he comes back he finds the pot has boiled dry and he is heating steam. Which of the following best depicts how the temperature of the water varies with time as it changes from ice, to liquid, to steam?

stepped linear, starting with increasing, flat, increasing, flat, increasing

Which of the following substances would you expect to have the highest melting point? ethanol, which boils at 78°C water, which boils at 100°C table salt, which boils at 1413°C nitrogen, which boils at -196°C There is no relationship between melting and boiling points.

table salt, which boils at 1413°C

The motion of molecules is governed by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) the electromagnetic force conservation of energy Newton's laws of motion None of these governs the motion of molecules.

the electromagnetic force conservation of energy Newton's laws of motion

Experiments on beams of particles derived from gases conducting electrical currents (Thomson's gas discharge tube experiments) provides direct experimental evidences for which of the following? the nuclear model of atoms the idea that electrons in atoms behave as waves the idea that all atoms are made of charged particles the exclusion principle the uncertainty principle

the idea that all atoms are made of charged particles

In this diagram what do the dark areas represent? (Select all that apply.) Dark areas look like the holes in a figure eight. the current location of each electron around the nucleus the most probable locations to detect 2p electrons around an atom an orbit where a 2p electron oscillates up and down an integer number of times as it circles the nucleus the path a 2p electron follows as it travels around the nucleus

the most probable locations to detect 2p electrons around an atom

In this diagram what do the dark areas represent? (Select all that apply.) Dark areas look like the middle of a bulls eye an orbit where the 2s electron oscillates up and down an integer number of times as it circles the nucleus the current location of each electron around the nucleus the path a 2s electron follows as it travels around the nucleus the most probable locations to detect 2s electrons around an atom

the most probable locations to detect 2s electrons around an atom

Which of the following is the best description of an orbital? a special path the electron travels around the nucleus when the electron doesn't radiate the volume in which there is a 10% chance of finding the electron inside the volume in which there is a 90% chance of finding the electron inside part of an orbit the path the electron travels around the nucleus

the volume in which there is a 90% chance of finding the electron inside

This diagram shows two sound waves. Use it to answer the next three questions. The waves are emitted by speakers producing a single tone. The light areas represent regions of high pressure, and the dark areas represent low pressure. The following three questions ask you to use your understanding of wave behavior to explain what is happening at certain points. What is the distance labeled A on the diagram called? the frequency the speed the amplitude the wavelength the period

the wavelength

How do molecules exchange energy? (Select all that apply.) through collisions with the walls of the container through collisions with each other in another way not listed here

through collisions with the walls of the container through collisions with each other

Light from a laser shines on a pair of closely spaced slits and then fall on a screen. No attempt is made to detect the light until it hits the screen. Now imagine there is a detector at the slits which measures whether the photons travel through one slit or the other. Which of the following best represents the image seen on the screen? a single narrow band about as narrow as a single slit: a single fuzzy band that is wider than the combined width of the slits: a single dot: two narrow bands that are a little wider than the width of each slit: a series of bright and dark bands

two narrow bands that are a little wider than the width of each slit:

Which of the following could be caused to diffract? (Select all that apply.) visible light x-rays ultraviolet light electrons none of these could diffract

visible light x-rays ultraviolet light electrons

Electrons have what kind of waves associated with them? waves of nuclear forces waves of uncertainty waves of probability waves of antimatter waves of mass and energy

waves of probability