Phycology Midterm exam 2

Patrick's parents have left him at home by himself for the first time. Just after he goes to bed, he hears the doorbell ring. He is not expecting a visitor. His first thought is whether all the doors are locked. His heart is beating fast. Patrick's sympathetic nervous system has now stimulated his _____, which will produce hormones involved in his stress response.

Adrenal Glands

Jimmy's grandfather does not recognize him when he comes to visit. Jimmy was warned by his grandmother that his grandfather has a form of neurocognitive disorder or dementia known as "_____," which causes him to be unable to recognize his loved ones.

Alzheimer's disease

_____ are produced by the adrenal glands and work as neurotransmitters to stimulate activity at the synapses in the sympathetic nervous system.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Carla has a friend who knows she is studying psychology. She tells Carla that one of her favorite memories from childhood is when her family would have "ice cream night." She asks her what type of memory this is, and Carla correctly tell her that it is the type of long-term memory called:

Episodic

Cheng's research focuses on the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. Chen MOST likely bases his research on the work of _____.

Freud

Michael has a fear of flying. His psychiatrist prescribed Valium to calm him down during flights. Valium works by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter _____, which inhibits action potentials and slows brain activity.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

_____ is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, while _____ is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Glutamate; GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Bailey's doctor has scheduled her for a scan to look only at her brain structure (soft tissue). In meeting with her the morning of the scan, her doctor explains to her that this will be a noninvasive procedure, during which Bailey will lie inside a magnetic tube and receive powerful but harmless magnetic fields to her brain. Bailey is scheduled to receive a(n):

MRI

Malik experienced a concussion and memory loss due to a football injury. When he arrived at the emergency department, the attending physician immediately ordered a neuroimaging technique called _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Emily floats a note across a river to Dylan instead of directly passing it from her hand to Dylan's hand. If, in this scenario, the river represents the synapse, which component of the scenario represents the neurotransmitter?

Note

_____ refers to the unique set of core characteristics that influence the way an individual feels, thinks, and acts.

Personality

Although Tim has many fond memories of his college days, he only vaguely remembers the girl to whom he was engaged, who suddenly left him for another man. Tim's forgetting is an ego defense mechanism called:

Repression

The process of retaining information in memory so it can be used at a later time is called:

Storage

John always wears a cowboy hat and cowboy boots. He is a heavy beer drinker, fiercely patriotic, and is friendly with everyone. How can one easily sum up John's characteristics?

Think of them as components of his personality.

Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed that Milton has been making a number of mistakes (e.g., leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, forgetting family member's names). It appears that his _____-producing neurons are deteriorating.

acetylcholine

When Mike was faced with a final exam worth 80 percent of his grade in his graduate statistics class, he was totally stressed out. The particular gland(s) in his endocrine system MOST likely to be stimulated in response to this stress is (are) his:

adrenal glands.

Severe memory loss is also known as:

amnesia

The pituitary gland is located in the:

brain

Ever since overcoming a brain disease, Kim has had trouble typing on the computer. Which of Kim's brain areas was MOST likely damaged?

cerebellum

The central nervous system is protected by _____, which is(are) found in the cavities in the brain called ventricles.

cerebrospinal fluid

The medulla is an extension of the spinal cord into the skull that:

controls heart rate, circulation, and respiration.

Natasha is watching a movie. Right now her brain is:

coordinating information among many areas.

In order for an action potential to begin, the neuron must:

depolarize.

The new brain-scanning method that can image neural pathways is called:

diffusion MRI (dMRI).

Which neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and plays a role in drug addiction?

dopamine

According to the psychoanalytic approach, what makes a large contribution to personality?

early relationships and conflicts with childhood caregivers

According to psychologists, "memory" refers to the process of _____, storage, and retrieval of information.

encoding

Marta is able to remember what she did yesterday after dinner. Marta must have engaged in:

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Naturally occurring, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called:

endorphins

Memories of specific events in one's life such as high school graduation are called "_____ memories."

episodic

Jenny remembers her 25th birthday party vividly and recalls how her parents surprised her with a new necklace. This is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

explicit

Nori remembers her 16th birthday party vividly and recalls how her parents surprised her with a brand new sitar. This is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

explicit

The lobes of the forebrain include the:

frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal

The _____ lobes are to autobiographical memories as the _____ cortex is to working memory.

frontal; prefrontal

The pons and medulla are positioned in the _____, just as the substantia nigra is positioned in the _____.

hindbrain; midbrain

A boss tells an employee some disturbing news. This is followed by a meeting that distracts the employee from the disturbing news. After the meeting, the employee has a vague feeling that something is not quite right, but cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely a reaction to the continued effect of:

hormones

What type of memory causes a person to still have a brief image of letters seen on a computer screen, even after the screen has gone blank?

iconic

The largest number of neurons within the brain and spinal cord are responsible for the central nervous system's complex internal communications and intervene between inputs and outputs. These are the _____.

interneurons

The reason that researchers study Aplysia is similar to the reason why:

it is easier to find a person if you are looking in a crowd of 50 instead of a crowd of 500.

Newly generated neurons join existing neural networks and may play a key role in:

learning and memory.

With a name that means "border," the _____ is a brain structure involved in learning, memory, and emotional control, and forms a sort of border around the brainstem.

limbic system

Dr. Arnold is studying the biological basis for learning. What aspect of memory is Dr. Arnold MOST likely to be interested in?

long-term potentiation

The changes that take place in the neurons involved in a new memory are called:

long-term potentiation.

Cholena is discussing a structure of the brain with a classmate. She is trying to remember its name, but can only recall that it oversees vital functions, including breathing and heart rate. Her classmate looks up the term in their textbook and discovers that Cholena is describing the:

medulla

Monica has recently noticed that she has difficulty retaining and recalling information that she has learned. It is likely that Monica is having difficulties with her:

memory

Marlee has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). As the disease progresses, communication to some of her muscles may slow down, and she could lose some muscle control as a result of the degeneration of the:

myelin sheath.

Studies with animals and humans have shown that some areas of the brain are constantly getting new brain cells, a process known as:

neurogenesis.

The highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form is known as the:

neuron.

Bobby is studying for a psychology exam. Using his brain's 90 billion nerve cells, or _____, and roughly 100 trillion points of communication, he looks out the window and is able to see birds flying around outside.

neurons

Dr. Reynolds is studying how memories are stored in the brain. Dr. Reynolds is MOST likely a:

neuroscientist.

A woman is startled awake in the middle of the night by a loud noise. After she figures out that the noise was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. What system has been activated?

parasympathetic nervous system

Ignacio is trying to remember the names and functions of the lobes of the human brain. He reads in his book that the _____ lobes receive and process sensory information such as touch and temperature, but the _____ are largely responsible for hearing and language comprehension.

parietal; temporal

Professor Kelly's research involves describing and explaining similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Professor Kelly MOST likely studies a(n) _____ theory.

personality

Jayden damaged his motor cortex during a car accident, but over time, part of the frontal lobe nearby began to coordinate some muscle movements. This example illustrates brain:

plasticity

The band of tissue on the frontal lobe known as the _____ cortex coordinates the movements of different body parts.

primary motor

If someone taps you on the back, you sense the touch because the _____ cortex in the _____ lobe receives this tactile information.

primary somatosensory; parietal

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in:

producing muscle contractions, learning, and memory.

In stressful situations, the sympathetic nervous system _____ the heart rate and _____ the pupils of the eyes.

raises; dilates

Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce BEST illustrates the use of an ego defense mechanism known as:

reaction formation.

During the _____, the ions of the neuron are imbalanced, and it _____ immediately fire and send another signal.

refractory period; cannot

During the _____, the inside of the neuron naturally has a negative charge.

resting potential

Verden is sitting in a busy courtyard at the college. He is studying hard, even though it is noisy where he is sitting. His _____ is a network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention, arousal, and sleep; it is also called the reticular activating system.

reticular formation

Chaka suffered brain damage to her medial temporal lobe after a bike accident. Now she can no longer remember things that happened before her injury. Chaka has:

retrograde amnesia.

According to stage model of memory which sequence accurately represents the flow of information through the human memory system?

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Brooke notices that her little finger can feel pain, which is due to her _____; however, she cannot move it due to damage to her motor neurons.

sensory neurons

The "workshop" of consciousness is also known as:

short term memory

If a neuron was compared with a prison, the _____ could be compared with the prisoners when the neuron is at the resting potential.

sodium ions

Dr. Hoffmann studies the central nervous system. His work focuses on the brain and the other component of the central nervous system, which is the:

spinal cord.

A child wakes his mother from a peaceful slumber to say he heard a noise. As she gets up to investigate, her heart begins to race, her mouth is dry, and she begins to sweat. Clearly, the _____ has been activated.

sympathetic nervous system

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentration of serotonin molecules in the:

synaptic gap.

Libby is reading about language comprehension and the processing of auditory stimuli. She learns how studies of primate vocalizations support the notion that the ability to recognize language has evolved over time and is processed within the:

temporal lobes.

Short-term memory is to _____ as long-term memory is to _____.

temporary; permanent

A researcher trains a rat to run through a maze and then makes a lesion in the rat's brain and sees whether it can remember the maze. What is the researcher likely to find?

that the rat will be able to remember how to run the maze

A researcher trains a rat to run through a maze and then lesions the rat's cortex to see if the rat can remember the maze. What is the researcher likely to find?

that the rat will be able to remember how to run the maze.

In response to an exam question, Leilani accurately draws a picture of a neuron and indicates the sequence of events that are typically involved when a neuron communicates. She notes that information is carried from:

the dendrites to the cell body and then along the axon to the axon terminals and the synapse.

Bonnie is examining a drawing of the brain. She looks at the top of the brainstem, and sees the structure that is involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information. Which structure is she looking at?

the midbrain

Wanda is trying to remember what the face of an old friend looks like. The area of her brain likely to show activity at this point is:

the same as that used for visual perception.

According to Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.

the superego

After making a New Year's resolution to eat healthy foods, Tiara decides to have a bite of ice cream and ends up eating most of a carton instead. Tiara feels guilty about her lack of self-discipline and failing to maintain her resolution. According to the psychodynamic approach, what part of the mind is responsible for Tiara's reaction of guilt regarding her behavior?

the superego

Betty's metabolism has been irregular, and she has been moody, tired, and weak. There is likely an abnormality with her _____ gland.

thyroid

Dr. Hammond is looking for a memory trace. What is the goal of his research?

to find the part of the brain where a specific memory is located

According to Freud, the _____ is home to activities outside of one's awareness, such as feelings, wishes, thoughts, and urges, which are very difficult to access without concerted effort or therapy.

unconscious level

Dr. Gruber is running a memory experiment using fMRI. One participant is asked to remember a particular set of words, and Dr. Gruber notices that the occipital lobes are particularly active during the task. The participant is MOST likely using what type of encoding?

visual imagery