Phylum

What are the 4 species of earth worm

1 Driloleirus americanus WASHINGTON GIANT EARTHWORM 2 Driloleirus macelfreshi OREGON GIANT EARTHWORM 3 Komarekiona eatoni EARTHWORM 4 Megascolides australis GIANT GIPPSLAND EARTHWORM

What are Annelida

1)Bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform. 2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs. 3)Body cavity is a true coelom, often divided by internal septa. 4)Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus. 5)Body possesses 3 separate sections, a prosomium, a trunk and a pygidium. 6)Has a nervous system with an anterior nerve ring, ganglia and a ventral nerve chord. 7)Has a true closed circulatory system. 8)Has no true respiratory organs. 9)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic or hermaphoditic. 10)Feed a wide range of material. 11)Live in most environments.

what are Mollusca

1)Bilaterally symmetrical. 2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs. 3)Body without cavity. 4)Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus. 5)Body monomeric and highly variable in form, may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of protein and calcareous spicules. 6)Has a nervous system with a circum-oesophagal ring, ganglia and paired nerve chords. 7)Has an open circulatory system with a heart and an aorta. 8)Has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills. 9)Has a pair of kidneys. 10)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic. 11)Feed a wide range of material. 12)Live in most environments.

Mullsca Nervous system

A Mollusk has no formal nervous system, but has a series of ganglia that conduct impulses.

Mullusca respiratory

A Mollusk has tubes called siphons that bring water in and out of their bodies so that they can get oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. They have gills that help with this.

Major groups

Abilone, Clams, Cockles, Muscles, Octopus, Oysters, Periwinkles, Scallops, Snails, Squid, Whelks, Winkle

Amoebocytes

Archaeocytes are the basis of some asexual reproductive gemmules. If an amoebocyte secretes the spongin fibres of the skeleton they are called a spongioblast, if it secretes spicules it is called a scleroblast and if it is star shaped and secrete collagenous fibrils then it is called a collencyte.

Echinodermata Locomotion

Asteroids and echinoids, which use spines and tube feet in locomotion, may move forward with any area of the body and reverse direction without turning around. The feet may be used either as levers, by means of which the echinoderm steps along a surface, or as attachment mechanisms that pull the animal.

Circulation of annelida

Characteristics of the circulatory system vary within the phylum. The blood usually contains hemoglobin, a red oxygen-carrying pigment; some annelids have a green oxygen-carrying pigment, and others have unpigmented blood. The circulatory system is usually closed, i.e., confined within well-developed blood vessels

How does the Porifera gather food?

Choanocytes live in the pores and help trap food.

what are the 4 major classes for the Playhelminthes

Class Turbellaria Class Monogenea Class Trematoda Class Cestoda

Cnadaria gas exchange

Cnidarians do not have specialized respiratory structures; all individual cells exchange gases directly across the cell membrane, either with the external environment, or with the contents of the gastrocoel, which is primarily water.

Major group of annelida

Earthworms

what are ectodermis consisting of?

Epitheliomuscular cells which supply some of the muscular capabilities of the animal, Interstitial cells which are basic cells that give rise to the other cell types, Cnidocysts Mucous glands and sensory or nerve cells. The endodermis consists of three or four basic cell types Gastromuscular cells which help digest food items and provide some muscle power, Gland cells that secrete enzymes for digestion, Mucous cells and in Anemones but not in Hydras, Cnidocytes.

sponges in a nutshell

Example of representing beings: sponges. Basic morphology: tubular or globular body with spongocoel, sessile; choanocytes, pinacocytes and amoebocytes. Type of symmetry: not established. Germ layers and coelom: do not apply since poriferans do not have true tissue organization. Digestive system: nonexistent. Respiratory system: nonexistent. Circulatory system: nonexistent. Excretory system: nonexistent. Nervous system: nonexistent. Types of reproduction: asexual and sexual with larval stage.

echinodermata major groups

Feather Stars, Starfish, Sea Urchins, Brittle Stars, Sea Cucumbers, Sand Dollars and Sea Lilies

Echinodermata special features

Firstly they have a spiny calcareous exoskeleton comprised of numerous plates. Secondly they have what is called a water vascular system, this is basically a hydraulic system and is unique to echinoderms. Thirdly they have pedicellaria, tiny pincers that keep other marine animals from settling on their skeleton. Fourthly they have either radial or occasionally bilateral symmetry, the only other phylum to possess radial symmetry is the Cnidaria. In the case of Echinoderms the symmetry is pentaradial, meaning there are five planes of symmetry, unlike the Cnidaria which have an uncountable number of planes of symmetry.

Movement

Flatworms moves in 2 ways 1) Cilia = helps them glide through water and on stream floors 2) Muscle cells = twist and turn

Nematoda life cycle

Free living forms have a simple life cycle involving 4 juvenile instars on the path from egg to adult. Parasitic species have developed a wide range of variations on this basic theme. The variations involve whether there is a secondary host and the amount of time spent in one or either hosts.

Responses ( nervous system)

Ganglia = group of nerve cells control the nervous system (like a brain) Eyespot = group of cells that can detect light

Mollusca gas exchange

Gas exchange takes place at a respiratory surface-a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the organism.

what are nematoda

Germ Layer-Three; Symmetry-Bilateral; Body Plan-Tube-within-tube; Coelom-Pseudocoel; Segmentation-None. Ascaris; - 12,000 species: mostly parasitic species; tubular and bilaterally symmetrical body form; digestive tract has two openings; pseudocoelom; found in aquatic and damp soils, hot springs, deserts, cider vinegar; parasitize plants and animals; crop pest and human disease; trichinosis and elephantiasis caused by roundworms; organ level organization, three germ layers, bilateral symmetry; tub in tube body plan; digestive tract has both a mouth and an anus; pseudocoelom body cavity with space for organs lined with mesoderm; have brain plus dorsal, ventral and lateral nerves; non-segmented body wall is smooth and not divided into segments; reproduction sexual (dioecious).

Nematoda nervous system

It is made up of a nerve ring that is made of four ganglia

Nematoda Locomotion

Locomotion in nematodes involves somatic muscles that are present below the cuticle and hypodermis. They are attached to the hypodermis and separated into four sections by hypodermal cords. They are obliquely striated unlike mammalian muscles and have dense bodies as opposed to Z disks. Two types of muscle arrangement occur in nematodes, platymyarian in small worms and coelomyarian in larger worms. During locomotion the muscles are used to apply pressure laterally to the cuticle, this pressure is opposed by the high hydrostatic pressure of the coelom and causes dorso-ventral bending. These muscular contractions cause the nematode moves in a 'sinusoidal' manner.

Mullusca Skeletal

Mollusks are invertebrates, meaning they do not have backbones. They form a "skeleton" by growing a shell to protect their soft bodies.

What are Platyhelminthes?

Most commonly known as Tapeworm, Flatworm, Fluke and Planarian. Bilaterally symmetrical. Body having 3 layers of tissues with organs and organelles. Body contains no internal cavity. Possesses a blind gut (i.e. it has a mouth but no anus) Has Protonephridial excretory organs instead of an anus. Has normally a nervous system of longitudinal fibres rather than a net. Generally dorsoventrally flattened. Reproduction mostly sexual as hermaphrodites. Mostly they feed on animals and other smaller life forms. Some species occur in all major habitats, including many as parasites of other animals. Mostly parasites except Turbellarians, they are moslty non-parasitic Cephalization (head) Coelom (Greek for cavity or hollow) = a fluid filled body cavity Acoelomates = without coelom

Polyp

Mouth facing down think of tentacruel mouth polyps are tube shaped and sedentary with a ring of tentacles around the mouth. • Polyps usually asexual

do sponges move?

No they are immobile to adults they are just attached to something.

Important / specialty of Cndaria

One of the most important distinguishing characteristics of the phylum are the Nematocysts. Nematocysts, and their enclosing Cnidocysts come in many forms, the differences play a functional role in the classification of the phylum

what are Echinodermata

Possess 5-rayed symmetry, mostly radial, sometimes bilateral. 2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs. 3)Body cavity a true coelom. 4)Most possesses a through gut with an anus. 5)Body shape highly variable, but with no head. 6)Nervous system includes a circum-oesophageal ring. 7)Has a poorly defined open circulatory system. 8)Possesses a water vascular system, which hydraulically operates the tube feet or feeding tentacles. 9)Without excretory organs. 10)Normally possesses a subepidermal system of calcareous plates 11)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic. 12)Feeds on fine particles in the water, detritus or other animals. 13)All live marine environments.

is reproduction in sponges sexual or asexual?

Reproduction in sponges can be asexual by budding, gemmation or fragmentation (regeneration) or sexual with larval stage (a ciliated amphiblastula larva).

Anthozoa

Solitary or colonial sessile as adult Polyp only Marine only. Adamsia, Cerianthus, Gorgonia, Renilla

Hydrozoa

Solitary or colonial, sessile as adult Sexual polyps and asexual medusa either of which may be absent. Freshwater and Marine. Hydra, Obelia, Physalia, Tubularia. no medusa, colonial

Scyphozoa

Solitary, nearly all free swimming Sexual medusa with a reduced or absent polyp Marine only. Aurelia, Cassiopeia, Chironex, Rhizostoma

what are sponges made up of?

Sponges are built up from relatively few cell types, the main ones being choanocytes, pinacocytes, amoebocytes and lophocytes.

do sponges have a digestive system?

Sponges are different from other animals since they present only intracellular digestion. They do not have a digestive system nor do they release digestive enzymes in the spongocoel to cause extracellular break down of nutrients.

How does water move inside sponges? What is the function of the pores in these animals?

Sponges are filtering beings. They make water enter their bodies by their lateral pores. Water then circulates inside the central cavity and exits through the osculum.

what is the typical shape of a Porifera?

Sponges have bodies in the form of tubular vases or globes open in the upper extremity. They have an internal central cavity and porous walls. The central cavity is called spongocoel and the opening in the upper extremity is called osculum

What are Porifera?

Sponges that are not symmetrical, their body is multicellular with some tissues, All are sessile ( attached to something as an adult) Reproduce sexually or asexually, Has no nervous system. Has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic. Lives in aquatic environments, mostly marine. All are filter feeders. Often have a skeleton of spicules.

Annelida body

The Annelid body plan is one of a head followed by a long thin body of numerous similar segments ending in a small tail. The head consists of a mouth (prostomium) and sometimes a peristomium, and the tail is more correctly called a pygidium, as it is not really a tail. Annelids are coelomate animals meaning they have a true coelom within their body. They have sets chaetae attached to each body segment, and these can be simple and small as in the Earthworms or complex and varied as in many Polychaetes. The head is often reduced and difficult to distinguish in the hole living species, but may be easily recognised, with eyes and other sensory devices in those species living a more active life.

what are the 2 basic forms of Cndaria?

The Cnidaria come in two basic forms, a 'Polyp' form typified by the Sea Anemones and a 'Medusa' form typified by Jellyfish.

what are the holes of the sponges called?

The canals have openings to the outside which are called pores, where the water enters the sponge system these pores are usually small and are called 'ostia' and where the water leaves the sponge system the pores are larger, often singular and are called 'oscula' (singular osculum). Many if not most of these canals are lined with special flagellated cells called 'choanocytes'. These choanocytes keep the water flowing through the canals in the correct direction by beating their flagellum, they are also important in trapping food items.

Annelida Digestion

The digestive system of annelids consists of an unsegmented gut that runs through the middle of the body from the mouth, located on the underside of the head, to the anus, which is on the pygidium. The gut is separated from the body wall by the body cavity, called the coelom.

gas exchange by porifera

The gas exchange in sponges happens by diffusion from the exterior to the cells that absorb molecular oxygen and liberate carbon dioxide.

Mullusca muscle / locomotion

The mollusks' muscular system is primarily made up of the foot that allows for movement, suction, burrowing, and a hand-full of other acts. The act of the foot depends upon the particular organism

Body of jelly fish

The two cell layers are an outer Epidermis or Ectoderm, and an inner Gastrodermis or Endoderm. These two layers are separated by the mesoglea Sac like Central digestive cavity surrounded by tentacles Nerve net, Polyp, medusa. U shaped, surrounded by tentacles.

Respiration, excretion, circulation etc... for Platyhelminthes

Thin bodies allow for materials to diffuse (resp, excrection..etc)

excretion for Platyhelminthes

Those species with a gut must therefore excrete there digestive waste products through their mouths.

Mullusca Special feature

When generalizing all mollusks have an upper mantle and distinct nervous system that can define them. When generalizing another key feature is the foot. This is the main muscular organ inside of mollusks that allows for movement.

Mesoglea

a non-cellular fibrous jelly like material that is thin in some groups such as the Hydras but can be quite thick in other such as the Jellyfish where it helps provide negative buoyancy (makes the animal more likely to float).

do sponges have skeleton? if so what is it called

a protein called spongin which forms a tough fibrous network throughout the sponge and normally works in conjunction with the spicules. Spicules are non-living aggregates of a chemical nature, secreted and made from either silica or calcium carbonate as calcite or aragonite

nematoda gas exchange`

across their cuticle

Trematoda

arasitic flatworms a.k.a "flukes" live in mouth, skin, or gills of host. Primary host = the host in which a parasite reproduces sexually Intermediate host = the host in which asexual reproduction occurs chistosoma mansoni - multiple host: Primary host = human Intermediate host = snail Causes Schistosomiasis -in humans; decays lungs liver, spleen, or intestines. Tropical areas with poor sanitation/sewage.

Are cndaria carnivores?

are either carnivores or omnivorous filter feeders.The the carnivorous forms do not hunt their prey, instead they use various 'sit and trap' or 'float/swim and trap' strategies, using their Nematocysts, which are not only found on the stinging tentacles but can be all over the animals body, to stun and or kill their prey. There are about 10, 000 species of Cnidarians divided between 3 classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa.

Major groups of Nematoda

are long thin worms with transparent and typically curled bodies, parasitic species have a variety of less streamline shapes relating to their degenerate parasitic life styles, filarias, hookworms, pinworms

echinodermata communication

chemical

mullusca digestive tract

digestive system starts with its buccal mass. The buccal mass is its mouth and is used to intake the food. After going through the mount, it then passes through the radula, where it is grinded and cut into pieces. The snail uses its jaw to hold the food in place while the radula does its job. The oesophagus is connected to the stomach and is used to transport the crushed up food from the radula to the sack-shaped stomach.

Monogenea

ectoparasite (meaning they live on the outside of their host's bodies) Monogeneans have complicated attachment organs at the posterior or tail end of their bodies, often including a mixture of suckers, clamps, hooks and spines. Those few species which are endoparasites do not normally venture deeply into their hosts tissues, but live instead in the cloaca or bladder. always have more than 1 host throughout life. he host that the adult animal lives in is called the 'Primary' host, other hosts which are used by the juvenile stages are called 'Secondary' or 'Intermediate' hosts

cestoda

endoparasites (meaning they live inside the bodies of their host cestodes have at least one, and sometimes more than one, secondary or intermediate host as well as their primary host. While the intermediate hosts are often invertebrates of some sort, the primary host is normally a vertebrate. Having said this, in some cases both hosts are vertebrates, Cestodes have evolved to have no digestive system of their own, they simple absorb nutrients from their hosts guts. To aid this process the entire surface of their body is covered with microscopic wrinkles or projections which greatly increase the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients. Tapeworms scolex = a structure that contains suckers and/or hooks Proglottids = body segments of the tapeworm Each mature proglottid is a hermaphrodite Testes produce sperm, fertilize the eggs to produce a zygote Zygotes are passed out through the feces. A dormant, protective cyst is formed in the intermediate cyst.

Echinodermata body cavity

extensive body cavity (coelom) is modified to form several specialized regions. Two subdivisions of the coelom are the perivisceral coelom and the water-vascular system. The perivisceral coelom is a large, fluid-filled cavity in which the major organs, particularly the digestive tube and sex organs, are suspended. Other regions of the coelom include the axial sinus (absent from adult holothurians and all echinoids), the madreporic vesicle, and the hyponeural sinus (often called the perihemal system).

Medusa

final adult jelly fish, Mouth down, think of tentacruel head (pokemon and how its shaped) usually sexual

anelida segmented body

fundamental characteristic of the phylum is the division of the body into a linear series of cylindrical segments, or metameres. Each metamere consists of a section of the body wall and a compartment of the body cavity with its internal organs.

The Nervous System of Annelida

he nervous system typically consists of a primitive brain, or ganglionic mass, located in the head region, connected by a ring of nerves to a ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body; the cord gives rise to lateral nerves and ganglia in each segment. Sense organs of annelids generally include eyes, taste buds, tactile tentacles, and organs of equilibrium called statocysts.

Tuberllaria

include a simple brain with a nerve net extending from it out to the body, have no blood system, no organs of gaseous exchange and can reproduce asexually as well as sexually. Sexually they hermaphrodites, meaning each animal is both male and female and that during copulation they exchange sperm. mostly marine. FREE LIVING Example is a Planarians

nematocyst

is a capsule made of something like chitin within which rest a coiled thread. ( think of a harpoon of sorts) This thread can be shot out of the capsule to encounter prey items, or in some cases to repel predators. The Cnidocyst has either a modified flagellum called a Cnidocil, or a cone as a sensory trigger. If this trigger is touched the nematocyst thread is rapidly ejected.

nematoda muscular system

nematoads have muscles surrounding their body cavities that assist in their movement across any surface.

Aceolomate

no body cavity separates the gut & body wall.

Echinodermata sensory

non-centralized nervous system allows echinoderms to sense their environment from all sides.

Respiration Annelida

some aquatic annelids have thin-walled, feathery gills through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the environment. However, most annelids have no special organs for gas exchange, and respiration occurs directly through the body wall.

flame cell

specialized cells that remove excess water

Pinacocytes

these form much of the epidermis are as close as a sponge gets to having a tissue. Generally they cover the exterior and some interior surfaces. They can change their size (they are contractile) and can therefore change the size of the openings of the ostia thus controlling the flow of water through the sponge. Pinacocytes are also implicated in the absorption into the sponge of larger food items. the outer wall of a sponge

Body design

they also have distinct upper and lower (dorsal and ventral) body surfaces

What are Cnidaria

they are most commonly Sea Anemones, Corals and Jellyfish are all Cnidarians as are Hydras, Sea Whips, Sea Fans and Sea Pansies. Radially Symmetrical. Body multicellular, tissues, some organelles. Body contains an internal cavity and a mouth. Two different forms exist, medusa and polyp Reproduction is asexual or sexual. )Has a simple net like nervous system. Has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic. Lives in mostly marine. Mostly carnivorous otherwise filter feeders. May have a minimal skeleton of chiton or calcium carbonate.

Mullusca communication

they dance

do they have sensory organs?

they have a definite congregation of of sensory organs(a few have light sensing organs) and nervous tissues at one end of their body giving them a distinct head and tail.

Choanocytes

this is a filter which strains out the smallest food items from the water such as individual bacteria. Extending from the center of this collar is the single flagellum whose beating drives the water currents that keep the sponge alive and healthy. what the internal wall is made up of. Maintain the water flux inside a sponge

Nematoda Special feature

unifying characteristic that makes the phylum unique is the lack of cilia or flagella, even the sperm of nematodes are amoeboid.