Phys Ch 12 Leukocytes

Osteoclasts

"In Bone" - bone destroying cells

Diapedesis

Passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation. The process of migration out of circulation into the tissues.

Microglia

Phagocytic cells in the CNS (central nervous system)

Megakaryocyte

Platelets are fragments from a cell called ___________ ?

Heparin

Used to prevent blood clots from forming in people who have certain medical conditions or who are undergoing certain medical procedures that increase the chance that clots will form.

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

What are the five major types of WBCs found in the blood?

Bacteria

Neutrophils normally have a higher percentage in the blood due to constant exposure of the body to ____________

Alveolar Macrophages

Dust cells in the lungs

Granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing stained granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Gamma Globulins

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

Ameboid Movement

Movement used by leukocytes that permits them to propel themselves from the capillaries into the tissues; uses the cytoskeleton to move

Oxygen

Carbon monoxide competes for binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule. What does it compete with?

Interferons

Naturally occurring substance interfering with the ability of viruses to reproduce. Also boosts the immune system. It attracts and stimulates cells in the immune process. Involved in resistance to cell viral infection after viral-infected cell releases it to protect surrounding cells.

Chemicals

Compound or substance that's been purified or prepared (artificially.) It attracts other basophils and eosinophils to an area.

Histamine

Compound released by cells in response to injury and allergic & inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries - vasodilation which increases vascular permeability.

Blood

Fluid connective tissue which provides gas (nutrient exchange at every cell.) It moves throughout the body via the cardiovascular system - arteries, veins, capillaries. Serves as molecular transport, pH & ion regulation, thermoregulation, fights microbial invaders, and minimize the loss of blood via lacerations

T Cells

Functional type of lymphocyte in which it attacks pathogens and coordinate the immune response.

Differential Count

Gives the relative percentage of each type of white blood cell and also helps to reveal abnormal white blood cell populations

Argranulocytes

Group of leukocytes that lacks a granule cytoplasm; monocytes, lymphocytes. They contain few, if any, stained granules

The patient has a viral infection

If a patient had lymphocytosis and all other leukocytes were within normal ranges, what would you predict to be the cause of illness for the patient?

Circulatory System

If the liver is not functioning properly, lots of bilirubin can enter the _____________ ?

Kupffer Cells

Macrophages in the liver

Interleukins

Most diverse chemical messengers in the blood formation process (hematopoiesis) and immune system (includes activating T and B immune cells.)

positive Chemotaxis

Movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimulus (specific chemicals such as cytokines)

Tumor Necrosis Factors

Protein made by WBCs in response to an antigen (substance causing the immune system to make a specific immune response) or infection. It may boost a person's immune response, and cause necrosis (cell death) of some types of tumor cells. It slows the growth of tumors and kills tumor cells, stimulating granular leukocyte production

Pyrogens

Substance, as a thermostable bacterial toxin, that produces a rise in temperature in a human or animal. It's a group of interleukins, along with tumor necrosis factor, involved in increasing thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus (fever.)

Erythrocyte; 120 days

Since the ____________ no longer has a nucleus, its life span is how long?

Cytokines

Small proteins involved in cell signaling. These chemical messengers are released by a variety of cells (such as WBCs, endothelial cells, and other tissue cells.) They trigger specific cell actions or maturation of specific cell populations.

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Smallest of the formed elements (cells). They lack a nucleus and are known as fragments of megakaryoctyes, constituting most of mass of blood clots. Releases serotonin to vasoconstrict & reduce blood flow to clotted area. Helps repair/rebuild damaged blood vessel walls. Survives 5-9 days.

Colony-Stimulating Factors

Stimulates the productions of various types of blood cells - RBCs, WBCs, platelets. Involved in hematopoiesis (RBCs), leukopoiesis (WBC), and thrombopoiesis (platelets.)

Thrombopoiesis

The process of a clot forming in blood, but generally used with reference to the formation of blood platelets. Thrombopoietin stimulates maturation from megakaryoblast to megakaryocyte (platelet).

Hematopoiesis

The production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells. Erythropoietin (EPO) triggers the maturation from erythroblast to erythrocyte

Basophils; Histamine

The white blood cell ____________ will release ____________ which causes vasodilation and creates inflammation

Eosinophils

Type of disease-fighting white blood cell. This condition most often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction, or cancer. Releases cytotoxic chemicals to kill (phagocytic) parasites such as roundworms. Modulates inflammation during an allergic response. It has segmented nucleus with 2-3 lobes with large orange/red granules in cytoplasm. Accounts for 2-4% of WBC circulation.

Lymphocytes

Type of immune cell made in bone marrow and found in the blood & lymph tissue. Three main types of these are B, T, & Natural Killers. It is round & larger than red blood cells - has round nucleus too. Very little cytoplasm. Accounts for 20-40% of WBC circulation.

Monocytes

Type of immune cell made in the bone marrow & travels through blood to tissues in the body where it becomes a macrophage or dendritic cell. It phagocytizes all pathogens & dead cells. Releases chemicals to attract other phagocytic cells. Largest of WBCs and has irregular shaped nucleus with abundant cytoplasm. Accounts for 2-8% of WBC circulation.

Basophils

Type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes released during allergic reactions & asthma. Increases inflammation at injury site & migrates into tissue releasing histamine, heparin, & chemicals. Smaller than neutrophils and has segmented nucleus with 2-3 lobes. Cannot see the nucleus. Has numerous dark granules in cytoplasm. Accounts for less than 1% of WBC circulation.

Natural Killer Cells

Type of lymphocyte that detects and destroys abnormal cells such as cancer, known as surveillance cells.

B Cells

Type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies against foreign antigens to destroy them.

Albumin

Type of plasma protein in the blood that accounts for 60-80% and creates osmotic pressure that "draws" water from interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure

Globulins

Type of plasma protein that carries lipids.

Fibrinogen

Type of plasma protein that serves as a clotting factor. Converted to fibrin. "Serum" is the fluid left when blood clots.

Neutrophils

Type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. Accounts for 50-70% of WBC circulation. It has segmented nucleus with 2-5 lobes. Called polymorphonuclear leukocytes with small granules in the cytoplasm. It's phagocytic; 20-30 meals before dying. Dead ones release chemicals that attract more and produce pus.

Thymus; thymosin

Where does the lymphocyte become a T cell and what hormone is involved in this process?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Which of the following WBCs do not have a multilobed nucleus?

Leukocytes can undergo this process

Which of the following cells can undergo a process called diapedesis?

Colony stimulating factors & interleukins

Which of the following initiates the formation of leukocytes from stem cells?

Eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

Which of the following leukocytes are phagocytic?

heme

Which of the following will be converted to bilirubin?

Amino Acids

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule transports carbon dioxide to the lungs?

Natural Killer Cells (Type of Lymphocyte)

Which white blood cells are on constant surveillance in the body to protect us from cancer?

Leukocytes

White blood cells responsible for defending the body against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, & toxins. Removes cell waste & damaged cells. Main function is to protect body from infection or injury. Found in blood (only some), bone marrow, & lymphoid tissues (immune system.) Moves from one point to another via bloodstream before leaving circulation and settling in the peripheral tissues. Most are phagocytic and positive chemotaxic (attracted to certain chemicals.)