Phys Lab Final
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.
atrial depolarization ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure beginning of the ejection period start of the T wave dicrotic notch
Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction?
b. the pressure in the ventricle is increasing c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant f. it begins when the first heart sound occurs g. the AV valves are closed the semilunar valves are closed
Which of the following is/are absorbable units for dietary fats?
free fatty acids monoglycerides
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measurethe period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
from S1 to the beginning of the increase in aortic flow
Energy is required to absorb which of the following in the small intestine?
galactose amino acids glucose
Which of the following do we get when we break down starches?
maltose
The cardiovascular response to isometric exercise (like handgrip exercise) includes which of the following. Select all that apply
mean arterial pressure increases c. HR increases due to both an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity to the heart d. systolic blood pressure increases e. diastolic blood pressure increases
Which of the followng digestive hormone(s) promote secretion of insulin?
GIP, Secretin, CCK
Which of the following statements is true?
Tube 4 would have less protein digestion than tube 1 becuase the enzyme is not present
Why is it important to take into consideration potential orthostatic hypotension especially regarding a patient that has been on bedrest for several days? You should not perform any physical therapy with the patient right now, they are too sick. The patient may have a decrease in blood volume, which will cause decreased VR The patient may have an increase in blood volume, which will cause increased VR The patient is more likely to have orthostatic hypotension Two of the above
Two of the above
Which of the following would we expect with a mild breath hold (like we did in lab - not a long breath hold, not straining, not preceeded by a deep inspiration, just a calm brief cessation of breathing)?
a decrease in HR
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following sequences best describes the secondary (2nd phase) cardiovascular response to the cold pressor tes in a hypertensive subject?
baroreceptors fail to detect increase in pressure → no signal to medulla oblongatta → no change in autonomic activity → MAP fails to move back towards normal
Match the heart sounds below:
S4- Abnormal, late filling of the ventricle S2- Normal, Semilunar valves closing S1- Normal, AV valves closing S3- Abnormal, early ventricular filling
In lab we performed modified tilt tests. These are a simple way to test a patient's ability to maintain blood pressure when changing position (orthostasis). Which of the following would suggest that your patient is "tilt positive"?
SBP dropping from 124 mmhg to 102 mmHg
All of the following correctly describe the diuretic effect of laying supine EXCEPT?
This causes increased Na+ reabsorption at the level of the kidneys
Which of the following is/are NOT true about our fat digestion experiment and these tubes?
Tube 1 would have more fat digestion than tube 2 because it has bile salts
In which of the following tubes would we expect to have the smallest increase in amino acids?
Tube 2
Which of the following statements is true?
Tube 3 would have a bigger decrease in pH than tube 4 because the enzyme is present and it is near the optimal pH for that enzyme to work
if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, and is reabsorbed in the part of the nephron where most water reabsorption occurs
afferent arteriole glomerulus Bowman's capsule proximal tubule peritubular capillaries
The sympathetic nervous system's effects on the arterioles are acheived through binding of sympathetic neurotransmitters with ________.
alpha-adrenergic receptors
Which of the following is/are absorbable in the small intestine?
amino acids free fatty acids fructose monoglycerides glucose galactose
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the breakdown of starches?
amylase
________________________ helps to lubricate the food before being swallowed. You can test for its presence using vinegar/acetic acid
mucin
The parasympathetic nervous system's effects on the heart are acheived through binding of sympathetic neurotransmitters with ________ in the heart.
muscarininc
Which of the following is/are enzymes secreted by the stomach that catalyze the breakdown of proteins?
pepsin
BNP
released from the ventricles when blood volume increases
Glucose is a valuable nutrient that is transported in our circulation. Which of the following is/are true about the kidneys and glucose?
the main reason why glucose is not normally found in the urine of healthy subjects is that they have enough glucose transporters to reabsorb all of the glucose that gets filtered.
Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanisms causing the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order
blood pools in lower extremities venous return decreases end diastolic volume decreases stroke volume decreases cardiac output decreases blood pressure decreases
Which of the following conditions would likely result in the best digestion of starches?
starch, saliva, 37C, pH 7
Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of disacharides?
sucrase lactase maltase
If you were to collect some saliva and then drop in a little dilute acetic acid or vinegar) and you were to observe a precipitate, what would the presence of this precipitate indicate?
that the saliva sample contained mucin
Which of the following tubes would have the least starch left after incubation?
1.5 ml starch, 1.5 ml saliva, incubated in 37 C water bath
Which of the following tubes would have the weakest reaction with Lugol's solution?
1.5 ml starch, 1.5 ml saliva, incubated in 37 C water bath
Which of the following is/are enzymes that would be active in the duodenum?
carboxypeptidase chymotrypsin trypsin amylase lipase maltase sucrase lactase
Which of the following enzymes catalyze the breakdown of peptide bonds?
carboxypeptidase chymotrypsin trypsin pepsin
What effector organ is involved changing the shape of the lens when we change our focus from near to far? (select the single best answer)
cilliary muscle
Which of the following is/are absorbable carbohydrates in the small intestine?
glucose galactose fructose
Which of the following is/are NOT true about IPSPs?
it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold
Which of the following enzymes is involved in catalyzing the breakdown of dietary triglycerides?
lipase
Which of the following enzymes is involved in catalyzing the breakdown of substrates to absorbable units of monoglycerides and free fatty acids?
lipase
The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise with a large muscle mass, like cycing or running, is usually associted with a small decrease in DBP. Which of the following is most likely related to the decrease we observe in DBP in young, healthy, subjects, during thistype of exercise?
locally mediated dilation in the active muscles (autoregulation)
The cardiovascular (CV) response to isometric exercise, like a wall squat or isometric handgrip exericse, is slightly different from the CV response to aerobic exercise. Which of the following is/are most likely related why DBP increases during isometric exercise unlike aerobic exercise where it decreases a little bit?
mechanical compression of arteries and artioles by the contracting muscle; this increases TPR
Which of the following is/are secreted by salivary glands?
mucin bicarbonate lysozyme amylase
put the following tubes in order of most biggest decrease in pH to least:
pepsin, HCl, eggwhite Pepsin, H2O, eggwhite Pepsin, NaOH, eggwhite H2O, HCl, eggwhite
renin
released from the kidney when ECF NaCl concentration decreases
Aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal cortex
Normal physiological doses of which of the followng digestive hormone(s) inhibit gastric motility?
secretin and cholcystokinin
Which of the following conditions would likely result in the least digestion of starches?
starch, water, 37C, pH 7
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.
start of the T wave ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure AV valves open P wave occurs fourth heart sound (if observed)
Which of the following digestive secretions can activate chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into their active forms?
trypsin HCl
Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of proteins?
trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase pepsin
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order:
ventricles begin to eject blood ventricles begin to repolarize ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure the semilunar valves close the AV valves open
Which hormone/enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system directly causes an increase in blood pressure by increasing vasopressin, increasing thirst and causing vasoconstriction?
Angiotensin II
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive), but is a little different for those who have hypertension (or those destined to develop hypertension). Which of the following is true of the cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test in normotensive subjects?
BP initially goes up but then returns towards normal
The cardiovascular (CV) response to isometric exercise, like a wall squat or isometric handgrip exericse, is slightly different from the CV response to aerobic exercise. Which of the following is/are true about the blood pressure response to isometric exercise?
DBP increases
At what time point on this figure would we expect to see the T wave start?
Midway between points W and X
Which of the following pressures best represents the left ventricular pressure tracing?
N
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.
P wave active filling of ventricles ventricles depolarize ventricular pressure begins to increase period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure atrial diastole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
S1-beginning of T wave
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To best estimatee the ventricular filling period (like we did in lab) we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
S2-S1
Which of the following is/are true about the period of ventricular filling?
a. the semilunar valves are closed b. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing e. the AV valves are open h. the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricle i. if observed, the third heart sound occurs
if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, and is reabsorbed in the part of the nephron where most water reabsorption occurs
afferent arteriole glomerulus Bowman's capsule peritubular capillaries distal tubule D. the water molecule would not go here in this example
If observed, we would expect to hear S3 where relative to these points?
after time point Y
Which of the following is/are NOT a mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system influences mean arterial pressure?
all of these ARE mechanisms by which the SNS can increase MAP
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following changes in the autonomic nervuos system is involved the intial cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test?
an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
During the cold pressor test, what causes the change in blood pressure after the initial phase. Please put the following events in order:
baroreceptors detect elevated blood pressure increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity decrease in heart rate decrease in cardiac output decrease in blood pressure
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following mechanisms best explains what happens during the secondary response to bring blood pressure back towards normal after standing up?
baroreceptors detect ↓MAP → medulla oblongatta → activation of sympathetic nerves → ↑ HR → ↑ Q → ↑MAP
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.
beginning of ventricular ejection period second heart sound start of passive filling of ventricles start of QRS complex closing of the AV valves
The period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction would occur during what part of this figure?
between V-W
The period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction would occur during what part of this figure?
between points V and W
If your subject had aortic stenosis we would hear an extra sound at what point?
between points W and X
Filling of the ventricles would take place during what part of this figure?
between points Y and V
Which of the following digestive secretions is/are secreted when the gallbladder contracts?
bile salts
If your subject consumed a salty snack with no fluids, which of the following is/are true? we would expect this to cause an increase in specific gravity of their urine b. we would expect their urine volume to decrease c. all of these answers are true d. only two of these answers are true e. we would expect this to cause an increase in vasopressin secretion f. the solution they consumed was hypertonic
c. all of these answers are true
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following contribute to the secondary response that helps to bring blood pressure back up towards normal (after the intitial drop)? . an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity b. an increase in TPR c. three of these answers d. two of these answers e. an increase in heart rate
c. three of these answers
Which of the following is/are enzymes secreted by the pancreas that catalyze the breakdown of proteins?
carboxypeptidase chymotrypsin trypsin
which of the following best describes how one would perform a Valsalva maneuver?
contract expiratory muscles, but don't allow air out of lungs (closed glottis)
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular ejection period we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
from the beginning of the increase in aortic flow-S2
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular systole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
from the peak of the QRS complex to S2
Which of the following is a digestive hormone secreted by the stomach when peptides are detected?
gastrin
One of our experiments involved having the subject consume a salty sack and little/no fluids and observing changes in urine volume and urine concentration. Put together a sequence of events that likely explains these changes in urine volume and concentration after consuming a salty sack and little/no fluids.
increased body fluid osmolarity increased secretion of vasopressin more water reabsorption in kidneys decreased water in urine decreased urine volume and increased urine concentration
Which of the following is/are true about sympathetic nervous system effects on total peripheral resistance?
its effect on TPR is accomplished especially through constriction of arterioles
Which of the following is/are true about sympathetic nervous system effects on venous return (VR)?
its effect on VR is accomplished especially through constriction of veins
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following receptors are involved the intial cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test?
nociceptors
Which of the following pressures best represents changes in left ventricular volume during the cardiac cycle?
o1
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
opening of semilunar valves Ventricular pressure begins to fall small rise in aortic pressure due to elastic recoil of aorta and arteries S3 (if observed) SA Node depolarizes
In subjects with healthy blood pressures, there are two phases to the blood pressure response to the cold pressor test, What causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:
signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta increase in sympathetic nervous system activity widespread vasoconstriction increase in total peripheral resistance increase in blood pressure
Many patients with pulmonary diseases have elevated circulating CO2. One way to simulate this is by rebreathing. When rebreathing, what causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:
signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta increase in sympathetic nervous system activity widespread vasoconstriction increase in total peripheral resistance increase in blood pressure
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
stroke volume of blood being ejected start of the isovolumetric relaxation period ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure ventricular volume begins to increase atria contract
Which of the following statements about these tubes is NOT true?
tube 2 would have the most carbohydrate digestion because the enzyme is present, it is at the optimal pH, and it is at an optimal temperature
Which of the following statements about these tubes is NOT true?
tube 2 would have the most maltose after incubation because the enzyme is present, it is at the optimal pH, and it is at an optimal temperature
In our digestion experiment, which of the following tubes would be expected to have the least fat digestion?
tubes 1 and 3 would be tied
Vasopressin
increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and BP. Which of the following cardiovascular responses would be expected? (assume that the subject lets their nervous system dictate breathing responses.....yes, the response is a little different if the subject voluntarily supresses the normal, involuntary breathing response and voluntarily controlls breathing; how cool is that?)
widespread vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
Regarding the cold pressor test, which of the following is NOT true:
Receptor is thermoreceptors
In heart transplant patients all autonomic nerves to the hear have been cut. How would this likely effect the cardiovascular response to exericise? two of these answers b. it would take longer to increase heart rate because we would only be able to use endocrine control c. heart rate would not be able to increase d. heart rate would recover more slowly after exercise; hormonal mechanisms are slower to resolve than neural mechanisms. e. heart rate would decrease, instead of increase, during exercise
two of these answers
Which of the follwing is/are a part of the normal response to face immersion (diving reflex)? a. a decrease in HR b. three of these answers c. an increase in MAP d. an increase in Q e. two of these answers
two of these answers
Which of the follwing stimuli intitiate the diving reflex? . facial cooling, which is detected by thermoreceptors associated with the trigeminal nerve b. three of these answers c. two of these answers d. pain, which is detected by nociceptors e. apnea f. a decrease in arterial pO2, detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies
two of these answers
In our body fluid/renal lab we used dipsticks and a chemical test to determine the presence/absence of some normal/abnormal constituents that may, or may not, be found in urine. Each of these normal/abnormal urine constituents may suggest certain problems in the body. For example, an abundance of phosphates may indicate a bone demineralizing disorder like osteoporosis. Which of the following combinations of conditions and abnormal urine constituents is INCORRECT?
urobilinogen-renal diseases
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. After the opening of the semilunar valves, what would be 5 of the next events in the cardiac cycle? (not all answers will be used)
ventricles begin to eject blood ventricles begin to repolarize ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure the semilunar valves close the AV valves open
In our action potential experiment we had a stimulating electrode on the axon hillock and the recording electrode further down the axon. You were able to cause an action potential using a 1.8 nA stimulus and a 0.8 msec duration. The distance between the stimulating and recording electrodes on the axon was 6.8 cm and it took 23.6 msec for the action potential to travel that distance and the temperature at the time of the experiment was 5°C. What is the conduction velocity? no units required
2.9
At what time point on this figure would S1 occur?
At time point V
Which of the following is/are digestive hormone(s) that promote gall bladder contraction?
CCK
What disease state may have an increase in ketones in the urine?
Diabetes mellitus
Which of the following digestive secretions can activate pepsinogen to its active form?
HCL Pepsin
Which of the following is/are NOT true about vasopressin?
a decrease in body fluid osmolarity would stimulate vasopressin secretion
if a free hydrogen ion enters the kidney from the renal artery and does not get filtered, but does end up in the urine, which is a possible pathway this hydrogen ion could have taken:
afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole peritubular capillary proximal tubule loop of Henlee
Which of the following digestive secretions is/are secreted by the liver?
bile salts
One of our experiments involved having the subject consume a large quantity of plain water and observing changes in urine volume and urine concentration. Put together a sequence of events that likely explains these changes in urine volume and concentration after consuming plain water.
decrease NaCl concentration of ECF increased renin secretion increased aldosterone secretion increased NaCl reabsorption by the kidneys decreased concentration of solutes in the urine
ANP
decreases Na+ reabsorption in thekidneys
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
ventricular volume begins to decrease Ventricular pressure begins to fall ventricular volume stays constant (ventricle filled with end systolic volume of blood) ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure passive filling of ventricles begins
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the opening of the semilunar valves.
ventricular volume begins to decrease isovolumetric ventricular relaxation period ventricles depolarize ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure ventricular volume stays constant with about 140 ml of blood
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
ventricular volume decreases semilunar valves close begin ventricular filling period atrial depolarization active filling of ventricles
Which of the following is not a mechanism that allows the SNS to increase BP? All of these ARE mechanisms that the SNS can use to increase BP b. Two of these answers c. Venoconstriction d. Increased HR e. Vasoconstriction f. Increased contractility
All of these ARE mechanisms that the SNS can use to increase BP
Which would you expect in our experiment with the very salty solution?
Decreased urine output This is due to increased vasopressin secretion
Which of the following is/are correct?
During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following do NOT contribute to the drop in blood pressure during the initial phase of this response? gravity pulls blood to lower extremities b. a drop in end diastolic volume c. a drop in venous return d. all of these answers DO contribute to the initial drop in blood pressure when we stand up e. a drop in stroke volume
d. all of these answers DO contribute to the initial drop in blood pressure when we stand up
Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates?
d. amylase e. maltase sucrase lactase
The parasympathetic nervous system can alter blood pressure by which of the following mechanisms?
decrease HR
If vasopressin secretion increased in our body, we would expect urine volume to ______ and urine specific gravity to ________.
decrease, increase
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.
dicrotic notch end isovolumetric relaxation period atrial contraction causes increase in atrial pressure ventricles begin to contract first heart sound
You are working with a patient in the ER and you see on their ECG that they are in sinus tachycardia. If your hospital was out of power and you needed a low tech mechanism of bringing their heart rate down, which of the following reflexes could you use to try to slow heart rate?
diving reflex
Given what you have learned about the normal cardiovascular response to rebreathing, if you were working with a patient with a severe pulmonary disease, which of the following cardiovascular changes would you expect? two of these answers b. a lower cardiac output c. higher MAP d. high TPR e. three of these answers f. high sympathetic nervous system activity
e. three of these answers
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
end of the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction a stroke volume of blood is ejected ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure a small rise in aortic pressure as the aorta & arteries experience an elastic recoil end of the period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
