Physical Geography Naesse Exam #2 (CH.6-12)

Types of cloud class, type & family:

*Cirrus- High Family: above 6 kilometers (20,000ft), often harbingers of an approaching storm -Cirrus -Cirrocumulus -Cirrostratus *Alto- Middle Family: between 2 and 6 kilometers (6,500ft-20,000ft), often associated with changing weather -Altocumulus -Altostratus *Stratus- Low Family: below 2 kilometers (6,500ft), often are wide spread and are associated with somber skies and drizzly rain -Stratus -Stratocumulus -Nimbostratus *Cumulus Vertical Family: 15 kilometers (60,000ft), usually indicate clear weather and cumulonimbus, which are storm clouds -Cumulus -Cumulonimbus

Polar E Climates: ET

Climate: Tundra E= year round cold temperature T= 1-3 months above freezing Where: -small coastal areas Why: 32 degrees F warmest month, long summer days, short winter days, anticyclone conditions

* Explain the changes in the atmospheric and oceanic conditions that occur during El Nino.

Pressure cells shift east: High pressure over Australia Low pressure over Tahiti - entire pressure gradient changed - trade winds decreased or reversed speed - warmer water collects along the equator - upwelling of cold water on the west coast of south America stops - trade winds shift east (southern oscillation)

Types of fog: Evaporation/Steam fog

results when water vapor is added to cold air that is already near saturation

Air masses: Movement an modification

some at masses remain in their source region for long periods. once mass leaves its source area an air mass both is itself modified and modifies the weather of the regions into which it moves. temperature is the only characteristic modified by a moving air mass, also modifications in humidity and stability.

Permeability

the characteristic of soil or rock by which water can move through interconnected pore spaces

TRF Formation: Structure

*all competing for sunlight Layers: -Emergent= leaves and branches above canopy. Huge leaves: dark green, smooth waxy surface (waxy cuticle) acts as a sunscreen and allows water to slide off (bacteria), drip tip= funnel -Canopy= area of dense branches (all life) Lianas: vines, structure Epiphytes: plants the grow on another plant (air plants) Aboreal animals (snakes, insects, birds, sloths, pumas, frogs) -Understory= void of vegetation -Forest floor= forest litter > anything that dies in the TRF > important for nutrients - Roots: often above surface Aerial roots Buttress Base: help keep nutrients

Relationship between humidity and temperature

- as temperature increases, relative humidity decreases - as temperature decreases, relative humidity increases (until condensation begins)

Tropical Savanna formation

- ecotone > transition from tropical rain forest to grassland -open canopy -flat topped trees - interference: grazing = dense roots, organic material > nutrients fires = add nutrients, help grasses persist

*Explain 3 ways that TRF is adapted to the climate and 2 ways that it is adapted to the soil. Include brief description of the climate and soil conditions.

-Af climate= high temperature, high precipitation year round > high evaporation > no water conservation How? Big leaf: shade the competition, the soils, Dark green leaves > low albedo, absorbing short wave radiation, waxy cuticle (acts as sunscreen, and allows water to slide off) Emergent trees (tallest) no competition for sunlight Aboreal species Epiphytes Vines, Leyanas Soils: Oxisols= leeched nutrients, high in irons Adaptation: plants get nutrients from the forest litter > aerial roots, surface roots, buttress base

Geographic distribution for Precipitation: Low annual precipitation

-Areas of subtropical highs: Dry lands are most prominent on the western sides of continents in the subtropics(centered at 25-30 degrees) High pressure associated with descending air (not conductive to condensation and precipitation) Presence of cool ocean currents contributes to the atmospheric stability and dryness of these regions, most extensive I north Africa and Australia primarily because of the blocking effect of land masses or highlands to the east -Interiors of continents: Dry regions in the midlatitudes are most extensive in central Eurasia, but also occur in western north America and southeastern south America. Dryness is due to lack of access of moist air masses Eurasia, much of the lad is far from any ocean North & South America, rain shadow situations in regions or westerly airflow. -High latitude regions: There is not much precipitation anywhere, in high altitudes. Water surfaces are scarce and cold, little opportunity for moisture to evaporate into the air. As a result, polar air masses have low vapor content and precipitation is slight. These regions are called accurately cold deserts

Types of cloud forms:

-Cirriform: thin and whispy, composed of ice crystals rather than water droplets -Stratiform: spread out appear as grayish sheets that cover most or all of the sky, rarely broken up -Cumuliform: are massive and rounded, usually with a flat base and limited horizontal extent but often billowing upward to great heights

Geographic distribution for Precipitation: Regions of high precipitation

-ITCZ and Trade-wind uplift: Tropics contain most of the wettest areas, easterly winds are capable of carrying huge amounts of moisture > produce heavy rainfall. Equatorial regions reflect these conditions where warm ocean moist and unstable air is uplifted in the ITCZ. Easterly winds> eastern coasts of tropical landmasses (EC of central America, northeastern south America, and Madagascar) > orographic effect is most pronounced. -Tropical monsoon: Normal trade wind pattern is modified by monsoons, the onshore trade wind flow may occur on the western coasts of tropical landmasses The western coast of southeastern Asia, India and the guinea coast of west Africa are caused by the onshore flow of the southwesterly winds (trade winds) diverted from a "normal" pattern by the south Asian and west African monsoons. -Coastal areas in Westerlies: High annual precipitation are narrow zones along the western coasts of north and south America between 40-60 degrees latitude. A combo of frequent westerly airflow, considerable storminess and mountain barriers running perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing westerly winds. North and south mountain ranges near the coast restricts the precipitation to a small area and creates pronounced rain shadow effect to the east of the ranges.

Geographic distribution for Precipitation: Seasonal precipitation patterns

-ITCZ shifts: Shifts that follow the sun > North by July and South by January-- are seasonal shifts of wet and dry zones Seen most clearly in in tropical regions, where the heavy rainfall belt of the ITCZ migrates N and S in different seasons _Subtropical high shifts: Summer is the time of MAX precipitation over most of the world The northern hemisphere experiences heavy rain fall in July and the southern hemisphere in January Important exceptions occur in narrow areas between about 30- 45 degrees of latitude Same trends occurs in south America, new Zealand and southernmost Australia > experience the summer dryness associated with seasonal shift of the subtropic highs Monsoon regions: Seasonal variations in precipitation is found in the regions of tropical monsoons There summer trends are very wet and winter is generally dry

Relative humidity

-described how close the air is to saturation with water vapor -a ratio expressed as a percent that compares the actual amount of water vapor in the air to the water vapor capacity of the air. RH= Actual water vapor in air ÷ capacity X 100

Forms of precipitation

-rain: most common, liquid rain drops. Result of condensation and precipitation in rising air that has a temp above freezing but some results from the melting of ice crystals as they descend through warmer air. -snow: solid precipitation in the form of ice crystals, small pellets, or flakes. it forms when water vapor is converted directly to ice through deposition without intermediate liquid stage. -sleet: small rain drops that freeze during descent and reach the ground as small pellets of ice -glaze: rain that turns to ice the instant it collides with a solid object; raindrops fall through shallow subfreezing layer near the ground, result can be a thick coating of ice that can be hazardous -hail: most complex, consists of either small pellets or larger lumps of ice. Hailstones are usually composed of roughly concentric layers of clear cloudy ice.

Absolute humidity

-the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air -usually expressed in grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air -if the volume of the air changes,(when air expands or compresses as it moves vertically) the value of the AH also changes even though the total amount of water vapor remains unchanged.

Dew point

-the temperature to which air must cool in order to saturate -DP temp varies with the moisture content of air, although DPT can also describe the actual water vapor content in the air.

*List and describe the 4 soils components. (IOWA)

1. Inorganic materials: parent material, provides minerals and texture (sand, silt, clay) = drainage 2. Organic: litter (decay, leaves, debris), particularly decayed becomes humus; includes decomposers (ex. earth worms etc.) provides nutrients 3. Water: responsible for dissolving and transporting nutrients, (elluviation and illuviation) 4. Air: pore spaces (intersticies), provide > porosity (determine how the water is stored)

Air masses: Characteristics

1. Must be large. A typical air mass is more than 1600 kilometers (1000 miles) across and several kilometers deep (from it's top to earths surface) 2. Must be uniform in horizontal dimension. At any given altitude in the air mass, its physical characteristics-- primarily temperature, humidity, and stability 3. Must travel as a unit. It must be distinct from the surrounding air; when it moves it must retain its original characteristics and not be torn apart by differences in airflow.

Koppen climate classification

1st letter= Latitude 2nd letter= precipitation 3rd letter= seasonal temperatures *2nd & 3rd letters mostly used for midlatitude climates

Plant communities

Adapt to climate and soils -non living: climate, soil -living: plants, animals -interference: anything that interferes with the growth of plants ex. drought, irradication, extreme weather, invasive species, fire, genetic modification

*Compare and contrast the characteristics, location and geographical controls of the Cfa and Csa/b climates.

Cfa: -Characteristics: f= consistent precipitation -Distribution: east coast, interior -Controls: frontal lifting-mid latitude, convective lifting-interiors, warm ocean currents-high evap Csa/b: -Characteristics: S= summer drought, b= warm summer -Distribution: west coast, coastal -Controls: cold ocean currents-less evap, onshore shift of the subtropical high > no lifting Both: -Characteristics: C= mild winter, a= hot summer -Distribution: 30-40 degrees latitude, below 40 degrees > less oblique rays= more consistent days

Tropical Savanna: Aw & Bsh

Characteristics: A= high temp and high evap year round w= winter drought > conserve water Soils: Alfisols= #2 in terms of productivity, organic materials, just enough clay to store water

Tropical Rain Forest: Af

Characteristics: A= year round high temp > high evap f= consistent precip > no water conserve Why: - direct rays > plants loose 95% of their water through pores called stomata because of high evap Soils: Oxisol= poor soil > due to constant precip > nutrients leeched from soil > causes faster decompostiton - brick red color = rusty iron

Tropical A Climates: Af

Characteristics: Af= Tropical wet A= year round high temp f= consistent precipitation Where: equator 5 degrees north and south Why: -direct rays > circle of illumination, tilted towards sun (axial tilt) -precipitation > increased temps, high capacity, high humidity, warm ocean currents, more evaporation -convergent lifting > trade winds converge

Tropical A Climates: Aw

Characteristics: Aw= Tropical savanna A= year round high temperatures w= winter drought, summer precipitation Where: 5-20 degrees north and south Why: -direct rays > equal days, circle of illumination, axial tilt -shift of ITCZ > winter drought

Arid B Climates

Characteristics: B= potential evap capacity > Precip True desert: Cactus plants Potential evap ÷ 2 > P = W Semiarid Steppe: grasslands (no cactus) Pot evap ÷ 2 < P = S h= hot desert (avg annual temp higher than 64 degrees F) k= cold desert (avg annual temp below 64 degrees F) Where: 30 degrees north and south, west coast, leeward side Why: subtropical high > no lifting, cold currents > less evap, no lifting

Midlatitude latitude Csa/b Mediterranean climate

Characteristics: C= mild winter s= summer drought, winter precip a/b= hot summer, warm summer Where: coastal, 30-40 degrees lat, west coast Why: C= below 40 degrees, less oblique rays, more consistent rays s= cold currents, less evap, high pressure cell > onshore shift of subtropical high in summer, no lifting ex. Csa= riverside CA, Csb= orange county

Midlatitude Mild Winter Cfa

Characteristics: Cfa= humid subtropical C= mild winter f= consistent precipitation a= hot summer Where: east coast, 25-40 degrees lat, interior Why: C= less oblique rays, more consistent days f= warm water > high evap, frontal lifting, convective lifting > summer a= warm ocean currents * land heats and cools faster than water

Mediterranean plants

Climate: -need to be adapted to Csa/b type: C= mild winter > year round growing season s= summer drought > winter precip a/b= hot and warm summer > high evap Soils: Alfisol- really good soils Entisol- found on cliffs and hills, very sandy and rocky -plants need good tolerance for soils Formation: -Roots- deep roots (very broad and extensive root system), roots help them stay stable- roots help cliffs stay in place -Height- will vary, plants tend to have multiple trunks and very shrubby > dense branching- shade soils -Leaves- small leaf size, lighter colors, leathery surface > help decrease evaporation through the leaves, the stomata (pores) is on the bottom of the leaf > keep shaded -Alleopathic- (aleo=allergies) have strong smell, toxin to other plants(pollen), repels other plants (ex. sage, thyme, rosemary, bay leaves, oregano, lavender etc.) -fire interference- fire insurance, have to be able to tolerate fires; to tolerate fires the plants branches burn off and roots are still intact and come back after rain called Stump sprouting -seed scorching- some seeds have a hard outer shell, only open with intense heat > expose heat > able to germinate and grow Subformations of Mediterranean plants: -coastal sage- 0-3000ft elevation (OC), precip 0-10in, 1-5ft tall, low and shrubby, high albedo, light colors (green, silver) -chaparral- 5000ft elevation, south facing slopes, fire ecology, 5-7ft tall -red shanks and manzanita- leaves are small and up high to avoid fires, tannin= natural fire suppressant -oakwoodland- 3000-5000ft, valley (santa Barbra, san luis Obispo) small clusters of trees then grasslands between. big shrubby, light green, silvery, gray, small

Midlatitude Grasslands

Climate: Bsk= midlatitude steppe pot evap ÷ 2 > precip pot evap ÷ 2 > P = S (semiarid) Where: Leeward side of mountain Soils: Molisol- #1 soil for productivity, high in nutrient content (not being leeched, arid, helps break up soil, very thick and deep soils) Formation: tall grass- in areas with more precip short grass- in areas with less precip Interference: -fire= dry season > gas is a fuel, convective lifting > starts fires, grazing > huge herbivores (buffalo, bison), huge roots -short grass and tall grass prairie: short grass is predominantly used for grazing; interference fire often caused by lightening

*List and explain 5 adaptations of desert plants to their environment.

Climate: Bwk/Bwh Pot. evap ÷ 2 > P Soils: Aridisols= lack of nutrients, negative pressure (water goes up), salinization = accumulation of salt (dissolved minerals Formation: Leaves= small or have needles > decrease leaf size, protect water from predators, water from predators, water condensation and dew(major source of water) Color: Light color> high albedo (decreases water loss), light green, silvery Roots: Dual roots> tap root, can access water table, surface roots access nutrients on the surface Low growing: Low growing and shrubby helps shade the soil Ephemeral: only blooming when there's enough water Xerophytic adaptation: drought tolerant

Mixed Forest

Climate: Cfa/Dfa Soils: -ultisols- cousin of oxisols, not very good soils, poor nutrients > leeched, rainfall , high humidity, high in clay, poorly draining soil, see surface roots (not like rainforest) -spodosols- AKA forest soils, Christmas trees, sandy, rapidly draining soil, high acid > nutrient poor, high acid added > needle leaves decompose and give acidity Formation: ecotone: transition from needle leaf to broad leaf biomes

Humid Continental Severe Winter Dwd

Climate: D= severe winter w= winter drought, summer precip d= severe cold winter (below -36 degrees) Where: 55-65 degrees lat, interior Why: Less consistent days, more oblique rays, cold air holds less water, polar high pressure cell> combo of very cold air and no lifting

Humid Continental Severe Winter Dfa/b

Climate: Dfa/b= humid continental D= severe winter (one or more months below freezing) f= consistent precip a/b= hot and warm summer Where: 40 to 55 degrees lat, interiors Why: -convective lifting > high precip -frontal lifting > high precip, less consistent days, long summer days, short warm days, more oblique rays, one month above 71 degrees

Needle Leaf Forest

Climate: Dfb/c plants must be adapted to very short growing seasons Soils: spodosals- sandy, rapid drainage Formation: evergreen: never loose leaves, green leaves, short growing season, dormant, needles: collect dew, max water available, long leaves= more water; short leaves= less water Pioneer tree: pine tree

Polar E Climates: EF

Climate: Ice Cap E= year round cold temperatures F= no month above freezing Where: 55-65 degrees north Why: extremely cold > extreme dryness

North American Air Masses

Continental polar (cP): air mass develop in central and northern Canada, and Arctic (A) air masses originate farther north and so are colder and drier than cP air masses. both are dominant features in winter with their cold, dry, stable nature Maritime polar (mP): air from the pacific in the winter bring cloudiness and heavy precipitation to the mountainious west coastal regions. In summer, cool pacific mP air produces fog and low stratus clouds along the coast. North Atlantic mP air masses are also cool, moist, and unstable, but except for occasional incursions into New England and the midatlantc coastal region. Atlantic coastal regions, atlantic mP air does not affect north America because of prevailing circulation of the astmosphere is westerly. Maritime tropical (mT): From the Atlantic/Caribbean/ Gulf of mexico is warm, moist and unstable. Influences weather and climate east of the rockies in the united states, southern Canada, and much of mexico and is the principal precipitation source in this broad region Continental tropical (cT): limited source region, in hot summer, hot, summer, very dry, unstable cT air surges into the southern great plains area on occasion, bringing heat waves and dry conditions.

Ephemeral

Ephemeral: only blooming when there's enough water, can be dormant for long periods, animals and plants are ephemeral

Soil Forming factors

Geologic factor: parent material- bed rocks or loose sediments transported by water, wind and ice Climatic factor: temperature and moisture Topographic factor: slope and drainage Biological factor: living and dead plants and animals Time factor: slow depending on nature of the exposed parent material and the characteristic of the environment (warm + moist environment= conductive to soil development)

Pedogenic Regimes

Lateralization: brick red color, warm, moist, region of the world; in the tropics and subtropics, in regions dominated by forest, shrub, or savanna vegetation, produces latosol soils Podzolization: gray color produces podzol soils Gleization: cool climate produces gley soils Calcification: semiarid and arid climates, leeching is short lived or absent Salinization: arid and semiarid regions, poor drainage, particularly in enclosed valleys and basins

La nina conditions

Opposite of el nino -pressure gradient strengthens - trade winds blow stronger than usual - more warm water goes to the east coast - more cold water upwells along the equator - balance conditions following el nino - North Atlantic oscillation - pacific decadal oscillation

Soil Properties

Soil color: provides clues about soils nature and capability, 175 gradation of colors, these colors are a result of stains imparted by metallic oxides or organic matter Black brown, red, yellow, grayor white Texture: all soils are composed of myriad particles of various sizes, although smaller particles usually predominant. Classified as separates to identify texture: gravel, and slit Structure: the individual particles of most soils tend to aggregate into clumps called Peds, and those clumps determine the structure: size, shape, stability of peds

Absorption and release of energy in 3 states: Evaporation vs Vaporization

Vaporization is a phase transition from the liquid phase to a vapor: -boiling, the transition from a liquid phase to a gas phase and this occurs below the liquid surface. -sublimation, the transition from a solid phase to a gas phase takes place without passing through a liquid phase, occurs at temperatures and pressures below the triple point of substance. -evaporation, a type of vaporization of a liquid into a gas on its surface, part of the water cycle when solar energy causes the evaporation from the oceans, seas, moisture, soil etc...

Biome

a large assemblage/collection of plants and named after the most visually dominant species

Midlatitude Anticyclones

a major disturbance in the general flow of the westerlies, referred to as a high pressure cell of the midlatitudes, generally moves east to west with the westerlies. - have air converging into it from above, subsiding and diverging at the surface - clockwise in the northern hemisphere -counter clockwise in the southern hemisphere - contain NO fronts - the weather is clear and dry with little to know opportunity for cloud formation - wind movement limited near the center - characterized with very low temperatures - slower than midlatitude cyclones - remain over the same region for several days > this stalling brings: clear, stable, dry weather to the affected regions

Air masses: Orgins

an air mass develops its characteristics when it stagnates for a few days or remains over a uniform land or sea surface long enough to acquire: Temperature, Humidity, and Stability characteristics -stable air is more likely than unstable air to remain stagnant for days, regions with anticyclonic (high pressure) conditions commonly for air masses -source regions: (regions of earth's surface that are well suited to generate air masses) Regions are large, physically uniform and associated with stationary or anticyclonic air. Ideal source regions are: Ocean surfaces and extensive flat land areas that have uniform covering of snow, forest, and desert. Air rarely form over the irregular terrain or mountain ranges, -broader view: holds that air masses can originate almost anywhere in the low and highlatitudes but rarely in the midlatitudes, where the persistant westerlies would prevent air mass formation.

Convective lifting

as the warm air rises, it displaces and cool air sinks -because of unequal heating of different surface areas, parcel of air close to the ground may be warmed by conduction; the density of the warmed air is reduced as the air expands, so the parcel sided by convective lifting. -found in the interiors, summer

Air masses: Classification

classified on the basis of source region. the latitude of the source region correlates directly with the temperature of the air mass, and the nature of the surface strongly influences humidity within the air mass. Type, Code, Source regions, Source region properties: 1. Arctic/Antarctic (A); Antarctica, arctic ocean and fringes, and Greenland; very cold, very dry, very stable 2. Continental polar (cP); High latitude plains of Eurasia and north America; cold, dry, very stable 3. Maritime polar (mP); Oceans in vicinity of 50-60 degrees north and south in latitude; cold, moist, relatively unstable 4. Continental tropical (cT); Low latitude deserts; hot, very dry, unstable 5. Maritime tropical (mT); Tropical and subtropical oceans; warm, moist, of variable stability 6. Equatorial (E); Oceans near the equator; warm, very moist, unstable

Cold front

cold air advancing onto warm air - the way the triangles are pointing is the direction that the wind is going The cold front is faster and catches up to warm air (aloft) which turns into occluded front -rapid rise > rapid release of latent heat = violent conditions (thunder storms) Results to a steep slope the combo of a steeper slope and the faster advance leads to rapid lifting and adiabatic cooling of the warm air ahead of the cold front

Types of fog: Upslope/Orographic fog

created by adiabatic cooling when humid air climbs a topographic slope. Location: mountains

Limiting Factors

describe the variable that is most important in determining an organisms survival -intraspecific species- same species -interspecific species- different species Both plants and animals compete with one another as the seek light, water, nutrients, and shelter in a dynamic environment

Xerophytic adaptation

drought tolerant; small leaves, low growing, trunk heavy, light in color, waxy cuticle. ex. rosette form

Eluviation and Illuviation

eluviation is the transport of soil material from upper layers of soil to lower layers by downward precipitation of water across soil horizons, and the accumulation of this material (illuvial deposit) in the lower levels in called illuviation.

Ice crystal formation

known as cool or cold clouds, ice crystals grow by attracting water vapor, causing the liquid water droplets that make up the cloud to evaporate, replenishing the vapor supply, the process of growing ice crystals and shrinking cloud droplets may continue until the ice crystals are large and heavy enough to fall.

Collision/Coalescence

known as warm clouds, large droplets fall more rapidly than small ones, coalescing with some and sweeping others along in their descending path, as droplets become larger during descent, they sometimes break apart.

Stationary front

neither air mass is advancing - symbols determine the direction the air will move should it advance

Orographic lifting

occurs when air goes up and over a mountain range - in order for orographic lifting to occur the mountain range must be North/South, perpendicular to East/West winds. -rain occurs on the windward side -mountain ranges

Frontal lifting

occurs when warm air and cold air collide -frontal activity is most characteristic of the Midlatitudes, which are meeting grounds for polar air and warm tropical air. -All year

Plant Succession

one type of plant is replaced naturally by another overtime Stage 1: pioneer species > the 1st plants to occupy a cleared area. ex. Weeds Stage 2: thru Stage 3: climatic climax, equillibrium

Conditions for condensation

the air must reach 100% relative humidity (saturation), and surfaces such as condensation nuclei must be available

Porosity

the amount of pore space between soil particles and between peds; it's a measure of the soils capacity to hold water and air

Absorption and release of energy in 3 states: Evaporation and Condensation

the energy required to convert liquid water to water vapor is called latent heat of vaporization and the energy released during condensation is called latent heat of condensation.

Absorption and release of energy in 3 states: Melting and Freezing

the energy required to melt ice is called the latent heat of melting and the energy released as water freezes is called latent heat of fusion.

Midlatitude Cyclones

they dominate the weather maps, are responsible for most day to day weather changes, and bring precipitation to much of the populated portions of the planet. - migratory low pressure cells called depressions - associated primarily with air-mass convergence between 30-70 degrees latitude -general path of movement is toward the east - typical mature midlat cyclone has a diameter of 1600 kilo (1000 miles) -low pressure air, with ground level pressure in the center typically between 990-1000 millibars -oval shaped -long axis trending northeast-southwest

Ecotone

transition zone between biomes; usually have characteristics of each biome

Warm front

warm air advancing into cold air - direction of the half circles are pointing is the direction that the wind is going As the warm air pushes against and rises over the retreating cold air, it cools adiabatically, usually resulting in > clouds and precipitation

Occluded front

warm air is aloft/above cold air

Types of fog: Radiation fog

when the ground radiates away heat, usually at night. the air closest to the ground cools as heat flows conductively from it to the relatively cool ground, and fog condenses in the cooled air at the dew point, often collecting in low areas. Location: western mountain and Appalachian fogs are mostly radiation fogs

Convergent lifting

when two warm (unstable) air masses collide. -occurs at the ITCZ > trade winds> high evaporation over warm ocean currents -the subtropics, midlatitudes

Types of fog: Advection fog

when warm, moist air moves horizontally over a cold surface, such as snow covered ground or a cold ocean current. Location: air moving from sea to land is the most common source