Physical Science Chapter 13

Which of the following compounds are hydrocarbon derivatives?

(The one with OH)

Click and drag on elements in order Place the steps for the distillation of crude oil in the proper order, beginning with the first step at the top of the list. An illustration of a fractional distillation tower is shown.

1. Crude oil mix is heated 2. compounds with lowest boiling point vaporize 3. high boiling compounds vaporize 4. vapors separate in the fractionation tower 5. products are condensed and collected

What is a carbonyl group?

A carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen

What is a polymer?

A molecule that consists of a long chain of repeating subunits

Which of these statements correctly describe the process of fractional distillation? (Select all that apply.)

Asphalt and lubricants are common distillation products of crude oil. It is commonly used to separate the components of crude oil. It involves heating a mixture to boiling and recollecting the vapors.

A hydrocarbon contains which two elements?

Carbon Hydrogen

Which of the following statements correctly describe cholesterol? (Select all that apply.)

Cholesterol is found in the bloodstream. Cholesterol can be obtained from diet or manufactured in the body. Cholesterol is a precursor in the synthesis of some hormones.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of DNA?

DNA contains the information necessary to make proteins.

The nucleic acid ______ carries the genetic information necessary for making ______, which determine the structure and function of an organism.

DNA; proteins

Which of the following polymers are classified correctly? (Select all that apply.)

Dacron is a synthetic polymer. Proteins are naturally occurring polymers.

Match each class of compound with the correct description of its defining functional group.

Ether --> Contains an oxygen atom singly bonded to two carbon atoms Aldehyde --> Contains a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group Ketone --> Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms

Which of the following statements correctly describe lipids? (Select all that apply.)

Fats are a type of lipid. Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What are the number and type of bonds typically formed by carbon atoms? (Select the two options that apply.)

Four Covalent

Carbohydrates mostly consist of what three elements?

Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen

What functional group is characteristic of an alcohol?

Hydroxyl

Match each type of polythene with the correct description.

LDPE --> Composed of highly branched chains that are loosely packed together; resulting in a soft and flexible material HDPE --> Composed of straight chains that are tightly packed together, resulting in a tough, rigid material

Which of the following correctly describe the two different types of polythene, HDPE and LDPE? (Select all that apply.)

LDPE is soft and flexible. HDPE is more rigid than LDPE. HDPE is tougher than LDPE.

Match the term describing a portion of the genetic code with the appropriate definition.

Nucleic Acids --> Polymers of repeating monomers; examples include DNA and RNA Nucleotides --> Small molecules that are composed of a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogen base

_______ are polymers composed of repeating monomers of ______.

Nucleic acids; nucleotides

Match each substance with the appropriate description by completing the sentences.

Nylon --> is a polyamide whose polymer chains are held together due to the mutual attraction of its polar groups. Dacron --> is a polyester that is used in combination with glass fibers in boat hulls and other large structures.

Which of the following statements correctly describe nylon and Dacron? (Select all that apply.)

Nylon's polymer chains are held together due to the mutual attraction of their polar groups. Dacron is a polymer used in large structures such as boat hulls. Nylon is a polyamide.

Which of the following are components of a nucleotide? (Select all that apply.)

Phosphate group Nitrogen base Pentose sugar

A molecule made up of many repeating subunits linked together is called a(n)

Polymer

Which of the following statements about proteins are true? (Select all that apply.)

Proteins are large molecules. Proteins are made of the elements C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P, among other elements. Proteins are made of small molecules called amino acids.

Which of the following are functions that are fulfilled by proteins? (Select all that apply.)

Proteins are the major structural components of muscles. Proteins make up the majority of living cells.

Match each substance with the type of polymer it represents.

Rubber --> natural Nylon --> synthetic

Which of the following statements correctly describe the structure of DNA? (Select all that apply.)

The structure of DNA consists of a double helix. The two strands of DNA are linked through their nitrogen bases.

Match the type of fatty acid with the correct definition.

Unsaturated fatty acid --> Molecules contain one or more double bonds between their carbon atoms Saturated fatty acid --> Molecules contain only single bonds between their carbon atoms

Match the type of fatty acid with the correct description of its physical properties

Unsaturated fatty acids --> Liquid at room temperature Saturated fatty acids --> Solid at room temperature

Compounds that contain the hydroxyl functional group (—OH) are called ______.

alcohols

A vinyl group is a monomer in which one of the H atoms of ethene has been replaced with ______.

another atom or atom group

A thermoplastic polymer ______.

can be softened and reshaped with heat

The class of molecules that are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are important for structure, protection, and as a food source for living things are called

carbohydrates

A carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen (depicted) is called a(n) ____ group

carbonyl

polythene looks like

chain of carbon atoms connected side by side with hydrogen atoms on top and bottom of each carbon

There are two isomeric forms of fatty acids, in the ______ isomer, both chains of carbon atoms are on the same side of the double bond, and in the ______ isomer, the chains of carbon atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond.

cis; trans

A polymer that is a combination of two different monomers is called a(n)

copolymer

DNA contains the sugar ______, which contains one fewer oxygen atom than ______, the sugar found in RNA.

deoxyribose; ribose

DNA contains the sugar ______, which contains one fewer oxygen atom than ______, the sugar found in RNA. Multiple choice question.

deoxyribose; ribose

A hydrocarbon ____ is a molecule in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by another element or group of elements.

derivative

Plastics in landfills are problematic because they _____.

do not readily decompose

The structure of DNA consists of a ______. The two strands of DNA are connected through the interaction of complementary ______.

double helix; nitrogen bases

When hydrogen is added to the _____-bonded carbon atoms of an unsaturated fatty acid, the process is called____

double; hydrogenation

Rubber and neoprene are classified as ______ because they are composed of flexible polymers that will return to their original shape after being bent or stretched.

elastomers

A(n) ______ contains an oxygen atom singly bonded to two carbon atoms. A(n) ______ contains a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group, and a(n) ______ contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

ether; aldehyde; ketone

Carbon has ______ outer electrons, which it shares with other atom(s) to form ______ bonds.

four; covalent

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen is called a(n)

hydrocarbon

What element is added to a double bond in the hydrogenation of a fatty acid?

hydrogen

The molecule that is a type of ____ that is located in the bloodstream, is a component of cell membranes, and an important synthetic precursor for many hormones is called ____ . This molecule can be obtained through diet or synthesized in the body.

lipid; cholesterol

Fats, oils, waxes, and sterols are all composed only of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are known as a class of molecules called ______. In plants and animals, these types of molecules are synthesized from ______.

lipids; carbohydrates

At least two or more different ______ are required to form a copolymer.

monomers

The small repeating units used to synthesize polymers are called ____

monomers

All nucleotides are composed of three segments, a _____ base, a pentose sugar, and a _____ group.

nitrogen; phosphate

A polymer that is produced in very large quantities and that does not readily decompose when disposed of in a landfill is ______.

plastic

A fatty acid that contains only single bonds between its carbon atoms is called a(n) ______ fatty acid. In contrast, a fatty acid that contains one or more double bonds between its carbon atoms is called a(n) ______ fatty acid.

saturated; unsaturated

The root of the word monomer means ______.

single

Polymers that can be softened and reshaped when heated are called ____ polymers.

thermoplastic

The double bond(s) in unsaturated fatty acids cause the interactions between neighboring molecules to be ____ than those in saturated fatty acids. For this reason, unsaturated fatty acids are typically at _____ room temperature, whereas saturated fatty acids are typically ______ at room temperature.

weaker; liquids; solids