Physics Chapter 11 - ALL IN ONE
The difficulty of taking a photograph of an atom with light is
-Unwanted diffraction -that atoms are smaller than wavelengths of light
How many shells are represented in the presently known periodic table?
7
Who first explained Brownian motion and made a convincing case for the existence of atoms?
Albert Einstein
What is a mixture? Cite two examples
Atoms pressed together without bonding: air and salt and sand
What is a mixture? Cite two examples.
Atoms pressed together without bonding: air and salt and sand
Where were the atoms that make up a newborn infant "manufactured"?
Atoms were "manufactured" in the stars that exploded in the origin of the universe, before the Sun and Earth came into existence. Depending on the weight of the atoms, lighter ones were created deep within stars, while heavier ones were formed in the implosion and explosion of supernovas.
What are the five most common elements in humans?
C, H, O, N, and Ca
What are the five most common elements in the universe?
C,H,O,N,Ca
What causes dust particles and tiny grains of soot to move with Brownian motion?
Collisions with invisible molecules
What kind of attraction pulls electrons close to the atomic nucleus?
Electric
Which of the following are negatively charged?
Electrons
The atoms that constitute your body are mostly empty space, and structures such as the chair you're sitting on are composed of atoms that are also mostly empty space. So why don't you fall through the chair?
Electrons in one atom repel the electrons in another atom. The same goes for the positively charged nucleii. Repulsion increases rapidly as the nucleii get closer to each other. Also, solid material molecules are held together by various kinds of bonds. These bonds (chemical) would need to be broken to pass through. This would require a significant amount of energy!
Since atoms are mostly empty space, why don't we fall through a floor we stand on?
Electrons in one atom repel the electrons in another.
Which of these atoms has the largest number of neutrons in the nucleus?
Gold
What is the evidence that dark matter exists?
Gravitational forces with galaxies are too great to be accounted for with ordinary matter.
An important feature of atoms is that they __________.
Have wave properties
What element has the lightest atoms?
Hydrogen
What element has the lightest atoms? What is the most abundant element in the known universe?
Hydrogen
What is the most abundant element in the known universe?
Hydrogen
Which of the following is an element?
Hydrogen
Where in the atom is most of its mass concentrated? What is this mass composed of?
In the nucleus as protons and neutrons
Are most of the atoms around us younger or older than the Sun?
Most are older than the Sun?
Where did the heaviest elements originate?
Nuclear fission in supernovas
What element results if two protons and two neutrons are ejected from a radium nucleus?
Radon
What did Robert Brown see under the microscope?
Specks of dust moving around
If you place a Styrofoam cup on the table and a bunch of BBs move around it randomly, what will happen to the cup, and why?
The cup will move randomly in different directions because the BBs will exert unequal forces on the cup in different directions.
Compared with the energy it takes to separate oxygen and hydrogen from water, how much energy is released when they recombine?
The same amount of energy is released when they recombine?
Why can atoms be seen with an electron beam?
The wavelength of the electrons is smaller than an atom
What occurs when a proton and an antiproton meet?
They annihilate each other.
Which is NOT a compound?
air
Nuclei of atoms that make up a newborn baby were manufactured in
ancient stars
The periodic table of the elements is a list of
atoms
The number of atoms in a common water molecule is
three
A nucleon has the mass of
1 amu
Which contains more atoms?
1 kg of hydrogen
What is the molecular mass of a water molecule?
18 amu
How many atoms are in this carbohydrate molecule, C6H12O6?
24
If a gram of antimatter meets a kilogram of matter, the amount of mass to survive is
999 grams
What is the purpose of a model in science?
A model is an abstraction that helps us visualize and predict.
How does a molecule differ from an atom? Give an example.
A molecule is composed of two or more atoms bonded together: H2O.
What is meant by the term nucleon?
A proton or neutron.
Why can't atoms be seen with a powerful optical microscope?
Atoms are much smaller than a wavelength of light
What is a compound? Cite two examples?
Atoms of different elements with bonds between them: NaCi and H2O
What is a compound? Cite two examples.
Atoms of different elements with bonds between them: NaCl and H2O
You could swallow a capsule of germanium without ill effects. But, if a proton were added to each of the germanium nuclei, you would not want to swallow the capsule. Why?
Germanium, the apparently harmless element, has 32 protons (atomic number 32). Adding a proton to a germanium nuclei would give it properties of a 33 proton element- this happens to be Arsenic! As we know, Arsenic is poisonous.
How does one isotope differ from another?
It has a different number of neutrons.
How does the electric charge of a proton compare with the electric charge of an electron?
It is equal and opposite.
Who advanced the idea of atoms in the early 1800s
John Dalton
Who advanced the idea of atoms in the early 1800s?
John Dalton
How are most of the elements with nuclei heavier than those of hydrogen and helium formed?
Nuclear fusion in stars
Why aren't heavier elements much larger than lighter elements?
The larger positive charge in the nucleus pulls the electrons into closer orbits.
What does the atomic number of an element tell you about the element?
The number of protons in its nucleus
How does the approximate number of atoms in the air in your lungs compare with the number of breaths of air in Earth's atmosphere?
The numbers are about the same, 10^23
Why did the particles jiggle around?
The particles were struck by atoms, but unequally on different sides.
How do matter and antimatter differ?
When matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate in a flash of energy.
Somebody told your friend that if an antimatter alien ever set foot upon Earth, the whole world would explode into pure radiant energy. Your friend looks to you for verification or refutation of this claim. What do you say?
While the meeting of antimatter and matter would result in a transformation of radiant energy, the amount of matter reacting would only equal the amount of antimatter reacting. Thus, if the antimatter alien set foot on Earth, only an amount of Earth equal to the alien's mass would react and explode.
What is meant by the term nucleon
a proton or neutron
Atoms can be photographed by
both of these
Two protons removed from an oxygen nucleus result in
carbon
Which of the following statements is true?
chemical elements are made up of about 100 distinct molecules molecules form atoms that determine chemical properties of a substance molecules are the smallest subdivision of matter that still retain a substance's chemical properties (TRUE) a molecule is the smallest existing particle
The atomic masses of two isotopes of cobalt are 59 and 60. What is the number of protons in each? What is the number of neutrons in each? What is the number of orbiting electrons in each when the isotopes are electrically neutral?
cobalt-59, cobalt-60 = 27 protons each. Isotopes still have the same atomic number. 32 neutrons,33 neutrons. Subtract the protons from the isotope number to find the specific number of neutrons. (p+n=isotope#) 27 electrons each (matches proton #, which is again same for each)
Which is the lightest particle?
electron
The volume of matter is due mostly to its
electrons
The element gold contains
gold atoms
Which of the following is NOT a mixture?
granite beach sand cake air none of the above - NONE OF THE ABOVE
An important feature of atoms is that they _____
have wave properties
A pair of hydrogen nuclei fused together produces
helium
One neutron added to a helium nucleus results in
helium
Which of these has the greatest number of protons in its nucleus?
lead
Distinguish between mass number and atomic mass.
mass number is the number of nucleons; atomic mass is the total mass of an atom.
a granite block is mostly empty space because the atoms in the granite are
mostly empty space themselves
A granite block is mostly empty space because the atoms in the granite are
mostly empty space themselves.
The charge in the nucleus of an antimatter hydrogen atoms is
negative
The charge in the nucleus of an antimatter hydrogen atoms is _______
negative
The charge in the nucleus of an antimatter hydrogen atoms is __________.
negative
Which of the following are electrically neutral?
neutrons
If a nitrogen atom and a slightly heavier oxygen atom have equal kinetic energies, which has the greater average speed?
nitrogen
If no molecules in a body could escape, would the body have any odor?
no
mass number depends of the number of
nucleons in the nucleus
Although solid matter is mostly empty space, we don't fall through the floor because
of electrical forces
Your friend says that what makes one element distinct from another is the number of electrons about the atomic nucleus. Do you agree wholeheartedly, partially, or not at all? Explain.
partially. Another characteristic and distinguishes elements is the number of protons in one's nucleus (the atomic number)
Brownian Motion is caused by
particles larger than atoms bumping into them
Dark matter is considered to be
plentiful in the universe
Dark matter is considered to be ______
plentiful in the universe
Dark matter is considered to be __________.
plentiful in the universe
An element is distinct because of its number of
protons
Which is the smallest particle?
quark
What did Robert Brown see in his microscope?
random motions
What did Robert Brown see in his microscrope
random motions
Assuming all the atoms exhaled by Julius Caesar in his last dying breath are still in the atmosphere, we breathe in at least one of them each
single breath
Compared to the atoms that make up the body of an elderly person, the atoms that make up the body of a newborn baby are
the same age
compared to the atoms that make up the body of elderly person, the atoms that make up the body of newborn baby are
the same age
Which of these statements is true?
there are only about 100 different kinds of atoms that combine to form all substances
The number of atoms in a common water molecule is __________.
three
The number of atoms in common water molecule is ______
three
Which of the following elements has the most mass?
uranium
Which of these atoms has the greatest amount of electrical charge in its nucleus?
uranium
Which of these atoms has the greatest number of electrons?
uranium
The chance that at least one of the atoms exhaled in your previous breath will be inhaled in your next breath is
very high
Which of the following is NOT a compound?
water ammonia air salt - AIR
