PHYSIO 5

What are the main neurotransmitters involved with pathways for emotions and behavior? a. norepinephrine, dopamine, and adrenaline b. norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin c. epinephrine, melatonin, and serotonin d. epinephrine, melatonin, and adrenaline e. epinephrine, dopamine, and adrenaline

norepipnephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

What are the nourishing membranes that lie between the bony covering of the CNS and the nervous tissue? a. vertebrae b. ganglions c. meninges d. nerve roots e. glial cells

meninges

What are the immune defense cells of the CNS called? a. astrocytes b. interneurons c. oligodendrocytes d. microglia e. ependymal cells

microglia

What are the two major regulatory systems in the body? a. nervous system and urinary system b. endocrine system and urinary system c. nervous system and endocrine system d. circulatory system and endocrine system e. nervous system and circulatory system

nervous system and endocrine system

What are the two forms of amnesia? a. primary and secondary b. habituation and sensitization c. retrograde and anterograde d. major and minor e. cortical and subcortical

retrograde and anterograde

The only cranial nerve that does NOT arise from the brain stem is the ____________________ nerve.

vagus

What cranial nerve controls the act of chewing? a. mandibular nerve b. facial nerve c. vagus nerve d. trigeminal nerve e. abducens nerve

vagus nerve

In the spinal cord, what matter is organized into tracts? a. glial cells b. white matter c. grey matter d. pink mater e. ganglions

white matter

____________________ is the ability to direct behavior toward specific goals.

Motivation

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ____________________ lobe of the brain.

Parietal

____________________ are contractile cells that wrap around capillary endothelial cells throughout the body.

Pericytes

____________________ is the awareness of body position.

Proprioception

The primary areas of cortical specialization for language are Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

True

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? a. 8 b. 9 c. 10 d. 11 e. 12

12

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? a. 31 b. 32 c. 33 d. 34 e. 35

31

What is the estimated number of neurons in the brain? a. 850 million b. 8.5 billion c. 85 billion d. 850 billion e. 850 trillion

85 billion

The cortex has a default mode network that is most active when the mind wanders.

True

The latest technology for studying neurons is called optogenetics.

True

The prefrontal cortex is largely responsible for the so-called "executive" functions.

True

Afferent fibers carrying incoming signals from peripheral receptors enter the spinal cord through the ventral horn.

False

Information lost from short-term memory is temporary forgotten, but information in long-term storage is often forgotten permanently.

False

Slow-wave sleep occurs in three stages, each displaying progressively slower EEG waves of higher frequency.

False

The afferent division carries information away from the CNS.

False

The amygdala is especially important in processing inputs that give rise to the sensations of happiness and pleasure.

False

The basal nuclei play an important inhibitory role in sensory control.

False

The brain displays a degree of plasticity, which is an ability to genetically remodel in response to the demands placed on it.

False

The hippocampus is a prominent site where LTD takes place and is also crucial for consolidation of short-term memory.

False

The human brain is the consistency of tofu and typically weighs about eleven pounds.

False

The stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex because the only synapse in the reflex arc is the one between the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

False

The vegetative state is characterized by long sleep-wake cycles and detectable awareness.

False

Throughout the entire CNS, white matter consists mostly of densely packaged neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, in addition to most glial cells.

False

An example of a cranial reflex is constriction of the pupils of your eyes in response to bright light.

True

Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells.

True

Emerging evidence suggests that dyslexia stems from a deficit in phonological processing.

True

Ependymal cells line the internal, fluid filled cavities of the CNS.

True

Only the brain interstitial fluid (not the blood or CSF) comes into direct contact with the neurons and glial cells.

True

Prozac is an example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

True

Sensitization is defined as increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus.

True

Sleep is not accompanied by a reduction in neural activity, but rather by a profound change in activity.

True

The vestibulocerebellum is important for maintaining balance and controls eye movements.

True

What area of the brain is associated with language comprehension? a. Bloom's area b. the homunculus c. Broca's area d. the hypothalamus e. Wernicke's area

Wernicke's area

What receptors in the brain are blocked by caffeine? a. guanine receptors b. serotonin receptors c. dopamine receptors d. adenosine receptors e. norepinephrine receptors

adenosine receptors

What are the three functional classes of neurons in the nervous system? a. afferent, efferent, and interneurons b. brain, spinal, and peripheral c. incoming, outgoing, and transitional d. efferent, spinal, and motor e. afferent, peripheral, and sensory

afferent, efferent, and interneurons

____________________ amnesia is the inability to consolidate memory in long-term storage for later retrieval.

anterograde

The spinal canal ends (terminates) in rootlets called the ____________________.

cauda equina

The spinal cord is classified within what part of the nervous system? a. peripheral nervous system b. central nervous system c. primary nervous system d. secondary nervous system e. spinal nervous system

central nervous system

The ____________________ plays a role in planning and initiating voluntary activity by providing input to the cortical motor areas.

cerebrocerebellum

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed primarily by the ____. a. inner meninges b. nerve root ganglions c. arachnoid matter d. glial cells e. choroid plexuses

choroid plexuses

What is the name of the neural bridge connecting the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain? a. basal nuclei b. corpus callosum c. thalamus d. hypothalamus e. optic chiasm

corpus callosum

Each spinal nerve carries afferent sensory fibers from a particular region on the body surface called a(n): a. sensory region b. organ c. skin patch d. dermatome e. afferent zone

dermatome

The neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge is known as a(n) ____. a. input b. bit c. code d. modality e. engram

engram

What are the two forms of short-term memory? a. primary and secondary b. habituation and sensitization c. retrograde and anterograde d. major and minor e. cortical and subcortical

habituation and sensitization

The limbic system includes the amygdala, which is important for processing what emotions? a. happiness and joy b. lust and sexual drive c. empathy and sympathy d. fear and anxiety e. depression and stress

fear and anxiety

Where is Broca's area located? a. parietal lobe b. temporal lobe c. frontal lobe d. occipital lobe e. brain stem

frontal lobe

The limbic system is not a separate structure, but a(n) ____________________ system consisting of a ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem.

functional

Which brain waves are the fastest? a. gamma b. delta c. beta d. alpha e. cerebral

gamma

About 90% of the cells within the CNS are ____. a. neurons b. nerves c. connective tissue d. interneurons e. glial cells

glial cells

What compound binds to the AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors of the postsynaptic neuron? a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. norepinephrine e. adrenalin

glutamate

Basal nuclei consist of ____. a. sensory nerves b. grey matter c. white matter d. sacs of CSF e. glial cells

grey matter

What is the outer shell of the cerebral cortex called? a. grey matter b. white matter c. pink matter d. cerebral matter e. colossal matter

grey matter

What part of the brain plays an especially important role in declarative memories? a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum e. Broca's area

hippocampus

What area of the brain is most involved in directly regulating the internal environment (homeostasis)? a. pituitary gland b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. hyperthalamus e. pineal gland

hypothalamus

What part of the limbic system controls the increase of heart rate and respiratory rate, elevation of blood pressure, and diversion of blood to skeletal muscles? a. amygdala b. pineal gland c. hippocampus d. thalamus e. hypothalamus

hypothalamus

The storage capacity of the long-term memory bank is ____________________ (larger/smaller) than the capacity of short-term memory.

larger

Autonomic nerve fibers supplying cardiac and smooth muscle and exocrine glands originate at cell bodies found in the ____________________ horn.

lateral

What ascending spinal tract carries pain and temperature sensations to the brain? a. ventral spinothalamic b. dorsal spinocerebellar c. lateral spinothalamic d. ventral spinocerebellar e. vestibulospinal

lateral spinothalamic

The ____________________ cerebral hemisphere excels in logical, analytical, sequential, and verbal tasks, such as math, language forms, and philosophy.

left

What region of the brain is concerned primarily with motivation and emotion and is extensively involved in memory? a. limbic association area b. prefrontal cortex c. Broca's area d. Wernicke's area e. parietal association area

limbic association area

What components make up the brain stem? a. hindbrain, pons, and midbrain b. medulla, hippocampus, and midbrain c. medulla, pons, and midbrain d. cerebellum, hindbrain, and midbrain e. medulla, pons, and hippocampus

medulla, hippocampus, and midbrain

What lobe of the brain is situated most posteriorly (back of the head)? a. parietal b. occipital c. temporal d. posterior e. cerebral

occipital

In most people, the areas of the brain responsible for language ability are found in ____________________ hemisphere(s).

one; 1

What is the inner most CNS membrane? a. dura matter b. arachnoid matter c. inner meninges d. grey neurons e. pia matter

pia matter

The ____________________ association cortex is the part of the brain that "brainstorms" or thinks.

prefrontal

The major orchestrator of the complex reasoning skills associated with working memory is the ____________________ association cortex.

prefrontal

Storing long-term memories involves the synthesis of what new compounds? a. nucleic acids b. electrolytes c. sugars d. proteins e. steroids

proteins

Cortical areas that control output to skeletal muscles have a thickened layer V, which contains an abundance of large neurons known as ____________________ cells.

pyramidal

The motor cortex is activated by a widespread pattern of neuronal discharge, called the ____________________.

readiness potential

The neural pathway involved in accomplishing reflex activity is known as a(n) ____________________, which typically includes ____________________ basic components.

reflex arc; five, 5

A widespread network of interconnected neurons called the ____________________ runs throughout the entire brain stem and into the thalamus.

reticular formation

Storage of acquired information is accomplished in at least two stages: ____________________ memory and ____________________ memory.

short-term; long-term long-term; short-term

Based on varying distributions of several distinctive cell types, the cerebral cortex is organized into how many well-defined layers? a. six b. five c. four d. three e. two

six

Motor neurons belong to the ____________________ part of the peripheral nervous system.

somatic

The withdrawal reflex is an example of what reflex category? a. innate reflex b. conditioned reflex c. somatic reflex d. arm reflex e. spinal reflex

spinal reflex

What part of the cerebellum regulates muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movement? a. anterior cerebellum b. posterior cerebellum c. cerebrocerebellum d. spinocerebellum e. vestibulocerebellum

spinocerebellum

A delta rhythm in the brain is associated with deep ____________________ slow-wave sleep.

stage 4

The space between the arachnoid layer and the underlying pia mater, the ____________________ space, is filled with CSF.

subarachnoid

What are the three higher motor areas of the cortex that are involved in voluntary decision-making? a. muscle motor area, premotor cortex, and posterior occipital cortex b. supplementary motor area, presensory cortex, and posterior occipital cortex c. supplementary motor area, presensory cortex, and temporal cortex d. supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, and posterior parietal cortex e. muscle motor area, frontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex

supplementary motor area, premotor coretx, and posterior parietal cortex

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the ____________________ nervous system and the ____________________ nervous system.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The ____________________ serves as a "relay station" for preliminary processing of sensory input.

thalamus

How many functionally distinct parts does the cerebellum have? a. two b. three c. four d. five e. six

three