Physio Exam 1

Phagocytosis

- ingestion of large particles, bacteria, other cells or degenerating tissues -membrane receptors attach to the surface ligands of the particle, evaginates outward around entire particle as more membrane receptors attach to the particle ligands to form a vesicle -only certain cells WBC and some macrophaglia -AKA cell eating

Nucleus

-contains DNA, sends messages to the cell to grow, mature, replicate and die

homeostasis and reproduction

-generates new beings to the place of the dying -all body structures are designed to help maintain the automaticity and continuity of life

Endoplasmic Reticulum

-helps process molecules made by the cell and transports them

pinocytosis

-ingesting of molecules like proteins that form vesicles of ECF and particulate inside the cytoplasm -proteins attach to specialized protein receptors in a coated pit on the cell membrane - REQUIRES ATP AND CALCIUM -"cell drinking"

positive feedback

-initating stimulus causes more of the same, until that stimulus is resolved or removed -leads to instability and can cause vicious cycle and death

negative feedback

-initiating stimulus sends an afferent signal to the integration center which then sends an efferent signal to create a response - the initiating stimulus triggers a corrective pathway -creating stability

Mitchondria

-powerhouse of the cell -mitochondria (self-replicate) when demand for ATP increases cells with higher energy requirements will have more mitochondria -most oxidative reactions occur in the mitochondria

Regression of tissues

-remodeling of the uterus during the monthly cycle and following childbirth -remodeling of mammillary glands at the end of lactation -remodeling of muscle tissue

ATP is used to energize

-transport through membrane -synthesis proteins, purines, pyrimidines, lipids -mechanical work: muscle contraction, locomation

ECF transported through the body in 2 stages

1) movement of blood through the blood in vessels 2) movement of fluid in between the capillaries and the space between cells

Carbohydrates in cells

1-3%, nutrition, energy, dissolved glucose always present in ECF, glycogen

Extracellular fluid

1/3 of the body fluid, (internal environment

human body # of cells

100 trillion

how many organ systems are there

11

Intercellular fluid

2/3 of the body fluids contains potassium, magnesium, phosphates and intercellular proteins

RBC cell count

25 trillion (most numerous)

how many different genes in each cell

25,000

H2O in cells

70-85% dissolved substances, suspended particles, chemical reactions

purines in DNA

Adenine and Guanine

purines in RNA

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines in DNA

Cytosine and Thymine

what ions are in ICF?

Magnesium in the Ps (magnesium, phosphate, proteins, potassium)

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

ameboid movement

WBC, macrophages, fibroblasts, embryonic cell migration -protrusion of a pseudopodium from one end of the cell that reaches forward and hooks a new tissue using receptor proteins which pulls the cell forward. uses ATP

organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

organs

a group of tissues that work together for overall function of the organ

Feed forward control

a response made in anticipation of change that has not occured yet

cholesterol

affects permeability of membrane, helps control fluidity

protoplasm

all contents within the cell membrane

peripheral membrane proteins

attached to 1 surface, does not penetrate all the way through -often attached to integral proteins -acts as enzymes or controls the transport across a pore or channel

cardiovascular system

bicarbonate buffer system, help controls acid-base balance

Examples of postive feedback

blood clotting, childbirth, nerve action potentials

respiratory system

blood passes through the body, flows through the lungs, picks up oxygen in alveoli and rapidly diffuses into blood, blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2 and brought back to lung to be expelled to atmosphere

gastrointestinal tract

blood pumped by heart passes through the walls of the GI tract and absorbs dissolved nutrients from ingested food into the ECF of the blood

examples of negative feedback

body temperature, blood pressure, glucose regulation

parasympathetic

calms many body functions -digestion and waste elimination

muscle tissue

capable of contraction, form muscle system

Autolysis

cells is damaged beyond repair, the lysosomes burst open and let all the enzymes out that start breaking down all the macromolecules of the cell

what uses feed forward control

cerbellum

nervous tissue

conduct electrical impulses, form nervous system

autonomic nervous system

controls the visceral functions of the body

epitheial tissue

cover bodies surface and line internal organs, body cavities and passageways

Pyrimidines in RNA

cytosine and uracil

Proteins structure in cells

cytoskeleton, cilia, axons, fibrin

Cytoskeleton

determines shape of cells, participates in cell division, allows cell to move and provides a tract like system that directs the movement of the organelles within -formed by ribosomes in RER -actin filaments provide elastic support for cell membrane

Peroxisomes

detoxify harmful substances -contains 2 main enzymes: oxidase and catalase -breaks down alcohol

Components of the body

differentiated cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

lysosomes

digest microbes or material -contain hydrolytic enzymes- protease, nuclease, lipase -digestion of endocytosis vesicles -kills bacteria in ICF

proteins function

enzymes

secretory vesicles

enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters

clathrin

fibrillar proteins just under the surface of the cell membrane in the coated pit

glycolipids

form part of the glycocalyx, 1/10th of the lipids

Tissues

group of cells with related function

phospholipid bilayer

head component of the phospholipids- hydrophilic, polar and water soluble

carbohydrate function

helps cells hold onto water, immune reactions/antigen, negative charge repels other negatively charge molecules, attaches cells to each other, receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters

small nearly fixed points/ranges

hydrogen ion(pH), electrolytes: K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca+, Mg +

cell membrane function

hydrophobic barrier of the cell between ICF and ECF -governs interactions between cells -controls passage of material in and out of the cell -fat soluble substances diffuse freely across (O2, CO2, alcohol and steroid hormones)

lipids in cells

hydrophoic, phospholipids, cholesterol -forms cell membranes -triglycerides -energy storage

homeostasis protection

immune system -WBCs, thymus lymphatic system - integumentary system -skin,hair,nails, glands -covers cushion, regulates temp, excretes wastes, sensory interface barrier

2 compartments of ECF

interstitial and intravascular

Two types of fluid

intracellular and extracellular

endocytosis

large particles are brought into a cell by invagination of the plasma membrane which then buds off insides the cell in the cytoplasm to form a vesicle containing the ingested material

homeostasis

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

wide range set points/ranges

may move- body temp, blood pressure , blood glucose levels

nucleus membrane

membrane around the nucleus -composed of 2 separate bilayer membranes -outer membrane continuous with the ER, ribosomes, thousands of nucleus pores -inner membrane contain lamins that are imports for cell division

glycocalyx

membrane carbohydrate

Golgi apparatus

modifies packages and sorts material that arrive from the ER in transport vesicles

glycoproteins

most integral proteins are glycoproteins -proteoglycans: loosely attached to outer surface

integral membrane proteins

mostly glycoproteins, protrude through both sides of the membrane -channels/pores/carrier proteins, enzymes, receptors for water soluble hormones and neurotransmitters

proteins

mostly glycoproteins; makes up 55% of the cell membrane

chemotaxis

movement toward or away from certain chemicals

4 types of tissues

muscle, nervous, connective, epitheial

Homeostasis regulation

nervous system -rapid adapt and control -regulate muscular and secretory activity endocrine system -slower. long term adaptation and control -regulates metabolic functions, growth, reproduction

Nucleolus

no membrane -accumulates large amounts of RNA and proteins -specific DNA sequences in chromosomes cause RNA to be produced -enlarges when cell is making proteins

Renal system

passage of blood through the kidney, removes substances from the plasma besides CO2 that are not needed by cells

Intravascular Compartment

plasma (within blood vessels)

cell membrane aka

plasma membrane

ions in cells

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate

sympathetic

prepares body for physical activity, fight or flight -increased BP, reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tracts

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

process of emptying contents of a secretory vesicle outside the cell - Requires an influx of Ca++

gene expression

process of transcribing and translating DNA to proteins

what does feed forward control provide

provides adaptive control which in a sense is delayed negative feedback

autophagy

recycling of damaged organelles vesicle will form around the organelle and send it to the lysosome to be broken down

DNA to DNA

replication

example of feed forward control

secrete saliva in the mouth in anticipation of a meal

what ions are in ECF?

sodium, chloride,bicarbonate

interstital fluid

space between vascular and cells, filled with connective tissue

cells

structure for the body's tissues and organs -building blocks of the body -ingest nutrients and converts them to energy -synthesize substances

Physiology

study of structure, how things are actually working

ciliary movement

surfaces of respiratory airways and inside fallopian tubes -whiplike movements to create a wave to move fluid/mucus -NEEDS ATP, Ca and Mg! -flagellated movement is similar

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids -forms transport vesicles of newly synthesized materials

Rough ER

synthesizes proteins -destinations: membranes, lysosomes, cytoplasm, outside the cell

fatty acids

tail component of the phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic, non-polar, fat soluble

differentiated cells

the process during which young immature cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature form and function

automaticity

the quality or fact of being performed involuntarily or unconsciously as a reflex, innate process or ingrained habit

DNA to mRNA

transcription

RNA to protein

translation

connective tissue

widely spread cells and large amounts of intercellular matrix; connective tissue, bone,blood and cartilage