Physio Exam 3

In the absence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is A. lactic acid B. glucose-1-phosphate C. acetyl-CoA D. pyruvic acid

A. lactic acid

Which of the following is a key characteristic of steroid hormones? A. lipid soluble B. short half-life C. derived from amino acids D. nonspecific cellular receptors

A. lipid soluble

Which of the following is true regarding hormone binding to plasma proteins? A. It increases in the plasma clearance of the hormone B. It increases the half-life of the hormone C. It increases hormonal activity D. It is uncommon for steroid hormones E. It is uncommon for thyroid hormones

B. It increases the half-life of the hormone

The marking of an invading microbe with immunoglobulin G and complement to facilitate recognition is referred to as which of the following? A. Chemokinesis B. Opsonization C. Phagolysosome fusion D. Signal transduction

B. Opsonization

Neutrophils are capable of all of the following except which one? A. Diapedesis B. Phagocytosis of whole red blood cells C. Ameboid motion D. Production of proteolytic enzymes for digestion of bacteria

B. Phagocytosis of whole red blood cells

What causes the release of histamine in an allergic reaction? A. The binding of IgM to basophils B. The binding of IgE to mast cells C. The release of histamine by T helper cells D. The free radical stimulation of endothelial cells

B. The binding of IgE to mast cells

The complement system classical pathway which is activated by certain types of antibodies bound to antigen and is part of cell-mediated immunity. True False

False

what is gluose-dependent isulinotropic peptide (GLIP) secreted by?

K-cells of duodenum and proximal jejunum of the small intestine

what is the function of GLIP?

Stimulates insulin release Inhibits/decrease gastric acid secretion (enterogastrone)

Active immunity is acquired through immunization or actually having the disease. True False

True

Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to an injurious agent and occurs in two phases: the vascular phase and the cellular phase. True False

True

Adding the suffix -itis to the name of the involved tissue usually designates inflammation of an anatomic location. True False

True

B cells are primarily associated with humoral immunity. True False

True

B lymphocytes differentiate in the bone marrow. In the other hand, undifferentiated, immature T lymphocytes migrate to the thymus gland where they differentiate in T cells. True False

True

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. True False

True

Histamine, serotonin, cytokines, bradykinin, arachidonic acid, and platelet-activating factor are mediators of inflammation. True False

True

Infection and injury trigger inflammation, but signs and symptoms are produced by chemical mediators. True False

True

Lymphocyte CD4+ T or T helper cell is important to recognize the foreign antigens, activate the B-cells to produce antibody and also stimulate macrophages. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the CD4+ T lymphocytes. True False

True

Mast cell is a type of white blood cell derived from the myeloid stem cell which contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. It has an important role in allergy and anaphylaxis. True False

True

Passive immunity represents a type of immunity that is transferred from another source, such as in utero transfer of antibodies from mother to infant. True False

True

Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), Natural Killer cells, and dendritic cells are components of the innate immunity. True False

True

Substances that are foreign to the host and can stimulate an immune response from the innate and adaptive immunity are known as antigens. True False

True

T cells mature in the thymus and are active in cellular immunity. True False

True

The cardinal signs of inflammation are known as redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. True False

True

The cells primarily responsible for the tissue-building that occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing are fibroblasts. True False

True

The complement system is a contributor to both innate and adaptive immunity that requires sequential activation. Therefore, we consider the complement system as a component of the innate immune system. True False

True

The complement system is a contributor to both innate and humoral immunity that requires sequential activation. True False

True

The immune system has receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize structures on pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The PRRs are a key element of the innate immune system. True False

True

Toll-like receptors play a role in the pathogen recognition of innate immunity. True False

True

Wound healing involves inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. True False

True

what is the stimulus for release of gastrin ?

enteric nervous system parasympathetic NS (Ach) Physical distention (calcium, decaf coffee, and wine)

what stimulates the release of motilin?

fasting

what is the stimulus for release of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

fatty acids or monoglycerides proteins weak acids

what is the stimulus for release of pepsin?

food ingestion in general

where is bile stored?

gallbladder

what is the stimulus for histamine?

gastrin and Ach (parasympathetic)

what stimulates the release of trehalase?

trehalose (sugar)

what is sucrase released by?

small intestine

what is trehalase released by?

small intestine

what stimulates the release of somatostatin or GHIH?

stimulated by acid inhibited by Ach (parasympathetic)

what is the histamine function?

stimulates acid secretion

what is gastrins function>

stimulates gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) trophic activity (growth of the mucosa of the stomach)

what is vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) released by?

stomac h mucosa and smooth muscle

what is histamine secreted by?

stomach

what is pepsin released by?

stomach

what is gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) or bombesin released by?

stomach mucosa

what is enkephalins (opioid) released by?

stomach mucosa and smooth muscle

what stimulates the release for sucrase?

sucrose

what is pepsin?

the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach

what is the function bile?

-alkaline fluid that aids digestion in general but specifically breaks down lipids and vitamins -acts as surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food -bile aggregates around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles -increasing surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase -it is the route of excretion for bilirubin -neutralization of excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum -bactericides

what is the function of enkephalins (opioid)?

-decreases GI-motility by inhibiting the release of Ach -increase of smooth muscle contraction -inhibition of ion and fluid secretion -constipation

what is the function of CCK?

-emptying of gallbladder -relaxes sphincter of Oddi -pancreatic exocrine -potent stimulator enzyme secretion -weak stimulator of bicarbonate secretion -inhibits gastric emptying -trophic effects-exocrine pancreas and gallbladder mucosa

what is the function VIP?

-relaxation from nerve terminals and acting locally on receptor-bearing cells

what is the function GRP?

-stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells of the stomach -regulates gastric acid secretion

Which one of the following is the main excitatory neurotransmitter to gut smooth muscle? A. Acetylcholine B. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide C. Noradrenalin D. Substance P E. Vasoactive intestinal peptide

A. Acetylcholine

An example of neuroendocrine secretion is the release of which of the following? A. Adrenaline B. Cortisol C. Growth hormone D. Prolactin E. ACTH

A. Adrenaline

Most of the gastrin released after a meal is from which structure? A. Antrum B. Colon C. Duodenum D. Ileum E. Jejunum

A. Antrum

Cortisol and glucagon have similar effects on which of the following? A. Blood glucose concentration B. Protein synthesis in muscle C. Glycogenolysis D. Glucose uptake in peripheral tissues

A. Blood glucose concentration

7. An 87-year-old farmer has a breakfast of eggs, bacon, ham, grits with cheese, fried potatoes, biscuits with syrup, buttermilk, and coffee. Which of the following hormones is released by the presence of fat and protein in the small intestine and helps decrease gastric emptying? A. Cholecystokinin B. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide C. Gastrin D. Motilin E. Secretin

A. Cholecystokinin

A 20-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 2-week history of diarrhea after a trip out of the country. He is admitted to the hospital for dehydration. His stool specimen is positive for parasitic eggs. Which type of white blood cells would be elevated? A. Eosinophils: become active in parasite infection and allergic responses B. Neutrophils: early responder cells, 55% of all WBCs (most abundant) C. T lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity D. B lymphocytes: humoral immunity E. Monocytes: released from bone marrow into bloodstream where they migrate into tissues and mature into macrophages and dendritic cells

A. Eosinophils: become active in parasite infection and allergic responses

Which of the following hormones increases hepatic glycogenolysis and promotes gluconeogenesis? A. Glucagon B. Cortisol C. Growth hormone D. Insulin

A. Glucagon

Which of the following are incorrectly paired? A. Glucagon and increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle B. Growth hormone and increased plasma glucose concentration C. Epinephrine and increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle D. Glucagon and increased gluconeogenesis E. Cortisol and increased plasma glucose concentration

A. Glucagon and increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle

The secretion of which of the following pituitary hormones is controlled by both a hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormone? A. Growth hormone B. Adrenocorticotropin hormone C. Prolactin D. Follicle-stimulating hormone E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A. Growth hormone

A deficiency in which of the following would result in an inhibition of the inflammatory response? A. Histamine B. Helper T cells C. B cells D. Vitamin K

A. Histamine

A man consumes a meal high in calcium. Which of the following would be an appropriate compensatory response to the postprandial changes in plasma [Ca2+] concentration? A. Increased calcitonin secretion B. Decreased calcitriol secretion C. Increased renal Ca2+ reabsorption D. Increased formation of 1,25-(OH)2D3

A. Increased calcitonin secretion

A patient is administered cortisone (cortisol) for the treatment of an autoimmune disease. Which of the following is most likely to occur? A. Increased insulin secretion B. Increased growth hormone secretion C. Hypoglycemia between meals D. Increased cortisol secretion

A. Increased insulin secretion

Which of the following is not a direct effect of parathyroid hormone? A. Increased intestinal Ca2+ and phosphate absorption B. Increased renal Ca2+ reabsorption C. Increased renal production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 D. Increased Ca2+ and phosphate resorption from bone E. Decreased renal phosphate reabsorption

A. Increased intestinal Ca2+ and phosphate absorption

Which of the following statements about the absorptive state is NOT correct? A. Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue and liver. B. Anabolic processes exceed catabolic processes. C. Insulin is released. D. Stops glycogenolysis and enhances glycogenesis.

A. Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue and liver.

Which of the following are incorrectly paired? A. Insulin and increased gluconeogenesis in liver B. Epinephrine and increased glycogenolysis in muscle C. Glucagon and increased glycogenolysis in liver D. Cortisol and decreased glucose uptake in muscle

A. Insulin and increased gluconeogenesis in liver

Select all that is true about the somatostatin hormone: A. It is released by hypothalamus, stomach, small intestine and pancreas B. also called Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) C. is inhibited by the parasympathetic NS D. is stimulated by gastric acid E. induces motilin release

A. It is released by hypothalamus, stomach, small intestine and pancreas C. is inhibited by the parasympathetic NS D. is stimulated by gastric acid

Which of the following sets of hormonal responses would be expected in a subject chronically maintained on a low sodium diet? A. Plasma [Aldosterone] ↑; Plasma [Cortisol] ↔ B. Plasma [Aldosterone] ↑; Plasma [Cortisol] ↑ C. Plasma [Aldosterone] ↔; Plasma [Cortisol] ↑ D. Plasma [Aldosterone] ↔; Plasma [Cortisol]↔

A. Plasma [Aldosterone] ↑; Plasma [Cortisol] ↔

Cortisol and growth hormone are most DISSIMILAR in their metabolic effects on which of the following? A. Protein synthesis in muscle B. Gluconeogenesis C. Glucose uptake in peripheral tissues D. Lipolysis E. Plasma glucose concentration

A. Protein synthesis in muscle

Which of the following are components of the innate immune system? A. Skin, natural killer cells, gastric acid, alternative pathway of complement B. T lymphocytes, integrins, plasma cells, immunoglobulin D C. Endothelial glycocalyx, Fc receptors, major basic protein, MHC class II D. Mast cells, immunoglobulin E receptors, thrombin, perforin E. B lymphocytes, basophils, dendritic cells, granzyme B

A. Skin, natural killer cells, gastric acid, alternative pathway of complement

During prolonged exercise, T3 _______, while T4 _________. A. decreases; plateaus B. decreases; increases C. increases; decreases D. plateaus; increases

A. decreases; plateaus

Select all that is true about the Ghrelin hormone: A. fasting is the main stimulus B. is released by the adipose tissue C. acts in the hypothalamus stimulating the production of neuropeptides, mainly the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) D. decreases after meals E. increases of the secretion of growth hormone (GH) F. inhibits the insulin release and the actions of insulin G. decreases glycogenesis H. decreases with exercise, stress, and adrenaline I. is associated with the increase of glucagon and testosterone

A. fasting is the main stimulus C. acts in the hypothalamus stimulating the production of neuropeptides, mainly the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) D. decreases after meals E. increases of the secretion of growth hormone (GH) F. inhibits the insulin release and the actions of insulin G. decreases glycogenesis I. is associated with the increase of glucagon and testosterone

Which of the following is both synthesized and stored in the hypothalamus? A. Antidiuretic hormone B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone C. Luteinizing hormone D. Somatostatin E. Somatomedin

D. Somatostatin

While both the nervous and endocrine systems are critical for communication and coordination of body systems, the endocrine system responds more A. slowly but has longer-lasting effects B. quickly but has longer-lasting effects C. slowly but has shorter-lasting effects D. quickly but has shorter-lasting effects

A. slowly but has longer-lasting effects

Select all that is true about the Enteric Nervous System: A. the sensory neurons communicate directly to the plexus in the GI system, creating a response independently of the central nervous system B. is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system C. the excitatory neurons are acetylcholine, substance P, serotonin D. is stimulated by the parasympathetic NS E. is inhibited by the sympathetic NS

A. the sensory neurons communicate directly to the plexus in the GI system, creating a response independently of the central nervous system B. is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system C. the excitatory neurons are acetylcholine, substance P, serotonin D. is stimulated by the parasympathetic NS E. is inhibited by the sympathetic NS

what are the stimulus for release?

Activated by gastric acid in the duodenum (pH <4.5) to neutralize the pH and ensure no damage is done to the small intestine. Fatty acids in duodenum

Which of the following would not be expected to increase aldosterone secretion? A. Hemorrhage B. A high sodium diet C. An acute increase in plasma [angiotensin II] D. A chronic increase in plasma [angiotensin II] E. A chronic increase in plasma [potassium]

B. A high sodium diet

What occurs following presentation of antigen by an infected cell? A. Generation of antibodies B. Activation of cytotoxic T cells C. Increase in phagocytosis D. Release of histamine by mast cells

B. Activation of cytotoxic T cells

A child who is being evaluated for an immune deficiency fails to make antibody to tetanus toxoid or pneumococcal vaccine, but shows normal cell-mediated immunity as indicated by a positive skin test (swelling and redness) to a commonly encountered environmental antigen. This child has an abnormality of which cell lineage? A. T cells B. B cells C. Monocytes/macrophages D. Dendritic cells

B. B cells

At high concentrations, gastrin shares multiple effects with which gastrointestinal peptide? A. Bombesin B. Cholecystokinin C. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide D. Secretin E. Motilin

B. Cholecystokinin

Which of the following leads to a decrease in salivary flow? A. Chewing B. Fear C. Nausea D. Smooth objects in the mouth

B. Fear

A 24-year-old woman drinks one cup of decaffeinated coffee with no sugar or cream. Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is most likely to be elevated before entry of coffee into the duodenum? A. Cholecystokinin B. Gastrin C. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide D. Motilin E. Secretin F. None of the above

B. Gastrin

A 28-year-old medical student consumes a cheeseburger, fries, and chocolate shake. The meal stimulates the release of several gastrointestinal hormones. The presence of fat, carbohydrate, or protein in the duodenum stimulates the release of which hormone from the duodenal mucosa? A. Cholecystokinin B. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide C. Gastrin D. Motilin E. Secretin

B. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

Which of the following is true regarding white blood cells? A. Granulocytes released from the bone marrow usually spend 10 to 20 days in the blood before entering the interstitial tissues B. Granulocytes are normally formed only in the bone marrow C. There are more granulocytes in the bone marrow than in the entire circulation D. The concentration of neutrophils in the blood is half the concentration of lymphocytes

B. Granulocytes are normally formed only in the bone marrow

Which of the following would not be expected in the presence of high plasma levels of growth hormone? A. Increase muscle mass B. Increased fat deposition C. Increased ketosis D. Increased plasma [glucose] E. Increased plasma [IGF-I]

B. Increased fat deposition

Which of the following is an example of paracrine hormonal regulation? A. Corticotropin releasing hormone: adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone: cortisol secretion C. Somatostatin: growth hormone secretion D. Somatostatin: glucagon secretion E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone: thyroxine secretion

D. Somatostatin: glucagon secretion

__________ are the exogenous or endogenous substances that produce fever. A. receptors B. pyrogens C. infection

B. pyrogens

A 45-year-old man consumes a meal consisting of 20% fat, 50% carbohydrate, and 30% protein. The following gastrointestinal hormones are released at various times over the next 6 hours: gastrin, secretin, motilin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and cholecystokinin. Which of the following structures is most likely to release all five hormones in this man? A. Antrum B. Colon C. Duodenum D. Esophagus E. Ileum

C. Duodenum

Gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide are secreted from endocrine cells located in which of the following structures? A. Antrum B. Colon C. Duodenum D. Fundus E. Ileum

C. Duodenum

Which of the following factors have a direct action on the parietal cell to stimulate acid secretion? A. Gastrin NO Somatostatin NO Acetylcholine YES Histamine YES B. Gastrin YES Somatostatin NO Acetylcholine NO Histamine YES C. Gastrin YES Somatostatin NO Acetylcholine YES Histamine YES D. Gastrin YES Somatostatin YES Acetylcholine YES Histamine YES E. Gastrin YES Somatostatin YES Acetylcholine NO Histamine YES A B C D E

C. Gastrin YES Somatostatin NO Acetylcholine YES Histamine YES

An oral glucose load is cleared from the circulation more rapidly compared with an intravenous glucose load. This interesting phenomenon can be attributed to the actions of which hormone? A. Cholecystokinin B. Gastrin C. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide D. Motilin E. Secretin

C. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

Basophils share functional and morphological characteristics with which one of the following? A. Monocytes B. Macrophages C. Mast cells D. Myelocytes

C. Mast cells

Which phagocytic cell type leaves the bloodstream soon after an inflammatory response is initiated and accumulates in large numbers at sites of infection? A. B lymphocyte B. Basophil C. Neutrophil D. Eosinophil E. Macrophage

C. Neutrophil

Which of the following hormones is anabolic on muscle protein at physiological concentrations but is catabolic at very high levels? A. Insulin B. Growth hormone C. Testosterone D. Thyroxine

D. Thyroxine

Which of the following hormones accounts for changes in skin pigmentation? A. Cortisol B. Growth hormone C. Somatostatin D. Adrenocorticotropin hormone E. Luteinizing hormone

D. Adrenocorticotropin hormone

The pH of the gastric contents is lowest under which condition? A. After a fatty meal B. After a high protein meal C. After a starchy meal D. Between meals

D. Between meals

Which product of macrophages contributes to increased production of granulocytes by the bone marrow? A. ICAM-1 B. P-selectin C. Bradykinin D. GM-CSF

D. GM-CSF

The stimulatory effects of gastrin on acid secretion are mediated in part by gastrin-induced secretion of which of the following substances? A. Acetylcholine B. Amino acids C. Gastrin-releasing peptide D. Histamine E. Somatostatin

D. Histamine

Which of the following increases growth hormone secretion? A. Senescence B. IGF-I C. Somatostatin D. Hypoglycemia E. Exogenous growth hormone administration

D. Hypoglycemia

Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones can stimulate both gastric motility and intestinal motility? A. Cholecystokinin B. Gastrin C. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide D. Motilin E. Secretin

D. Motilin

How long do monocytes/macrophages remain in the tissue? A. Several minutes B. Several hours C. Several days D. Several months to years

D. Several months to years

what is the function of leptin?

Decrease appetite, and stimulates satiety Increase Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

what stimulates the release of ghrelin?

Direct effect: Fasting Indirect effect: Exercise, Stress, Adrenaline, Glucagon, Testosterone, GH

what stimulates leptin?

Direct: After food intake Indirect: Obesity (leptin resistance), Insulin resistance, Infection, Inflammation

The nervous system is directly involved in the release of which of the following gastrointestinal hormones? A. Gastrin NO Cholecystokinin NO Secretin NO GLIP NO Motilin NO B. Gastrin NO Cholecystokinin NO Secretin YES GLIP YES Motilin YES C. Gastrin NO Cholecystokinin YES Secretin YES GLIP NO Motilin NO D. Gastrin NO Cholecystokinin YES Secretin YES GLIP YES Motilin NO E. Gastrin YES Cholecystokinin NO Secretin NO GLIP NO Motilin YES F. Gastrin YES Cholecystokinin NO Secretin YES GLIP YES Motilin YES G. Gastrin YES Cholecystokinin YES Secretin NO GLIP YES Motilin NO H. Gastrin YES Cholecystokinin YES Secretin YES GLIP NO Motilin NO A B C D E F G H

E. Gastrin YES Cholecystokinin NO Secretin NO GLIP NO Motilin YES

Which of the following is critical for stimulating bicarbonate excretion from the pancreas? A. Acetylcholine B. Cholecystokinin C. Gastric inhibitory peptide D. Gastrin E. Secretin

E. Secretin

Which of the following factors inhibit gastric acid secretion? A. Somatostatin NO Secretin YES GIP YES Enterogastrones YES Nervous Reflexes NO B. Somatostatin NO Secretin YES GIP YES Enterogastrones YES Nervous Reflexes YES C. Somatostatin YES Secretin YES GIP NO Enterogastrones YES Nervous Reflexes YES D. Somatostatin YES Secretin YES GIP YES Enterogastrones NO Nervous Reflexes NO E. Somatostatin YES Secretin YES GIP YES Enterogastrones YES Nervous Reflexes YES

E. Somatostatin YES Secretin YES GIP YES Enterogastrones YES Nervous Reflexes YES

what stimulates the release of GLIP?

Food in general (macromolecules) Glucose, lipids, proteins

what is gastrin released by?

G cells in antrum of stomach and duodenum of small intestines

what is the function of secretin?

Helps regulate the pH of the duodenum by:Inhibits gastric acid secretion from the parietal cells of the stomach (enterogastrone) Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion Stimulates bile secretion by the liver. The bile emulsifies dietary lipids in the duodenum so that pancreatic lipase can act upon them. Stimulates pepsin secretion (pepsin is the main digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins) Trophic effect on exocrine pancreas

what is cholecystokinin (CCK) released by?

I-cells in duodenum and jejunum of small intestine

Match with the correct word: IgM IgG IgE IgA A. represents around 10% of the total immunoglobulin in the blood. It is the first antibody to be produced by the developing fetus. It is prominent in early immune responses. B. is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood. Capable of crossing the placenta. It is prominent in late immune responses. C. is involved in parasitic infections, allergic, and hypersensitivity reactions. D. is the second most common immunoglobulin in the blood. It protects mucosa. It is transferable via breast milk.

IgM A IgG B IgE C IgA D

what is the function of somatostatin or GHIH?

Inhibits release of all gut hormones inhibits acid secretion by inhibits gastrin release

what is motilin released by?

M-cells of duodenum and proximal jejunum of the small intestine

what is secretin released by?

S-cells of duodenum of small intestine

what is the function of ghrelin?

Signaling of hypothalamic centers that regulates food intake and energy balance Stimulates appetite Growth hormone (GH) release Increases lipolysis, amino acids uptake, and gluconeogenesis; decreases glucose uptake, and glycogenesis. Act on areas of the brain involved in reward processing such as the amygdala

what is the function of motilin?

Stimulate the production of pepsin that will stimulates upper G.I. motilityAccounts for the migrating motility complex, "housekeeping contractions"

what is ghrelin released by?

Stomach Pancreas (weak)

what is somatostatin or GHIH released by?

Stomach, Duodenum (small intestine) and pancreas D cells

what is leptin released by?

White adipose tissueIn smaller amounts in the mammary gland, skeletal muscle, gastric epithelium and placenta

what is the function of carboxypeptidase?

breakdown proteins

what is the function of alpha amylase?

breaks down carbohydrate

what is the function lactase?

breaks down carbohydrates

what is the function maltase?

breaks down carbohydrates

what is the function of amylase?

breaks down carbohydrates

what is the function of lipase-colipase?

breaks down lipids

what is the function of phosolipase A2?

breaks down lipids

what is the function of alpha dextrinase?

breaks down of dextrins (sugar)

what is the function of trehalase?

breaks down of trehalose (sugar)

what is the function of pepsin?

breaks down protein

what is the function of elastase?

breaks down proteins

what is the function of trypsin?

breaks down proteins

what the function of amino oligopeptidase?

breaks down proteins

what is the function of sucrase?

breaks down sucrose (table sugar)

what is the function lingual lipase?

breaks down triacylglycerols (lipids)

what stimulates release of amylase?

carbohydrates

what stimulates the release of lactase?

carbohydrates

what stimulates the release of maltase?

carbohydrates

what is the stimulus for release of alpha amylase?

chewing, food in the mouth

what stimulates the release of cholesterol esterase?

cholesterol

what is the function of cholesterol esterase?

control the bioavailability of cholesterol

what stimulates the release of alpha dextrinase?

dextrins (sugar)

what is amino oligopeptidase released by?

intracellular enzyme

what stimulates the release of lipase-colipase?

lipids

what stimulates the release of phosolipase A2?

lipids

what is the stimulus for release of GRP?

the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, this then stimulates the G cells to release gastrin

what stimulus for release of enkephalins (opioid)?

pain diarrhea

what is carboxypeptidase released by?

pancreas

what is chymotrypsin released by?

pancreas

what is elastase released by?

pancreas

what is pancreatic lipase-colipase released by?

pancreas

what is phosolipase A2 released by?

pancreas

what is trypsin released by?

pancreas

what is cholesterol esterase released by?

pnacreas

what is alpha dextrinase released by?

small intestine

what is lactase released by?

small intestine

what is maltase released by?

small intestine

what stimulates the release of amino oligopeptidase?

proteins

what stimulates the release of carboxypeptidase?

proteins

what stimulates the release of chymotrypsin?

proteins

what stimulates the release of elastase?

proteins

what stimulates the release of trypsin?

proteins

what is the stimulus for release of VIP?

released from nerve terminals and acting locally on receptor-bearing cells

what is alpha amylase released by?

salivary glands

what is amylase released by?

salivary glands

what is lingual lipase released by?

salivary glands

what is bile released by?

secreted by the liver

what is the stimulus for release of bile?

secretin and cholecystokinin indirect: lipids, cholesterol, vitamins