Physio Final

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: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the terms to changes presented, assuming a resting membrane potential of -70 mV.

s may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. electrical polarization B. hyperpolarization C. depolarization D. repolarization E. more than one of the answers 43) to -50 mV from resting potential Answer: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) One substance has no membrane transporters to move it but can diffuse freely through open leak channels if there is a concentration gradient. Initially, this substance's concentrations in the filtrate and extracellular fluid are equal. Later, however, the active transport of Na+ and other solutes creates a gradient by removing water from the lumen of the tubule where it is located. What substance is this? A) glucose B) calcium C) urea D) glucose and calcium E) glucose, calcium, and urea

: C Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) In the medulla oblongata, the nucleus tractus solitarius contains the ________ of neurons. A) pontine respiratory group B) ventral respiratory group C) dorsal respiratory group D) pre-Botzinger complex

: C Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues. A) arteries B) veins C) capillaries

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 69) Fenestrated capillaries are present in A) skeletal muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) the liver. D) the spleen. E) skin.

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) If a person is bedridden for several days, the baroreceptor reflex may fail upon standing. Why? A) Blood pools in the feet and legs. B) There is reduced blood flow to the brain. C) The kidneys have reduced the blood volume. D) Blood pools in the feet and legs and there is reduced blood flow to the brain. E) All of the statements are correct.

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the A) muscular arteries. B) elastic arteries. C) arterioles. D) venules. E) veins.

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 72) Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception. A) increased sympathetic stimulation B) elevated levels of epinephrine C) vasodilation D) irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques E) factors that cause increased hematocrit

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 73) If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be A) 200 mm Hg. B) 100 mm Hg. C) 93 mm Hg. D) 80 mm Hg. E) 40 mm Hg.

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT A) nitric oxide. B) H+ ions from metabolic acids. C) Ca2+. D) K+. E) CO2.

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) medulla oblongata. D) pons variolli. E) hypothalamus.

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. A) nociceptors B) chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors D) elasticeptors

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) When calcium becomes available inside a cell, it comes from A) extracellular fluid only. B) intracellular storage only. C) extracellular fluid and intracellular storage. D) It is always available as a major cytosol cation.

: C Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) An ion widely important in intracellular signaling is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) cobalt.

: C Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) Smooth muscle cells lack which protein(s)? A) actin only B) myosin only C) troponin only D) tropomyosin only E) troponin and tropomyosin

: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) This protein is activated by the Ca2+-calmodulin complex to phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein. A) tropomyosin B) myosin heavy chain C) myosin light chain kinase D) myosin light chain phosphatase

: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) A change in smooth muscle cell tension in the absence of a change in electrical potential of the cells is described as a A) pacemaker potential. B) slow wave potential. C) pharmacomechanical coupling. D) electromechanical coupling.

: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) ACE converts A) renin to angiotensinogen. B) angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. C) angiotensin I to angiotensin II. D) angiotensin II to aldosterone. E) renin to aldosterone.

: C Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) "Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. hypothalamus 4. pons 5. medulla 6. thalamus A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 B) 1, 3, 5 C) 1, 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 2, 3, 5 E) 2, 3, 4, 5

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 23) The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 26) Inside the ganglia are interneurons, which modulate messages.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center? A) pons B) medulla C) amygdala D) hypothalamus

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 19) target receptor for preganglionic neurons

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 30) It contains cholinergic neurons.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 32) On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) An alien retrieved alive from a crashed UFO has had a thorough medical examination. A hormone with a distinct but similar structure to epinephrine has been isolated, and named ufo-epi. 47) If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist? A) constriction of respiratory tubes B) hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) C) increase in fatty acids in the blood D) localized sweating E) decreased heart rate

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 150) The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential: 1. sodium channels are inactivated 2. more voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 3. sodium channels regain their normal properties 4. a graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold 5. a temporary hyperpolarization occurs 6. sodium channel activation occurs 7. sodium ions enter the cell and further depolarization occurs The proper sequence of these events is A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1. B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 5, 3. C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5. D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5. E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) Which of the following will best increase the conduction rate of action potentials? A) Increase the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. B) Increase the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. C) Decrease the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. D) Decrease the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 155) Conduction occurs along an axon because A) outflow of K+ triggers the adjacent channels to open. B) inflow of Na+ triggers the adjacent channels to open. C) once Na+ enters the cell, the entire membrane depolarizes simultaneously. D) axonal transport "walks" voltage changes along the membrane.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) In the reaction shown, identify the role of each of the participants. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 A. enzyme B. substrate(s) C. product(s) 58) CO2 + H2O

: B Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) A molecule that loses electrons during a reaction is A) reduced. B) oxidized. C) dehydrated. D) hydrated.

: B Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) lipase

: B Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 53) dehydratase

: B Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) In an epithelium, the apical membrane is also known as the ________ membrane. A) basolateral B) mucosal C) serosal D) basement E) nictitating

: B Section Title: Epithelial Transport Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The most primitive nervous systems consist of structures known as nerve A) tracts. B) nets. C) webs. D) cords. E) mazes.

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which of these have the most advanced nervous system? A) flatworms B) segmented worms C) jellyfish D) sea anemones

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end. A) absorption, filtration B) filtration, absorption

: B Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately ________ of the total volume. A) 4/5 B) 1/5 C) 3/4 D) 1/2 E) 90%

: B Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 60) Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydraulic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case? A) -6 mm Hg B) 24 mm Hg C) 54 mm Hg D) 84 mm Hg E) 114 mm Hg

: B Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The primary route for ion loss from the body is the ________ system. A) respiratory B) urinary C) digestive D) integumentary E) cardiovascular

: B Section Title: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Shrinkage of hepatocytes in the liver causes them to cause which of the following? A) glycogen production only B) glycogen breakdown only C) protein synthesis only D) both glycogen production and protein synthesis E) both glycogen breakdown and protein synthesis

: B Section Title: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 20.12

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 20 Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 1) The primary route for water loss from the body is the ________ system. A) respiratory B) urinary C) digestive D) integumentary E) cardiovascular

: B Section Title: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 2) The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as A) the peritoneal cavity. B) the lumen. C) the extracellular space. D) the epidural space. E) the tract.

: B Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment. A) internal B) external

: B Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 3 Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues 1) When cancer develops in one tissue and spreads to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process? A) differentiation B) metastasis C) cytokinesis D) mutation

: B Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) decreased surface area for gas exchange

: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung disease to its description. A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edema 23) destruction of alveoli

: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) If the partial pressure of oxygen in both air and water is 100 mm Hg, then the concentration of the oxygen is the same in the air and water. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg. A) 40 B) 45 C) 50 D) 70 E) 100

: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A. increase B. decrease 31) increased PCO2

: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A. increase B. decrease 32) increased 2,3-DPG

: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A. increase B. decrease 29) increased temperature

: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) Air moves out of the lungs because A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. B) the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration. C) the thorax is muscular. D) contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the ________ diameter will be greater. A) larger B) smaller

: B Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would A) interfere with oxygen binding to hemoglobin. B) cause an increase in blood pH. C) increase the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood. D) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The variables of oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and blood oxygen content are unrelated. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to a plasma protein. E) carried by white blood cells.

: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs, A) the pH should be slightly acidic. B) the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature. C) the PO2 should be about 70 mm. D) DPG levels in the red blood cells should be high. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) A student in your lab volunteers to enter a hypoxic breathing chamber for 10 minutes, and his alveolar PO2 drops to 50 mm Hg. What other change would occur? A) decrease in arterial pH B) decrease in arterial PCO2 C) decrease in pH of cerebrospinal fluid D) increase in alveolar PCO2 E) hypoventilation

: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. What type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? A) negative feedback B) positive feedback C) local control D) nociceptive feedback

: B Section Title: Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 1.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) the organ or gland that performs the change

: B Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of basophils. This would indicate that the tissue was A) abscessed. B) inflamed. C) being rejected. D) infected by viruses. E) infected by multicellular parasites.

: B Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) Opsonins function by A) poisoning and killing invading cells. B) marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them. C) digesting invading cells directly. D) poisoning and killing invading cells and marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them. E) poisoning and killing invading cells, marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them, and digesting invading cells directly.

: B Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) All of the following are characteristics of acquired immunity EXCEPT A) cell-mediated immunity. B) nonspecific immunity. C) humoral immunity. D) adaptive immunity.

: B Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) The swallowing center in the brain, which coordinates the muscular reflexes, is located in the A) cerebrum. B) medulla oblongata. C) pons. D) cerebellum. E) hypothalamus.

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) Which of the following events does NOT occur when you swallow? A) Respiration is inhibited. B) The upper esophageal sphincter closes. C) The glottis and epiglottis close. D) The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid A) rich in enzymes. B) rich in bicarbonate. C) rich in bile. D) that contains only proteases. E) that contains only amylase.

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 104) stimulates bile release

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by A) the sight, thought, or smell of food. B) the entry of food into the stomach. C) the entry of chyme into the small intestine. D) the entry of chyme into the large intestine. E) the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Gastric Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Protein digestion begins here.

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Gastric Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 92) During defecation, A) stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate sympathetic centers in the spinal cord. B) stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord. C) stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate both sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord. D) the internal anal sphincter is consciously relaxed. E) the external anal sphincter contracts.

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) Diarrhea often accompanies intestinal infections. Why? A) The immune system increases the production of enzymes for added protection. B) Bacterial toxins enhance the secretion of KCl from the cells, which causes water movement into the intestine. C) Dehydration of the body will kill the bacteria causing the infection. D) Loss of electrolytes will kill bacteria.

: B Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 116) When you eat a large meal and your body absorbs a lot of glucose and that makes its way to the interstitial fluid before going into the cell. 100% of the glucose should be absorbed into the cell from the interstitial fluid. Why does nearly all of the glucose enter the cell, rather than only half of it? A) It is moved by active transport. B) It is modified by the cell, so there is still more glucose on the outside of the cell than inside it. C) Insulin forces glucose into the cell against a concentration gradient. D) The cells make ATP so fast, they use up all the glucose as soon as it enters the cell.

: B Section Title: Integrated Membrane Processes: Insulin Secretion Learning Outcome: 5.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) In order for a synapse to be an effective means of cellular communication, slow removal or inactivation of neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse is important. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs ) A) result in local depolarizations. B) result in local hyperpolarizations. C) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions. D) prevent the escape of potassium ions. E) prevent the escape of calcium ions.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) The neurotransmitter thought to be involved in learning and memory is A) norepinephrine. B) glutamate. C) acetylcholine. D) GABA. E) glycine.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as A) divergence. B) convergence. C) integration. D) saltatory conduction. E) potentiation.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone at the same time, what is most likely to occur? A) An action potential is fired off more quickly than usual. B) Nothing. They will cancel each other out. C) The cell becomes hyperpolarized. D) The cell becomes easier to excite. E) The cell dies.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) Spatial summation refers to A) electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space. B) multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously. C) repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other. D) suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are extra large. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs? A) spatial summation B) temporal summation C) inhibition of the impulse D) hyperpolarization E) decrease in speed of impulse transmission

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 161) Arrange the following events in the proper sequence: 1. Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 2. Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 3. Effector organ responds by performing output. 4. Integrating center reaches decision about response. 5. Sensory organ detects change in the environment. A) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 B) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 D) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to A) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. B) the Golgi complex for packaging. C) the lysosome for modification. D) the cell membrane for secretion. E) the nucleus for cellular use.

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of both types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the A) synthesis of biomolecules. B) storage of genetic material for the cell. C) transport of biomolecules. D) storage of biomolecules.

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Centrioles A) function as pipelines to move fluid through the cell. B) direct the movement of DNA during cell division. C) hold the cell's ribosomes in place. D) are white blood cells out of vessels. E) provide shape and stability to a cell.

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) microvilli D) lysosomes

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 118) Increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat content in your body can increase resting metabolism. Why is this? A) because doing so requires exercise and exercising burns calories B) because muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells, allowing for more energy to be made from sugar C) because adipocytes contain more cytoplasmic inclusions which slow down metabolism D) because fat cells have no blood supply and cannot carry nutrients to be metabolized

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 109) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following would be a likely product of these cells? A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein (peptide) hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) For each question, select the corresponding category: A. membranous organelle B. inclusion 125) ribosome

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) For each question, select the corresponding category: A. membranous organelle B. inclusion 126) cilium

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are A) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons. B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons. C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. D) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons.

: B Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 11.5

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 15 Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure 1) Fainting is also known as A) eclampsia. B) vasovagal syncope. C) infarction. D) reactive hyperemia. E) orthostatic hypotension.

: B Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) A competitive inhibitor binds to A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. B) the active site. C) the substrate. D) the product. E) the surrounding tissue.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) The active sites of enzymes are A) products of an enzymatic reaction. B) regions of an enzyme that are involved in bringing substrates together. C) bonds between the substrate and certain amino acids. D) not necessarily involved in a reaction.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Compartmentation refers to A) pairing together isozymes that perform similar reactions. B) grouping related enzymes into specific organelles. C) separating substrates into chemical classes. D) dividing metabolic reactions into groups for better understanding.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 99) Cells normally regulate the rate of an enzymatic reaction by A) raising their temperature to 110° F. B) changing the concentration of an enzyme. C) increasing reaction rate as the concentration of product increases. D) allowing all metabolic enzymes to be found throughout the cytoplasm.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) In order to slow generation of product from a particular biochemical pathway within a cell, the intermediates formed by that pathway A) are removed from the cell more quickly. B) accumulate inside the cell. C) are rapidly converted into. D) become toxic to the cell.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) What is the potential yield of ATP molecules for each FADH2 molecule entering the electron transport system? A) 1 B) 1.5 C) 2 D) 2.5 E) 3

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) When energy is released during catabolism, it is temporarily trapped in high energy bonds or electrons of certain compounds. Which of the following is NOT associated with carrying energy? A) ATP B) DNA C) NADH D) FADH2 E) NADPH

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) In the aerobic metabolism of glucose, ________ acts as the final electron acceptor. A) water B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) lactate E) ATP

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Why is there a range of 30-32 ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule? A) Sometimes the electron transport system is more efficient than other times. B) The NADH molecules produced during glycolysis are in the cytoplasm; occasionally, electrons are carried by the lower energy FADH2 instead of NADH. C) Individual variation is normal among cells. D) Any of these answers may work under different cellular conditions.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) Which of the following is a key intermediate of glucose catabolism to the citric acid cycle? A) ATP B) pyruvate C) oxygen D) lactate E) glucokinase

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) All of the triplet codes needed to produce exactly one functional piece of RNA are found in one A) chromosome. B) gene. C) codon. D) anticodon. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The process of forming mRNA is called A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) ribolation. E) protein synthesis.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The tRNA molecule contains the three-base sequence called the A) codon. B) anticodon. C) semicodon. D) aminocodon.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) The enzymes that synthesize mRNA from the start codon are called A) ribonucleases. B) RNA polymerases. C) DNA polymerases. D) ATP synthases. E) lactate dehydrogenases.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) In the absence of a signal sequence, a newly synthesized protein localizes to the A) mitochondria. B) cytoplasm. C) peroxisome. D) nucleus. E) plasma membrane.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 112) The template strand of DNA A) is not involved in mRNA synthesis. B) serves as a guide for mRNA synthesis. C) includes the base uracil. D) is alternatively spliced to generate the exon.

: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Down-regulation may allow a target cell to A) only increase its number of receptors for a ligand. B) only decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. C) only increase its binding affinity for a ligand. D) decrease the receptors' binding affinity and increase its number of receptors.

: B Section Title: Modulation of Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) In regard to lipids, the term unsaturated refers to A) the lack of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid. B) the presence of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid. C) the ring structure of steroids. D) glycerol, which acts as an anchor for joined fatty acids. E) fats, such as butter and lard, which come from animal sources.

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each class of biomolecules to the correct statement about it. A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. proteins D. nucleotides 60) Triglycerides and steroids are members of this group. As a class they are hydrophobic.

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. proton(s) B. neutron(s) C. electron(s) 43) This particle has a neutral charge and a mass of 1.

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) Which of the following are examples of cations? A) SO42- B) Ca2+ C) HPO42- D) HCO3- E) Cl-

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. proton(s) B. neutron(s) C. electron(s) 39) Isotopes of the same element differ by having different numbers of ________.

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 2 Molecular Interactions 1) Stanley Miller set out to demonstrate an explanation for the origins of organic molecules using a combination of simple organic molecules, heat and periodic burst of electricity through the mixture, ultimately producing what kind of molecules? A) carbohydrates B) amino acids C) lipids D) glycoproteins E) nucleic acids

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each bond type with its description. A. van der Waals B. ionic C. hydrogen D. covalent 53) This results when an atom has such a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom.

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) A double covalent bond is formed when atoms A) share one pair of electrons (a total of two). B) share two pairs of electrons (a total of four). C) swap two pairs of electrons. D) transfer a pair of electrons from one atom to the other. E) transfer two pairs of electrons from one atom to the other.

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Slow waves are A) cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. B) spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization. C) reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system. D) peristaltic contractions. E) segmental contractions.

: B Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the A) submucosal plexus. B) myenteric plexus. C) migrating motor complex. D) extrinsic neurons. E) motilin.

: B Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 98) In a 5% NaCl solution, A) this means there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of water. B) this means there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution. C) the solute is water. D) this means there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of water and there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution. E) this means there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution and the solute is water.

: B Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 141) If 100 mL of water contains 5 grams of NaCl, m.w. 58.5 daltons, what is the molarity of the solution in moles/L? A) 0.05 B) 0.85 C) 2.92 D) 0.085 E) 0.25

: B Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the ________ structure of a protein. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentanary

: B Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) Which of the following substances is most alkaline? A) lemon juice, pH = 2 B) urine, pH = 6 C) tomato juice, pH = 4 D) white wine, pH = 3 E) stomach secretions, pH = 1

: B Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) If a substance has a pH that is less than 7, it is considered A) neutral. B) acidic. C) alkaline. D) a buffer. E) a salt.

: B Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 105) In the equation CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-, which of these is an acid? A) HCO3- B) H2CO3 C) H2O D) CO2 E) H+

: B Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) What by-product results during the production of nitric oxide? A) arginine B) citrulline C) nitric oxide synthase D) carbon monoxide E) carbon dioxide

: B Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Detailed understanding of the cellular basis of signaling in the nervous system has led to good understanding of consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic nervous system. C) somatic motor division. D) peripheral nervous system. E) enteric nervous system.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Autonomic motor neurons are subdivided into the A) visceral and somatic divisions. B) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. C) central and peripheral divisions. D) visceral and enteric divisions. E) somatic and enteric divisions.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons that function in controlling A) reproduction. B) digestion. C) excretion, particularly urination. D) the skeletal system. E) the endocrine system.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as A) cells. B) organs. C) organelles. D) organisms. E) impossible to tell from the information given

: B Section Title: Organs Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 79) Water will always move from ________ areas to ________ areas, if there are no impermeable barriers. A) hyperosmotic, hyposmotic B) hyposmotic, hyperosmotic C) isosmotic, hyposmotic D) hyperosmotic, isosmotic

: B Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) Substances that readily dissolve in water and do not readily dissolve in lipids are A) hydrophobic and lipophobic. B) hydrophilic and lipophobic. C) hydrophobic and lipophilic. D) hydrophilic and lipophilic.

: B Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen

: B Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule. C) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle. D) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. E) the hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron.

: B Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them. 1. afferent arteriole 2. efferent arteriole 3. glomerulus 4. peritubular capillary A) 4, 2, 3, 1 B) 1, 3, 2, 4 C) 4, 3, 2, 1 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 3, 4, 2, 1

: B Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to A) provide sounds so that heart health can be monitored. B) ensure that blood flows in one direction. C) prevent blood from flowing too quickly. D) regulate blood pressure. E) provide the force for circulation.

: B Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Which of the following statements about hydrostatic pressure is NOT true? A) If a fluid is not moving, the pressure that it exerts is called hydrostatic pressure. B) Force is not equal in all directions. C) The lateral pressure component of moving fluid represents the hydrostatic pressure. D) Hydrostatic pressure does not include the dynamic component of a moving fluid. E) All of the statements are true.

: B Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Antibiotics are drugs that destroy or inhibit the growth of A) viruses. B) bacteria. C) multicellular pathogens such as hookworms. D) viruses and bacteria. E) viruses, bacteria, and multicellular pathogens such as hookworms.

: B Section Title: Pathogens of the Human Body Learning Outcome: 24.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the A) sweat glands. B) kidneys. C) liver. D) digestive system. E) spleen.

: B Section Title: Potassium Balance Learning Outcome: 20.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) What effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount of potassium ion in the urine? A) an increase in the amount of potassium in the urine B) a decrease in the amount of potassium in the urine C) no effect on the amount of potassium in the urine

: B Section Title: Potassium Balance Learning Outcome: 20.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) When a quantity is expressed as "4 cm/sec," what is being described is the A) flow rate. B) velocity of flow. C) pressure. D) pressure gradient. E) volume.

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 141) Joey develops a medical condition that decreases his blood viscosity. Assuming no other change (e.g., no compensatory reflex), what happens to his blood pressure?

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 142) When a blood vessel dilates, resistance through that vessel is ________.

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except one. Identify the exception. A) increased blood volume B) decreased vessel diameter C) increased blood pressure D) decreased peripheral resistance E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Which of the following will increase flow in a vessel the most? A) decrease length by 1 unit B) increase radius by 1 unit C) decrease viscosity by 1 unit D) All have the same effect on flow.

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 117) Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? A) doubling the length of a vessel B) doubling the diameter of a vessel C) doubling the viscosity of the blood D) doubling the turbulence of the blood E) doubling the number of white cells in the blood

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 146) Blood pressure decreases during sleep. How does this affect velocity?

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 148) If total cross-sectional area of blood vessels in an organ increases, what happens to velocity of blood through that organ?

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 145) When a blood vessel dilates, velocity of blood is ________.

: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) For the following questions, match the type of modulator with the best description below. A. involved in phosphorylation B. cannot be displaced by competition C. bind to proteins away from the active site D. reversible antagonist 70) irreversible antagonist

: B Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Which of the following is a common feature of soluble proteins? A) structural support B) noncovalent interaction C) receptor binding D) chemical modulation E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the descriptions to the correct protein category. A. fibrous B. globular 65) soluble in water

: B Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each level of protein structure with its description. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary 64) the spatial arrangement of amino acids; can be a helix or a pleated sheet

: B Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the descriptions to the correct protein category. A. fibrous B. globular 67) disulfide bond

: B Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the descriptions to the correct protein category. A. fibrous B. globular 68) lipid carriers

: B Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the membrane protein with its function. A. transfer signals from the extracellular environment to the cytoplasm of the cell B. form cell-to-cell connections C. bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell D. ligands bind to these proteins and are changed by the protein 27) structural proteins

: B Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by A) diffusion. B) symport with sodium. C) cotransport. D) countertransport.

: B Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium. A. transcytosis B. active transport C. symport with a cation D. passive reabsorption/diffusion 32) sodium

: B Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) The primary function of the proximal tubule is A) filtration. B) reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water. C) secretion of acids and ammonia. D) secretion of drugs. E) adjusting the urine volume.

: B Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) The typical pattern for molecules absorbed by Na+-dependent transport involves this: an apical ________ and a basolateral ________. A) facilitated diffusion carrier, osmotic gradient B) symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier C) symport protein, osmotic gradient D) osmotic gradient, symport protein E) facilitated diffusion carrier, symport protein

: B Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect A) the amount of bile produced by the liver. B) the composition of pancreatic secretions. C) the level of intestinal gastrin. D) secretions of the duodenal glands. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) If the neural connections between the pons and medulla are severed, breathing will stop. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) bicarbonate ion. D) sodium ion. E) hemoglobin.

: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The expiratory neurons control the ________ muscles, whereas the inspiratory neurons control the ________ muscles. A) diaphragm and external intercostal, abdominal and internal intercostal B) abdominal and internal intercostal, diaphragm and external intercostal C) diaphragm and internal intercostal, abdominal and external intercostal D) abdominal and external intercostal, diaphragm and internal intercostal E) diaphragm and abdominal, intercostal internal and external

: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A) decrease the rate of breathing. B) increase the rate of breathing. C) decrease pulmonary ventilation. D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E) increase the pH of arterial blood.

: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to A) decrease the temperature of the plasma. B) increase the partial pressure of oxygen. C) decrease the partial pressure of nitrogen. D) increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs. E) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.

: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases. B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases. C) pH rises. D) vessels constrict. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Reactive hyperemia is A) lack of blood flow due to an allergic reaction. B) increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. C) increased blood pressure after stress. D) reflex contraction of smooth muscle in response to stress. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 80) Which of the following is greater? A) heart rate normally B) heart rate during circulatory shock

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 82) Which of the following is greater? A) blood pressure when the peripheral vessels dilate B) blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 71) Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? A) doubling the length of a vessel B) doubling the diameter of a vessel C) doubling the viscosity of the blood D) doubling the turbulence of the blood E) doubling the number of white cells in the blood

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) Myogenic autoregulation means that A) increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel. B) stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively. C) blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. D) increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. E) stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body.

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) When blood pressure receptors sense a loss of blood pressure, they ________ their firing rate. A) increase B) decrease

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials A) very seldom. B) continuously.

: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? A) stomach B) pancreas C) spleen D) colon E) esophagus

: B Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it. A. enzymes B. HCl C. HCO3- D. mucus E. more than one of these 57) parietal cells

: B Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in A) a lower pH during gastric digestion. B) a higher pH during gastric digestion. C) decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells. D) increased protein digestion in the stomach. E) decreased gastrin production.

: B Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal? A) Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. B) Some cells lack the necessary receptors. C) Some cells are completely without receptors. D) Some cells are completely without ligands. E) Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target.

: B Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) When adenylyl cyclase is activated, A) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) protein kinases are metabolized. E) steroids are produced.

: B Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) Aldosterone A) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood. B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. C) helps decrease blood volume. D) increases the concentration of sodium in urine. E) functions in pH regulation.

: B Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Which of the following is NOT true about angiotensin II? A) increases cardiac output B) activates parasympathetic output C) is a potent vasoconstrictor D) elevates blood pressure E) stimulates thirst

: B Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) The RAAS pathway begins with A) secretion of angiotensin converting enzyme. B) secretion of the enzyme renin. C) secretion of angiotensinogen. D) secretion of aldosterone. E) secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

: B Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 25) The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 34) It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) Increased parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to release sweat. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) ________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells. A) All, norepinephrine B) Most, norepinephrine C) All, acetylcholine D) Most, acetylcholine

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 21) primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 27) The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion? A) preganglionic neuron B) postganglionic neuron C) somatic motor neuron D) preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron E) preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain. A) serotonin B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine E) glutamate

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) corpus callosum

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 52) playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous systems

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) relay station for transfer of information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; coordinates breathing control with other areas

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the cell membrane becomes less permeable. B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. C) the cell becomes inactive. D) the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell. A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus D) mitochondria E) nucleus

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) When adenylyl cyclase is activated, A) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) protein kinases are metabolized. E) steroids are produced.

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The medical term for heart attack is A) heart failure. B) myocardial infarction. C) heart murmur. D) fibrillation. E) heart block.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) In the condition known as complete heart block, what happens? A) Coronary arteries are blocked by plaques, preventing blood and oxygen from reaching the myocardial contractile cells. B) Electrical signals from the SA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles. C) The fibrous skeleton of the heart breaks down, interfering with the passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles. D) The mitral valve leaflets calcify and close, preventing blood from being pumped efficiently by the left side of the heart. E) Blood flow through the foramen ovale is blocked.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) The AV node is important because it A) directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria. B) delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting. C) serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart. D) electrically opens the AV valves. E) None of these answers are correct.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 122) Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart. 1. bundle of His 2. internodal pathway 3. Purkinje fibers 4. atrioventricular node 5. sinoatrial nodes 6. left and right bundle branches A) 5, 2, 1, 6, 4, 3 B) 5, 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 C) 4, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3 D) 3, 6, 1, 4, 2, 5 E) 5, 4, 1, 6, 2, 3

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) During the cardiac cycle, A) the P wave of the ECG occurs between the first and second heart sounds. B) the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure. C) the third heart sound occurs during atrial systole. D) the second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG. E) the greatest increase in ventricular pressure occurs during the ejection phase.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the name of the wave with the correlated event. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. PR segment E. ST segment 67) immediately followed by ventricular contraction

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to A) the depolarization of the atria. B) the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. C) the repolarization of the ventricles. D) atrial repolarization. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed A) bradycardia. B) tachycardia. C) an arrhythmia. D) fibrillation. E) a normal resting heart rate.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) In electrocardiography, a lead is a(n) A) electrode. B) pair of electrodes. C) cable that attaches between the ECG machine and the body.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle? A) Blood is ejected from the atrium. B) The SA node fires. C) The P wave develops. D) Ventricular systole occurs. E) Atrial systole occurs.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) Which of the following events result in the first heart sound? A) The AV valves open. B) The AV valves close. C) The semilunar valves close. D) The semilunar valves open. E) The atria contract.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole, A) the atria contract. B) the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. C) blood is ejected into the great vessels. D) the ventricles are relaxing. E) the ventricles are filling with blood.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the name of the wave with the correlated event. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. PR segment E. ST segment 70) ventricular depolarization

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 129) Left ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in the aorta during A) atrial systole only. B) ventricular diastole only. C) ventricular systole only. D) atrial systole and ventricular systole E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 124) If the connection between the AV node and bundle of His becomes blocked, A) the ventricles will beat faster. B) the ventricles will beat more slowly. C) the ventricular rate of contraction will not be affected. D) the stroke volume will increase. E) tachycardia will occur.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) The cardiac output is equal to A) the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume. B) the product of heart rate and stroke volume. C) the difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise. D) the stroke volume less the end-systolic volume. E) the product of heart rate and blood pressure.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) Drugs known as beta blockers will A) increase heart rate. B) decrease heart rate. C) increase stroke volume. D) increase cardiac output. E) decrease the end-systolic volume.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 132) A certain drug decreases heart rate by producing hyperpolarization in the pacemaker cells of the heart. This drug probably binds to A) nicotinic receptors. B) muscarinic receptors. C) alpha adrenergic receptors. D) beta receptors.

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 130) In which of the following situations would the end-systolic volume (ESV) be the greatest? A) when sympathetic stimulation of the heart is increased B) when parasympathetic stimulation of the heart is increased C) when the force of myocardial contraction is increased D) when the intracellular stores of calcium are increased E) when stroke volume is increased

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 133) Under which set of circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be the greatest? A) increased sympathetic stimulation B) decreased sympathetic stimulation C) increased parasympathetic stimulation D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation E) both increased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic stimulation

: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 83) A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response? A) cytotoxic T cells B) helper T cells C) suppressor T cells D) B lymphocytes E) plasma cells

: B Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of immunity to its description. A. specific B. nonspecific 59) present at birth

: B Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) Secreted lysozyme kills bacteria.

: B Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) NK cells cause apoptosis of viral-infected cells.

: B Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Alveolar ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

: B Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Type II alveolar cells A) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes. B) secrete a chemical known as surfactant. C) are phagocytic. D) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic. E) None of the statements are true.

: B Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following? A) nasal cavity B) lungs C) trachea D) larynx E) mouth

: B Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The resting membrane potential in a typical nerve cell is approximately A) +70 mV. B) -70 mV. C) +35 mV. D) -35 mV. E) 0 mV.

: B Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The ion that plays a key role in initiating electrical signals in neurons is A) K+. B) Na+. C) Cl-. D) Ca2+.

: B Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Cl- enters the cell

: B Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) Compared to the outside surface, the inside of a resting cell membrane is A) positively charged. B) negatively charged. C) electrically neutral. D) continuously reversing its electrical charge. E) positively charged whenever the sodium-potassium pump is active.

: B Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) to -90 mV from resting potential

: B Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the level of organization with its definition below. A. a collection of similar cells that carry out similar functions B. the smallest living unit C. a collection of different tissues that carry out related functions D. groups of organs functioning in a coordinated manner 22) cell

: B Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. What is the best source to begin your investigation? A) Google B) PubMed C) public library D) physiology textbook E) a physician

: B Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 34) A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

: B Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called what? A) double-blind study B) crossover study C) meta-analysis study D) retrospective study

: B Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of A) organs. B) nature. C) science. D) chemistry. E) math.

: B Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes A) the importance of a highly variable external environment. B) the physiological functions that promote an organism's survival. C) the ability of an organism to monitor and restore its internal state to normal conditions when necessary. D) the similarities between ancient and modern marine organisms. E) the parameters necessary to maintain a constant internal environment.

: B Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) corticospinal tracts

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) The term meaning programmed cell death is A) necrosis. B) apoptosis. C) oncogenesis. D) diuresis. E) cytocide.

: B Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 122) Only totipotent stem cells are capable of producing new cells in an adult. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called A) basolateral epithelium. B) endothelium. C) luteal cells. D) the vasa recta. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the organelle with its function. A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. mitochondria E. peroxisomes 70) It modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of cell junction with the best description. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all A. gap junction B. tight junction C. anchoring junction 72) contributes to the blood-brain barrier

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. A) transcellular B) paracellular C) metacellular D) transendothelial E) cisendothelial

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the cell type to its tissue or function. A. cartilage B. destroys bone matrix C. loose connective tissue D. fat E. maintains bone matrix 79) osteoclast

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 114) A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes A) interfacial canals. B) the basal lamina. C) the reticular lamina. D) areolar tissue. E) endothelium.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 129) This tissue actively and selectively regulates the exchange of nongaseous material, such as ions and nutrients, and can be regulated in response to various stimuli.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) What are the two extracellular fluid compartments in the body? A) intracellular and plasma B) plasma and interstitial C) interstitial and intracellular D) plasma and the fluid portion of the blood E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the transport process to its description. A. active transport B. passive transport 31) the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) conform(s) to the properties of specificity, competition, and saturation

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) tends to create an equilibrium state

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) a form of mediated transport

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) A cell membrane that is selectively permeable A) randomly chooses which substances will pass through. B) can change which substances pass through by changing its lipid and protein content. C) is impermeable to all substances but water. D) will only allow substances in or out if their concentration in the cell is above or below a certain point.

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of transport with its description. A. secretion B. paracellular transport C. transcellular transport D. absorption 39) between adjacent cells

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) The term cellular (metabolic) energy indicates any biological process requiring A) energy in any form. B) ATP. C) thermal energy. D) chemical energy. E) thermal energy and chemical energy.

: B Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 91) Bronchioles and systemic arterioles dilate.

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13

82) In the lungs, an example of the body's reserve capacity is that A) some areas of the lung can be closed off during rest and opened again when needed during exercise. B) capillary beds in the lungs are reversibly collapsible, allowing blood to be shunted to additional areas during exercise. C) pulmonary blood flow is completely under the control of the autonomic nervous system, dilating arteries and arterioles to adjust blood flow. D) All of the statements are true. E) None of the statements are true.

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of breathing with its description. A. hyperpnea B. hyperventilation C. tachypnea D. dyspnea E. apnea 86) increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 79) Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called A) eupnea. B) hyperpnea. C) diaphragmatic breathing. D) costal breathing. E) shallow breathing.

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity 46) the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume 40) the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

84) In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation? A) Ventilation would require less energy. B) Breathing would be labored and difficult. C) It would be easier to expand the lungs on inspiration. D) More air would be forced out during expiration. E) Tidal volume would increase.

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies register increased blood pressure, this results in A) secretion of ADH. B) inhibition of ADH secretion. C) increased glomerular filtration. D) decreased urine production. E) increased thirst.

: B Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in A) secretion of ADH. B) inhibition of ADH secretion. C) increased glomerular filtration. D) decreased urine production. E) increased thirst.

: B Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Osmoreceptors depolarize after they ________ in response to ________ plasma osmolarity. A) shrink, decreased B) shrink, increased C) swell, decreased D) swell, increased

: B Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Why do patients taking loop diuretics need to take supplemental potassium? A) They cause active secretion of potassium in the loop of Henle. B) They inhibit the reabsorption of potassium as well as sodium in the loop of Henle. C) They inhibit intestinal absorption of potassium. D) They cause active reabsorption of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule.

: B Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take? A) ACE inhibitor B) beta blocker C) calcium channel blocker D) diuretic

: B [Beta blockers will cause relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels (prompting dilation and decreased blood pressure). They cause contraction of smooth muscles in the airways, resulting in constriction of the respiratory tree and possibly wheezing and dyspnea.] Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 118) Explain how these statements differ, and identify which one(s) is/are correct. Explain what is wrong with each incorrect statement. Explain when chemical reactions continue and when they stop. A. A chemical reaction proceeds until the enzyme molecules are all consumed. B. A chemical reaction proceeds until the substrate molecules are all consumed. C. A chemical reaction proceeds until equilibrium is established. D. A chemical reaction proceeds until all the product molecules are removed.

: B and C are correct as written, but B requires some clarification. A is incorrect because enzyme molecules are not consumed in chemical reactions and will continue to be active until acted upon by environmental conditions (temperature, pH, or modifiers). B is correct only when the product is removed from the system. If the product remains, the enzyme will reach equilibrium where the ratio of substrate to product is constant (Correct Answer C). In D, if the product of the reaction is removed, the reaction would continue to proceed to form new product (assuming enzymes and substrates are available). Chemical reactions continue if conditions are favorable, including presence of substrate and enzyme and fairly constant temperature and pH. In living systems, most chemical reactions do not have a steady supply of substrate; for example, the chemical reactions of digestion will stop when the small intestine is empty. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) Vitamin ________ must be complexed with a protein called ________ to be absorbed from the small intestine.

: B12, intrinsic factor Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) Compare and contrast the nature of the pathogens in bacterial and viral infection.

: Bacteria are independent cells with DNA that can survive and reproduce outside a host. Viruses are not cells, but rather are small pieces of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat. Viruses can only survive and reproduce inside a host cell. Bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics. Viruses are treated with antiviral drugs. See Table 24.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Pathogens of the Human Body Learning Outcome: 24.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) Describe the physical protection afforded by the cerebrospinal fluid.

: Because the brain floats on CSF there is less weight and, therefore, less pressure on the blood vessels and nerves attached to the CNS. The fluid also pads the brain so it is less likely to hit the cranium and risk bruising when there is a blow to the head. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 127) When the kidney goes into failure, one of the signs that doctors will see is that red blood cells will crenate (shrivel up). Why does this happen in kidney failure? What process is occurring to the blood cells?

: Because the kidney is failing to filter particles out of the blood effectively, the plasma becomes hypertonic or hyperosmotic in comparison to the intracellular compartment of the blood cell. Since the cell membrane is impermeable to the ions, but permeable to water, water will leave the cell to try to balance the tonicity and osmolarity with the plasma and in the process the cell will shrink. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 114) List the key components of bile. Is bile action similar to the action of lipases? Explain.

: Bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol are the key components. Bile does not contain enzymes or have enzymatic action; rather bile emulsifies lipids so that lipases have sufficient access to their lipid substrates. Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 102) By binding to the Ca2+ channel proteins, drugs known as calcium channel blockers have two main effects. Name them. Why are some cells unaffected by these drugs?

: Binding to calcium channels makes them less likely to open, effectively blocking the normal inward calcium current that would result from neural or endocrine stimulation. This causes vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate. Insensitive tissues have a different subtype of calcium channel. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 229) Explain the roles that the AMPA and NMDA receptors play in long-term potentiation.

: Both AMPA and NMDA receptors are located on the postsynaptic cells (dendrites) and require binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate for activation. When glutamate binds to the AMPA receptor, the channel opens and Na enters the cell. This causes depolarization of the immediate postsynaptic cell or dendrite. This depolarization causes Mg2+ ions to be "kicked out" of the NMDA receptor channel; hence, Mg2+ is no longer acting as a channel blocker. If at the same time glutamate is bound to the NMDA receptor then the channel gate is open and Ca2+ enters the cell. The entry of Ca2+ triggers 2nd messenger pathways that results in an increase in the number of glutamate receptors inserted into the post-synaptic membrane. This increases the probability of an increase in the postsynaptic response or depolarization to glutamate that is referred to as long-term potentiation. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) Define implicit and explicit memory.

: Both are a type of long-term memory. Implicit or reflexive memory is automatic and does not require conscious effort. Examples are tasks that primarily involve motor skills such as writing or throwing a ball and the memory tasks typically stored at in large part in the cerebellum and the amygdala. Explicit or declarative memory requires conscious attention, using higher-level thinking skills. These memories can be communicated. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 117) What do virus-infected cells and cancer cells have in common, related to the type of immune response and its long-term effectiveness?

: Both are treated as altered self cells by the immune system, and both can undergo frequent mutation and thus can fail to be eliminated by the immune system. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 185) Compare and contrast Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

: Both insulate axons by creating myelin. Schwann cells, found in the PNS, are associated with a single axon. One axon may have many Schwann cells wrapped around it leaving small gaps of unmyelinated areas called nodes of Ranvier. Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and form myelin around portions of several axons. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport.

: Both involve binding of substrate to a carrier, but facilitated is passive, moving solutes down their concentration gradients, whereas active requires ATP and can move solutes against their concentration gradients. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 97) Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the immune response to bacterial and viral infection.

: Both pathogens are foreign and thus have antigens, therefore they each stimulate both branches of the immune response. The humoral response is more effective at eliminating bacterial infections than viral infections because bacteria typically do not have self antigens. The cell-mediated immune response is more effective at eliminating viral infections than bacterial, because viruses infect and therefore alter self cells, and it is altered self cells that stimulate cytotoxic T cells. Section Title: Pathogens of the Human Body Learning Outcome: 24.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 95) A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would A) result in the production of more viscous saliva. B) impair the lubricating properties of saliva. C) interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. D) eliminate the sense of taste. E) cause all of these effects.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Rugae, plicae, and villi are all features that accomplish A) secretion of enzymes. B) secretion of hormones. C) an increase in surface area. D) immune function. E) mechanical digestion.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) The myenteric plexus is A) a layer of circular smooth muscle. B) a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle. C) a network of neurons. D) the mucus secreting layer of the digestive tract. E) primarily composed of connective tissue.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 58) A patient with hay fever symptoms that have been going on for a couple weeks comes to your office to be treated for his hay fever. If a white blood cell differential count was performed, which leukocytes would likely be elevated? A) neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes B) monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils C) monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils D) lymphocytes, basophils, and neutrophils

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Precursors of macrophages, these cells are relatively rare in blood because they are actually in transit to some other site.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 86) Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This indicates A) the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes. B) lymph is not flowing through these lymph nodes. C) the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. D) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) ________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules located beneath the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Tonsils B) Adenoids C) Peyer's patches D) Immune complexes E) Lymph nodes

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the A) loop of Henle. B) proximal tubule. C) distal tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) blood vessels. B) lymphatics. C) the ureters. D) the urethra. E) All of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 53) Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the A) Bowman's capsule. B) distal tubule. C) collecting ducts. D) proximal tubule. E) glomerulus.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Cell membranes are said to be A) impermeable. B) freely permeable. C) selectively permeable. D) actively permeable. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT A) an increase in arterial resistance. B) a decrease in arterial diameter. C) a decrease in cardiac output. D) sympathetic stimulation.

: C Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the A) systemic pressure. B) mean arterial pressure. C) pulse pressure. D) blood pressure. E) circulatory pressure.

: C Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) Blood pressure is determined by A) measuring the size of the pulse pressure. B) measuring the pressure in the left ventricle. C) measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel. D) measuring the degree of turbulence in a closed vessel. E) All of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Declarative memories are stored in cortical areas of the ________ lobes. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) amygdala E) cerebellar

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) An enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts for a period of time from hours to weeks is called A) training. B) consolidation. C) long-term potentiation. D) synchronicity. E) synaptic plasticity.

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) temporal lobe

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in A) preventing overstretching of the cells. B) enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells. C) preventing tetanus. D) preventing fibrillation. E) regulating Ca2+ availability to the cells.

: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)? A) Ca2+ only B) K+ only C) Na+ only D) both Ca2+ and K+ E) both Na+ and K+

: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The sac around the heart is the A) peritoneum. B) pleural sac. C) pericardium. D) myocardium. E) epicardium.

: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following terms to the correct answer: A. tricuspid valve B. bicuspid valve C. aortic valve D. pulmonary valve 66) has three cuplike leaflets and has the aorta on one side

: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscle is the source of A) the contractile force for pumping. B) a hormone that indirectly regulates blood volume. C) the electrical signal that triggers heart contraction. D) receptors that trigger blood pressure reflexes. E) stem cells that repair damaged heart tissue.

: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 120) As a result of the long refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit A) tonus. B) treppe. C) tetany. D) recruitment. E) fatigue.

: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 78) Edema is likely to occur when A) the concentration of protein in the blood increases. B) hemorrhage occurs. C) the heart becomes an insufficient pump. D) blood hydraulic pressure at the capillary decreases. E) the blood hydraulic pressure in a capillary is equal to the blood osmotic pressure.

: C Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.11

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis 1) Cells that respond to signals are usually called A) responders. B) receivers. C) targets. D) contacts. E) junctions.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to A) the amplitude of the action potential. B) the length of the axon. C) the total number of action potentials. D) the amplitude of the graded potential.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The ion necessary to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) zinc.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) To increase the amount of neurotransmitter released onto a postsynaptic cell, the presynaptic cell would have to A) send action potentials with higher voltage (higher amplitude). B) send action potentials with longer durations. C) send action potentials with higher frequency. D) do nothing; no change is possible since the all-or-none law is in effect.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 167) Inhibition of neural activity can result from A) presynaptic events only. B) postsynaptic events only. C) presynaptic events and postsynaptic events.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 55) blocks secretion of pancreatic enzymes 56) blocks secretion of adrenal catecholamines 57) blocks urination 58) blocks sweating

55: B 56: A 57: B 58: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 224) The amplitude of an action potential depends in part on the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid. Stanley Student has carefully impaled a neuron with an intracellular electrode. He tests the role of extracellular sodium by changing the concentration in the bathing fluid and recording an action potential after each change. The data he generated are shown in the table, where amplitude listed is the peak amplitude of the action potential; make an appropriate graph. Conc. Sodium (mOsM) Amp. (mV) 100 90 120 91 140 92 160 94 180 96 200 100

: Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 141) A dehydrated patient needs a saline solution IV in order to be rehydrated. Unfortunately the hospital is poorly stocked with saline solutions. The nurse was asked by the doctor to mix up 1 L of a 0.45% saline solution using NaCl and distilled water. How would she do this? What is the osmolarity of this solution?

: 4.5 g NaCl into 950 mL of distilled water. Adjust the pH if necessary to 7.4, then add more distilled water, up to 1000 mL. × × × = 0.154 osmoles/L Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) Describe the distribution of water in the body's fluid compartments.

: 67% is intracellular. 33% is extracellular; of that 75% is in the interstitial fluid and 25% is in the plasma. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) The normal pH range for most body fluids is ________.

: 7.35 to 7.45 Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 99) A molecule of sucrose has a molecular weight of 342 daltons. How many grams of sucrose would be required to make one liter of a 2.5 Molar solution of sucrose?

: 805 grams (per liter). This is calculated by multiplying the amount of sucrose in one liter of a 1 molar solution (342 grams) times the molar concentration (2.5). 342 × 2.5 = 805 grams Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) A person who suffers from emphysema will exhibit signs of A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

: A Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) present in breast milk

: A Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Passive immunity is a type of ________ immunity. A) acquired B) innate

: A Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) Stem cells that will form B lymphocytes are found in the A) bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.

: A Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) unmyelinated, consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the A) choroid plexus. B) arachnoid villi. C) frontal sinuses. D) pia mater. E) ventricles.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) located at the ventral end of the cecum

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) organ that adds exocrine secretions to the duodenum via a duct

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The layer of loose connective tissue beneath the digestive epithelium is the A) lamina propria. B) muscularis mucosae. C) submucosa. D) submucosal plexus. E) myenteric plexus.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 57) A patient has elevated neutrophils and monocytes with normal levels of basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these test results? A) a chronic bacterial infection B) an acute viral infection C) an allergic reaction D) a fungal infection E) an autoimmune reaction

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) Estimated to reach populations of one trillion in normal adults, most of these cells reside in the lymphoid tissues of the body. These cells look quite similar to one another under the microscope, yet function very differently.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) The largest lymphoid tissue(s) is/are the A) spleen. B) thymus. C) GALT. D) lymph nodes. E) tonsils.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system include A) macrophages and monocytes. B) neutrophils and eosinophils. C) lymphocytes and plasma cells. D) macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. E) macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is partly attributed to a difference in A) lipid solubility. B) the type of receptor involved. C) ATP-dependence of drug transport. D) whether or not the drug mimics the hormone melatonin.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the A) loop of Henle. B) proximal tubule. C) distal tubule. D) vasa recta. E) minor calyx.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the ________. A) loop of Henle B) Bowman's capsule C) collecting duct D) vasa recta E) minor calyx

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it? A) portal system B) arterial shunts C) vascular sinuses D) veins containing highly oxygenated blood E) anastomoses

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) a cell wall B) a cell membrane C) plasma membrane D) plasmalemma E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because A) it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. B) it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. C) it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained. D) it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) pituitary gland. C) choroid plexus. D) pons. E) brain stem.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 75) When a puppy is scolded "No!" each time he chews on your ficus tree, eventually he learns to leave the tree alone. This type of learning is called A) associative. B) nonassociative. C) habituation. D) sensitization.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) parietal lobe

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) suprachiamatic nucleus. D) hypothalamus. E) corpus callosum.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed people. A) concentrated on the left B) concentrated on the right C) equally distributed between the left and right D) randomly located with respect to the left or right

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have A) unstable ion channels. B) permanently open channels for Na+ and K+. C) a net influx of Na+. D) L-type Ca2+ channels. E) prolonged Ca2+ influx.

: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 118) Which statement is NOT true regarding cardiac muscle? A) Cardiac muscle cells must obey the all-or-none law of contraction. B) Cardiac muscle cells rely on a sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage of Ca2+ ions. C) Calcium-induced calcium release is the process by which extracellular Ca2+ triggers the release of stored Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D) Intercalated disks contain both desmosomes for firm attachment and gap junctions to allow communication. E) The oxygen demand of cardiac muscle cells is high because they have many mitochondria.

: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes A) opening of L-type calcium channels. B) opening of ryanodine receptor calcium channels. C) activation of sodium-potassium ATPase. D) activation of NCX transporters. E) opening of HCN channels.

: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) The action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells, are due to a combination of increasing Na2+ ________ and decreasing K+________. A) influx, efflux B) efflux, influx C) influx, influx D) efflux, efflux

: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Autorhythmic cells A) are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat. B) are the same size as myocardial contractile cells. C) have organized sarcomeres. D) contribute to the force of contraction. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 121) Ivabrandine selectively blocks If channels in the heart. Which statement would be true concerning a patient who is taking this drug? A) The drug would slow down this individual's heart rate. B) This patient must have been suffering from bradycardia. C) This drug would decrease contractility of the patient's heart. D) This drug would raise the blood pressure of the patient. E) The amount of calcium entering the patient's heart cells would increase.

: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following terms to the correct answer: A. tricuspid valve B. bicuspid valve C. aortic valve D. pulmonary valve 63) an AV valve that has three flaps

: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the A) carotid artery. B) aorta. C) venae cavae. D) cerebral arteries. E) cephalic arteries.

: A Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Which type of synapse is most prevalent in the nervous system? A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radiative

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS usually act by opening ________ channels. A) Na+ B) K+ C) Cl- D) H+ E) Ca2+

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 152) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how are neurotransmitters affected? A) More molecules are released into the synapse. B) Different molecules are released into the synapse. C) Fewer molecules are released into the synapse. D) There is no effect-all signals are identical.

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 96) cells that create a selectively permeable epithelial layer to separate fluid compartments of the CNS

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 106) contribute(s) most to membrane surface area of cell

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 89) microglia

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 91) ependymal cells

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 92) astrocytes

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 99) cells that are a source of neural stem cells

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport are forms of ________ transport. A) fast B) slow C) Neither of these

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) oligodendrocytes

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) A damaged neuron has a better chance of survival and repair if the ________ is/are undamaged. A) cell body B) axon C) dendrites D) Schwann cells E) axon and dendrites

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 108) where most graded potentials originate

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) anterior pituitary

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary 16) lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) Permeability is a property of A) membranes. B) ions. C) solutes. D) solvents. E) proteins.

: A Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 117) If a 10% sucrose solution is separated from a 20% sucrose solution by a membrane impermeable to sucrose, in which direction will net movement of water occur? A) from the 10% sucrose solution to the 20% sucrose solution only B) from the 20% sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose solution only C) There will be no net movement of water in this case. D) from the 10% sucrose solution to the 20% sucrose solution and from the 20% sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose solution E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) Which of the following statements is true? A) Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+-glucose SGLT symporter. B) Fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport. C) Glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption. D) A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell. E) None of the statements are true.

: A Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Put the following steps of fat digestion and absorption in order: 1. Bile salts coat fat droplets. 2. Cholesterol is transported into cells. 3. Chylomicrons are formed. 4. Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system. 5. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles. 6. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats. A) 1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5 C) 2, 6, 5, 1, 3, 4 D) 6, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 110) blocks cholesterol absorption

: A Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) brush border

: A Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Bile is A) secreted by hepatocytes only. B) manufactured by the gallbladder only. C) released into the stomach only. D) secreted by hepatocytes and manufactured by the gallbladder. E) secreted by hepatocytes, manufactured by the gallbladder, and released into the stomach.

: A Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 137) In the body, 80% of all lymphocytes, a type of immune system cell, are thought to be present in the A) small intestine. B) large intestine. C) appendix. D) stomach. E) mouth.

: A Section Title: Digestive Function and Processes Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) Which is the correctly written Nernst equation? A) 61/z × log [ion]out / [ion]in B) 61/z × log [ion]in / [ion]out C) log 61/z × [ion]in / [ion]out D) log 61/z × [ion]out / [ion]in

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside? A) potassium B) sodium C) chloride D) calcium E) More than one of the answers is correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) In the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated Cl- channels open, A) Cl- ions enter the cell. B) Cl- ions leave the cell. C) the cell becomes depolarized. D) Cl- ions enter the cell and the cell becomes depolarized. E) Cl- ions leave the cell and the cell becomes depolarized.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 112) originate(s) on dendrites and cell bodies

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 115) size increases if stimulus strength increases

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) The term hyperkalemia specifically indicates too much potassium in which fluid compartment? A) blood B) intracellular C) interstitial D) extracellular E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once). A. graded potential B. action potential C. both 110) may be hyperpolarizing

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 113) can involve ion channels regulated by chemicals

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) All of the following must occur before a second action potential can begin, EXCEPT A) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments. B) the Na+ inactivation gate must open and the Na+ activation gate must close. C) the absolute refractory period must occur. D) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments; the Na+ inactivation gate must open; and the Na+ activation gate must close. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) The rising phase of the action potential is due to A) Na+ flow into the cell only. B) Na+ flow out of the cell only. C) K+ flow out of the cell only. D) K+ flow into the cell only. E) Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 143) How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-gated sodium channels remained inactivated? A) It would be longer than normal. B) It would be shorter than normal. C) It would be the same whether the channels remained inactivated or not. D) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. A) faster B) slower C) equal

: A Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) According to the second law of thermodynamics, A) the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy. B) entropy decreases in living systems that are not receiving energy. C) energy can be converted, but not be created nor destroyed. D) the total amount of energy in the universe never changes.

: A Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) carbonic anhydrase

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium, A) there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products. B) the reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate. C) the reaction has stopped. D) there are equivalent amounts of substrates and products.

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Isozymes A) are enzymes with slightly different structure that catalyze the same reaction. B) are enzymes with the same structure that catalyze different reactions. C) are inorganic molecules that bind to and thereby activate enzymes. D) are the inactive form of an enzyme.

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Enzymes increase reaction rate by A) lowering the activation energy of a reaction. B) increasing the free energy in the products. C) raising the activation energy of a reaction. D) converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) The rate of product formation by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction would be increased by A) adding more substrate molecules. B) adding more product molecules. C) reducing the number of enzymes. D) reducing the number of substrate molecules.

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) An example of transamination is A) removing an amine group from one molecule and binding it to a different molecule. B) removing an amino group and putting it into the bloodstream for the kidneys to discard. C) removing a phosphate group from a molecule. D) finding a brand new sports car in your driveway with your name on it.

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) An enzyme that adds or subtracts water molecules is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 52) dehydrogenase

: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 9 The Central Nervous System 1) The first multicellular animals to develop neurons were A) jellyfish and sea anemones. B) flatworms and sea urchins. C) segmented worms and sea horses. D) mollusks and sea stars. E) fish and sea monkeys.

: A Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) Which of the following statements about autoregulation is NOT true? A) Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes. B) Myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism. C) In tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch-sensitive ion channels open, resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells. D) In myogenic response, the macula densa cells send a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole.

: A Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 55) If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, A) stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow. B) the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow. C) the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure. D) the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow and the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure.

: A Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) The force for glomerular filtration is the A) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. B) osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries. C) fluid pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules. D) ATP-dependent processes in the nephron. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of A) urobilinogen. B) uric acid. C) urea. D) renin. E) bile.

: A Section Title: Functions of the Kidneys Learning Outcome: 19.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance

: A Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the A) concentration gradient. B) diffusion distance. C) membrane surface area. D) membrane thickness. E) electrical charge.

: A Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A. increase B. decrease 30) increased pH

: A Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) Air moves into the lungs because A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. B) the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration. C) the thorax is muscular. D) contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity. E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) Flow of air A) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases. B) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow decreases as the pressure of the system increases. C) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases. D) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Pressure and volume of gas in a container are related to temperature and number of gas molecules. This is known as ________ law. A) the ideal gas B) Boyle's C) Dalton's D) Henry's E) Ohm's

: A Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Which of the following would make the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right? A) increased H+ concentration B) increased pH C) decreased temperature D) decreased CO2 E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 60) Homeostatic control that takes place at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals is called ________. A) local control B) reflex control C) Cannon's law D) down-regulation

: A Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) the minimum stimulus to trigger a response

: A Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Hormones are not typically considered to be cytokines because hormones are ________ like cytokines. A) synthesized in advance and stored, not B) not peptides C) not effective in small amounts D) secreted into the blood, not E) secreted by cells, not

: A Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 79) Meghan thinks she has an abscessed tooth. If she does, what type of white blood cell would you expect to see in elevated numbers in a differential count? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) monocytes

: A Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Cytokines function by A) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells. B) poisoning and killing invading cells. C) digesting invading cells. D) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells and poisoning and killing invading cells. E) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells, poisoning and killing invading cells, and digesting invading cells.

: A Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the A) NK cells. B) plasma cells. C) B lymphocytes. D) helper T cells. E) suppressor T cells.

: A Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) Swelling and soreness of the lymph nodes indicate that A) immune cells are fighting infection. B) the immune system is incapable of working. C) dangerous cancerous changes are occurring in the immune system. D) too much or improper exercise has been undertaken. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Leukocytes recognize molecules that are unique to pathogens; thus, the molecules are A) pathogen-associated molecular patterns. B) pattern recognition receptors. C) toll-like receptors. D) phagosomes. E) antigens.

: A Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) Two hours before major surgery is to begin, the patient experiences "jitters," an elevated heart rate and blood pressure, increased rate of breathing, cold sweats, and an urge to urinate. These symptoms are the result of A) sympathetic activation. B) decreased levels of epinephrine in the blood. C) decreased activity of sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. D) increased parasympathetic activity. E) all of these mechanisms.

: A Section Title: Integrated Control of Volume and Osmolarity Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the structure to its function. A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine 51) Carbohydrate digestion begins here.

: A Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) Fat digestion begins here.

: A Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 94) In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of A) secretin rise. B) cholecystokinin fall. C) gastrin rise. D) enterocrinin fall. E) All of these answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the hormone with the correct statement. A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. motilin E. gastric inhibitory peptide 102) secreted by cells in the stomach

: A Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 97) In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid A) rich in enzymes. B) rich in bicarbonate. C) rich in bile. D) that contains only proteinases. E) that contains only amylase.

: A Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Chief cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) intrinsic factor.

: A Section Title: Integrated Function: The Gastric Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 163) The basis of neural integration is A) addition of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space. B) command signals from central pattern generators. C) spontaneous activity in pacemaker neurons. D) the area under the curve of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space.

: A Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) The thickest protein fibers from the following group are A) microtubules. B) neurofilaments. C) microfilaments. D) myosin molecules. E) keratin filaments.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ________ adipose (fat) cells. A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) The control center for cellular operations is the A) nucleus. B) mitochondria. C) Golgi complex. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) ribosomes.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Peroxisomes A) use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. B) are a type of lysosome. C) are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. D) are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. E) All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle except one. Identify the exception. A) lysosome B) cilia C) centriole D) ribosome E) cytoskeleton

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 110) In a pancreatic cell producing digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate A) rough endoplasmic reticulum. B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) For each question, select the corresponding category: A. membranous organelle B. inclusion 124) mitochondrion

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) For each question, select the corresponding category: A. membranous organelle B. inclusion 127) endoplasmic reticulum

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) For each question, select the corresponding category: A. membranous organelle B. inclusion 123) lysosome

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4, 2 D) 4, 3, 1, 2 E) 3, 1, 4, 2

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The term secretion refers to A) the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space for a particular use. B) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. C) the manufacture and assembly of a material. D) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. E) None of the answers describe secretion.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.6

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 17 Mechanics of Breathing 1) Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system? A) regulation of water balance B) regulation of pH balance C) protection against pathogens D) vocalization E) gas exchange

: A Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 17.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) An allosteric modulator binds to A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. B) the active site. C) the substrate. D) the product. E) the surrounding tissue.

: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 107) The protein in the mitochondria that captures the kinetic energy of moving H+ ions and converts it to the stored energy of ATP is called A) ATP synthase. B) lactate dehydrogenase. C) oxidative phosphorylase. D) glucokinase.

: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Following post-translational modification, any misfolded protein will be destroyed by A) ubiquitin. B) chaperones. C) methylation. D) ribonucleases.

: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Transcription occurs in the ________ of the cell. A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) Golgi apparatus D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) plasma membrane

: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) The TAC sequence of DNA is the ________ of a coding sequence that is preceded by the ________ that regulates transcription. A) start, promoter region B) start, intron C) stop, promoter region D) stop, intron

: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 114) If the enzyme RNA polymerase was completely inhibited within a cell, it could not A) form proteins. B) form complementary sequences of DNA. C) link pieces of DNA together. D) form spindle fibers. E) form a new nuclear membrane during cell division.

: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 110) Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence ATC yields A) UAG. B) TAG. C) UTC. D) ATC.

: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each class of biomolecules to the correct statement about it. A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. proteins D. nucleotides 57) Glucose and ribose are examples; these molecules provide energy or structure.

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. proton(s) B. neutron(s) C. electron(s) 41) This particle has a charge of +1 and a mass of 1.

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. proton(s) B. neutron(s) C. electron(s) 40) The identity of an element can be determined by the number of ________.

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) Polymers are a typical formation of ________ molecules. A) organic B) inorganic C) either organic or inorganic

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) The designation Ca2+ means A) calcium has space for two more electrons. B) calcium has gained two more electrons. C) calcium has space for two more protons. D) calcium has gained two more protons.

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each bond type with its description. A. van der Waals B. ionic C. hydrogen D. covalent 56) These are weak attractive forces between the nucleus of one atom and the electrons of another atom close by.

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) The most important polar molecule is ________ because it is practically a universal solvent. A) water B) bicarbonate C) sodium chloride D) magnesium sulfate E) nucleic acid

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) Which of the following elements combine to form nonpolar covalent bonds? A) carbon and hydrogen B) nitrogen and hydrogen C) sodium and chlorine D) hydrogen and oxygen E) carbon and chlorine

: A Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) ________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity. A) Interstitial cells of Cajal B) Intrinsic neuron cells C) Extrinsic neuron cells D) G cells E) Chief cells

: A Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) Which of the following statements is true about GI muscle contractions? A) Phasic contractions last only seconds and occur in the stomach and small intestine. B) Tonic contractions are sustained for minutes and occur in the small intestine. C) Cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are associated with fast wave potentials. D) Contractions of the smooth muscle do not depend on calcium. E) None of these statements are true.

: A Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 104) Only free H+ contributes to the hydrogen ion concentration. A) True B) False

: A Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 139) How many grams of glucose, m.w. 180 daltons, is necessary to make 1 liter of a 1.0 molar solution? A) 180 B) 360 C) 90 D) 6.02 × 1023 E) 1.0

: A Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) Lipids are hydrophobic, and do not usually dissolve in water. Because blood is water-based, the lipid cholesterol is combined with ________ so that it can be transported by blood. A) a hydrophilic molecule B) a hydrophobic molecule C) nothing; cholesterol is not transported in blood D) a cation E) an anion

: A Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The brain and spinal cord together compose the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic division system. C) somatic motor division of the nervous system. D) peripheral nervous system. E) visceral nervous system.

: A Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 76) The inside of a resting cell is slightly negative relative to the outside. This is an example of A) electrical disequilibrium. B) osmotic equilibrium. C) chemical disequilibrium. D) failed homeostasis.

: A Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each step in urine formation to its description. A. excretion B. filtration C. reabsorption D. secretion 28) movement from the nephron lumen to the external environment

: A Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which organ is NOT known to include a special portal system for blood? A) heart B) kidney C) liver D) brain E) All of these organs have portal systems.

: A Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Capillaries are best described as A) microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid. B) thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart. C) thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart. D) thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen. E) thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen.

: A Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from the A) digestive tract. B) liver. C) kidneys. D) spleen. E) pancreas.

: A Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 24 The Immune System 1) Which is NOT a pathogen? A) cancer B) hookworm C) athlete's foot fungus D) chicken pox virus E) meningococcus bacterium

: A Section Title: Pathogens of the Human Body Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) Which parameters are associated with increased resistance? A) reduced flow B) reduced friction C) increased blood vessel diameter D) decreased viscosity E) decreased length

: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 144) You suck milk through a 6-inch straw and through a 10-inch straw; the diameters are identical. Resistance is ________ in the 10-inch straw compared to the 6-inch straw.

: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 147) During fasting, some capillary beds in the digestive tract are closed and therefore have no blood flow. Others are open to meet the minimal need of the tract for blood flow. During eating and as long as food is present in the tract, all capillary beds open to flow. What happens to total cross-sectional area of vessels in the digestive tract?

: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 149) If total cross-sectional area of vessels in an organ remains the same but blood flow to that organ increases, what happens to velocity of blood?

: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) match the type of modulator with the best description below. A. involved in phosphorylation B. cannot be displaced by competition C. bind to proteins away from the active site D. reversible antagonist 71) covalent modulator

: A Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Cells regulate their level of activity by regulating the amount of proteins present in the cell at any given time, so an up regulation of enzymes would be expected to A) increase the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them. B) decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them. C) increase the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes. D) decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes. E) both decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them and decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes.

: A Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each level of protein structure with its description. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary 62) the sequence and number of amino acids in the chain

: A Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the descriptions to the correct protein category. A. fibrous B. globular 66) keratin

: A Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the descriptions to the correct protein category. A. fibrous B. globular 69) structural components

: A Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 106) Chemical reactions that occur in the human body proceed at a faster rate due to special catalytic molecules called A) enzymes. B) cytozymes. C) cofactors. D) activators. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) When an enzyme reaches its saturation point, A) the amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very high. B) the amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very low. C) the amount of product produced continues to increase. D) the amount of product produced by the enzyme decreases. E) the amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very low and the amount of product produced by the enzyme decreases.

: A Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) receptors

: A Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) small plasma proteins

: A Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall. A) is much higher than B) is slightly higher than C) is about the same as D) is slightly lower than E) is much lower than

: A Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 3) Which function(s) is/are NOT continuously regulated by the GI tract? A) absorption only B) motility only C) secretion only D) All 3 functions are regulated. E) None of the 3 functions are regulated.

: A Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) Reactive hyperemia is triggered by A) local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow. B) reflex contraction of smooth muscle following a period of dilation. C) stress and the hormones released during stress. D) toxins or allergens, such as bee venom or pollen. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 20) Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure. A) increases B) decreases C) has no effect on

: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnancy is known as A) preeclampsia. B) vasovagal syncope. C) infarction. D) reactive hyperemia. E) orthostatic hypotension.

: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? A) increases B) decreases C) is unchanged

: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 79) Which of the following is greater? A) blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases B) blood pressure when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases

: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) In the intestine, the epithelial cells have A) leaky junctions. B) tight junctions. C) electrical gap junctions.

: A Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) In the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ________. A) parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas B) the pancreas, parietal cells of the stomach C) parietal cells of the stomach, liver D) the liver, parietal cells of the stomach

: A Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Usually, cytokine binding activates A) JAK kinase. B) tyrosine kinase. C) intrinsic transducers. D) calmodulin kinase. E) citrulline kinase.

: A Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) The most important factor determining which type of receptor a signal molecule will bind to is A) the lipid solubility of the ligand. B) the size of the ligand. C) the size of the receptor molecule. D) the location of the receptor molecule.

: A Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 85) An important difference between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle is the A) numerous gap junctions in single-unit smooth muscle, which allow many cells to work together as a sheet. B) longer actin and myosin filaments in multiunit smooth muscle, which allow coordination of contraction. C) ability of single-unit fibers to change into multiunit fibers when advantageous. D) closely controlled individual fibers in single-unit smooth muscle to allow fine control and graded contractions by selective activation.

: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The calcium release channel in the smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum that is opened by increases in phospholipase C activity is the A) inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor channel. B) ryanodine receptor. C) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor. D) voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. E) Ca2+-ATPase.

: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Decreased ECF volume causes A) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase. B) parasympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase. C) the force of ventricular contraction to decrease. D) arteriolar vasodilation. E) sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase and arteriolar vasodilation.

: A Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume? A) They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity. B) They synthesize water molecules through increased metabolism to offset volume loss. C) They maintain a water-impermeable membrane. D) They add or remove aquaporins as needed.

: A Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called A) ACE inhibitors. B) beta blockers. C) calcium channel blockers. D) diuretics.

: A Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) adrenaline.

: A Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 24) Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 28) The ganglia are found in a chain that runs close to the spinal cord or along the descending aorta.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 33) It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the A) sympathetic division. B) parasympathetic division. C) craniosacral division. D) intramural division. E) somatomotor division.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 20) released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 29) It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 31) The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) Sweat glands contain A) cholinergic receptors. B) alpha receptors. C) beta receptors. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 49) The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor. A) agonist B) antagonist

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Perfusion is A) blood flow through an organ. B) the driving force behind blood flow. C) delivery of oxygen to cells. D) the connection between capillaries and other vessels. E) movement of blood through a shunt.

: A Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles A) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. B) allow blood to bypass capillary beds. C) have an endothelial lining. D) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls and allow blood to bypass capillary beds. E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction include all of these EXCEPT A) hunger. B) pounding heart. C) sweating palms. D) increased blood pressure. E) pupillary dilation.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 80) cerebral cortex

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) basal ganglia

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) limbic system

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the A) limbic system. B) basal nuclei. C) corpus callosum. D) reticular system. E) pons.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pituitary gland D) brain stem E) medulla

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) The brain area acknowledged as the center for emotions is the A) amygdala. B) hypothalamus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) pons. E) cerebellum.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 76) contains corticospinal tracts, the pyramids, and control centers for breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The majority of hormones in the body are A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) amino acid-derived hormones. D) neurohormones. E) All of the hormones are present in equal amounts in the body.

: A Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably A) a steroid. B) a peptide. C) testosterone. D) estrogen. E) aldosterone.

: A Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through A) gap junctions. B) tight junctions. C) chemical synapses. D) desmosomes.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it A) forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node. B) transmits electrical activity from the atria to the ventricles. C) helps guide the blood into the proper chambers in sequence. D) directs the flow of blood into the arteries.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 125) If a myocardial infarction results in the formation of scar tissue along the pathway of the left bundle branch, A) cardiac arrhythmias may occur. B) blood flow to the lungs will decrease. C) the ventricle will contract more forcefully. D) conduction through the left ventricle would remain normal. E) the right ventricle will fail to contract.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat A) ventricular fibrillation. B) atrial fibrillation. C) heart block. D) heart murmur. E) myocardial infarction.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) The P wave of an ECG corresponds to A) the depolarization of the atria. B) the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. C) the repolarization of the ventricles. D) atrial repolarization. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) During ventricular ejection, A) the ventricles are in systole. B) the QRS complex is just starting. C) the semilunar valves are closed. D) the AV valves are open. E) blood is forced into veins.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the name of the wave with the correlated event. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. PR segment E. ST segment 71) atrial depolarization

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle results in A) the formation of cAMP. B) decreased rate of contraction. C) decreased force of cardiac contraction. D) increased sensitivity to acetylcholine. E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with its definition. A. cardiac output (CO) B. heart rate (HR) C. end-diastolic volume (EDV) D. stroke volume (SV) E. end-systolic volume (ESV) 74) the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is A) cardiac output (CO). B) heart rate (HR). C) end-diastolic volume (EDV). D) stroke volume (SV). E) end-systolic volume (ESV).

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 138) Drugs known as calcium channel blockers can be used to A) decrease the force of cardiac contraction. B) increase blood pressure. C) constrict the coronary arteries. D) increase sympathetic stimulation of the myocardium. E) increase stroke volume.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 135) Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by A) just increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization. B) just increasing the permeability to Ca2+. C) just increasing the permeability to K+. D) just decreasing the permeability to Ca2+. E) increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+.

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 136) In which situation would the stroke volume be the greatest? A) when venous return is increased B) when venous return is decreased C) when the force of contraction is decreased D) when the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume is small E) when calcium channel blockers are present

: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) Antibodies in breast milk protect a newborn baby from pathogens.

: A Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Infected cells are killed by perforin and granzymes.

: A Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called A) elephantiasis. B) elephantitis. C) elephantosis. D) ascites.

: A Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 76) Malnutrition can cause edema because A) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis. B) interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. C) the resulting anemia increases blood pressure. D) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis and interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The motor end plate is A) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. B) the same as the neuromuscular junction. C) the same as the synaptic cleft. D) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. E) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

: A Section Title: The Motor Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

33) In the lungs, the A) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. B) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. C) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. D) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. E) blood flow rate and the blood pressure are the same as in other tissues.

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) The distance between the alveolar airspace and capillary endothelium is ________, allowing gases to diffuse ________ between them. A) short, rapidly B) long, rapidly C) short, slowly D) long, slowly E) None of the answers are correct-distance does not affect diffusion rate.

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) Total cross-sectional area ________ with each division of the airways. A) increases B) decreases C) does not change

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of diffusion of gasses? A) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium. B) Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant. C) Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur. D) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Ventilation is also known as A) breathing. B) inspiration. C) expiration. D) air conduction. E) blowing.

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Type I alveolar cells A) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes. B) secrete a chemical known as surfactant. C) are phagocytic. D) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic. E) None of the statements are true.

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) Blood vessels cover approximately ________% of the alveolar surface. A) 80-90 B) 10-20 C) > 90 D) < 10 E) 50

: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) any value other than 0 mV, regardless of relationship to resting potential

: A Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 85) The cell membrane acts as a good A) electrical insulator. B) electrical conductor. C) electrical gradient. D) source of ions.

: A Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is A) meta-analysis. B) retrospective analysis. C) prospective analysis. D) cross-sectional analysis. E) longitudinal analysis.

: A Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 32) You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What type of graph would be best to display this information? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

: A Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) "Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation is A) mechanistic. B) theological. C) teleological. D) metalogical. E) scatological.

: A Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) Which of the following is one of Cannon's "internal secretions"? A) hormones B) nutrients C) water D) inorganic ions E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ________ medicine. A) evidence-based B) traditional C) alternative D) whimsical E) holistic

: A Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) sensory fibers enter this part of the "H"

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) ventral horn

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) The term meaning a mitotic population of cells that persists into adulthood applies to A) stem cells. B) totipotent cells. C) apoptosis. D) nurse cells. E) gametocytes.

: A Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) Due to the fact that they divide frequently, epithelia are prone to the genetic mutations associated with cancer. A) True B) False

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 52) Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are A) endocrine glands. B) mixed glands. C) exocrine glands. D) unicellular glands. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the cell type to its tissue or function. A. cartilage B. destroys bone matrix C. loose connective tissue D. fat E. maintains bone matrix 77) chondrocyte

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. A) True B) False

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 117) Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels, and one surface of the cells faces the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably A) epithelium. B) muscle tissue. C) connective tissue. D) neural tissue. E) fat tissue.

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 130) These thin, flattened cells allow the rapid passage of O2 and CO2 through the cells of the lungs and of certain blood vessels.

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient

: A Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) the movement of molecules via proteins embedded in the cell membrane; requires ATP

: A Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Which of the following is a way for solutes in an aqueous solution to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration? A) only facilitated diffusion B) only osmosis C) only active transport D) both facilitated diffusion and osmosis E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) movement from the extracellular fluid into the lumen of an organ

: A Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) An increase in PCO2 would cause A) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate. B) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to constrict. C) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate. D) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to constrict. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 90) Arterioles: systemic constrict, pulmonary dilate.

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of breathing with its description. A. hyperpnea B. hyperventilation C. tachypnea D. dyspnea E. apnea 87) increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increased metabolism

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs collapse. E) expiration occurs.

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2

81) Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) have no effect on either the partial pressure or diffusion rate of gases.

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity 45) the sum of all the lung volumes

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume 43) the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 76) During normal expiration, A) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume. B) the internal intercostal muscles are required. C) the abdominal muscles become involved. D) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume and the internal intercostal muscles are required. E) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the internal intercostal muscles are required, and the abdominal muscles become involved.

: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) Caveolae and clathrin-coated pits are both used in A) endocytosis. B) exocytosis. C) phagocytosis. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Vesicular Transport Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) Pinocytosis and potocytosis are types of A) endocytosis. B) exocytosis. C) phagocytosis. D) endocytosis and exocytosis. E) exocytosis and phagocytosis.

: A Section Title: Vesicular Transport Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Dan has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result, you would expect to observe A) elevated ADH levels. B) decreased blood osmolarity. C) normal urine production. D) increased blood volume. E) cells enlarged with fluid.

: A Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) The osmolarity in the deepest part of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM. A) 1200 B) 100 C) 300 D) 900 E) None of these answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The hormone that directly controls water excretion by the kidneys is A) ADH. B) aldosterone. C) epinephrine. D) ANP. E) angiotensin.

: A Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the level of organization with its definition below. A. a collection of similar cells that carry out similar functions B. the smallest living unit C. a collection of different tissues that carry out related functions D. groups of organs functioning in a coordinated manner 23) tissue

: A Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 122) Explain what a concentration gradient is and how it assists a cell in doing its work.

: A concentration gradient is a difference in concentration of a particular molecule between the cytosol of a cell and the interstitial fluid. A concentration gradient represents potential energy because of the tendency of molecules to diffuse from areas of high to areas of low concentration. Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 115) Provide the basic physics definition of the term fluid. What is bulk flow relative to body compartments? What types of matter move by bulk flow? What is fundamentally different in the behavior of these types of matter?

: A fluid is a substance that flows. Bulk flow is movement of a fluid, usually within a body compartment. Liquids and gases are fluids, and they flow. Gases are compressible, but liquids are not. Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 89) Describe a lumbar puncture and explain its purpose.

: A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, samples the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space at the lower end of the spinal cord. This procedure is performed to sample the chemical environment of the brain and test for infection. An infection is indicated by proteins or blood cells found in the sample. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 206) A compound action potential is recorded using electrodes on a nerve. How does a nerve differ from an axon? Amplitude and duration of a compound action potential vary according to the stimulus intensity applied to the nerve. Given that there is no such variation in the action potential of a single axon, how can you explain this?

: A nerve consists of many axons. A regular action potential is produced by a single axon, whereas a compound action potential is recorded by equipment from a nerve when multiple axons are producing action potentials, and the voltages add together. Increasing stimulus intensity increases the number of axons contributing to the compound action potential. This is because different axons have different threshold voltages, so increasing the voltage stimulates a larger number of axons. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) Describe how a virus is eliminated in an immune response.

: A virus in the plasma may be eliminated due to antibody action (see the "Antibodies Have Multiple Functions" section in the chapter). Host cells containing viruses are killed by cytotoxic T cells, through the action of perforin, granzymes, and a "death receptor" all of which lead to apoptosis. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 137) How does the beta cell in the pancreas react to release insulin when glucose levels are low?

: ATP dependent potassium gates keep the insulin releasing channels closed when there is enough glucose getting into the cell. When glucose levels drop and the amount of ATP the beta cell is making drops, it eventually loses the energy to keep the gates closed, therefore opening and allowing insulin to be released into the blood. Section Title: Integrated Membrane Processes: Insulin Secretion Learning Outcome: 5.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 92) What are the advantages of using ATP as the energy-transferring molecule in a cell?

: ATP easily acquires the energy stored in complex biomolecules such as carbohydrates and its phosphate bonds are readily broken to release energy. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) The activity of metabolic pathways is influenced by the ratio of ________.

: ATP to ADP Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 134) You are studying the toxic effects of a newly discovered tropical plant extract. From preliminary studies, it appears that the toxin prevents H+-dependent membrane transport. Explain which digestive processes may thus be impaired.

: Absorption of some amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides may be impaired, as well as iron and sodium absorption, because these are dependent upon an H+ exchanger or cotransporter. HCl secretion into the stomach, which acidifies the lumen for protein digestion, may also be impaired. Section Title: Digestive Function and Processes Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 128) Erica came down with the flu. She experienced severe vomiting, determined to be primarily stomach contents, for three days, and now is having chest pains. She is calling one of her symptoms "heartburn," but reported that it felt as if she had swallowed a small apple whole. Certain that she was having a heart attack, Erica rushed to the doctor. The doctor took her history and symptoms, and reassured her that she only had esophagitis. How did the physician conclude this? Is her blood pH higher or lower than normal?

: Acid reflux irritated the esophageal lining, causing it to swell. Her pH is higher than normal due to loss of H+ from her stomach. Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 136) Chronic inflammation of the pancreas, or pancreatitis, impairs the digestive functions of this organ. What would be the effect on digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins if acinar cells are impaired? What if duct cells are impaired? Which hormones may be used to treat pancreatitis?

: Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes for all three classes of molecule, therefore nutrient digestion and consequent absorption would be decreased. Duct cells secrete bicarbonate, which counteracts the acidic nature of the chyme entering from the stomach and allows the pancreatic enzymes to function. The loss of these cells would also decrease digestion and absorption of the three classes of nutrient. Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion. Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 207) Explain the processes that lead to the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell. Which components are recycled? Which ion is important in triggering exocytosis?

: Action potential arrives in synaptic terminal, and stimulates opening of voltage-regulated calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents. The phospholipids of the vesicle membranes are recycled, either from fusion of vesicles then later formation of new vesicles from the same molecules; or from the kiss-and-run model, in which the vesicle phospholipids are not incorporated into the membrane at all, but remain as vesicles that can be refilled with neurotransmitter. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 153) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how is the postsynaptic cell affected? A) Neurotransmitter release increases, but does not change the graded potentials that follow. B) Neurotransmitter release does not change, thus the postsynaptic cell behaves the same way it always behaves. C) Neurotransmitter release increases, thereby increasing the frequency or magnitude of graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell. D) Neurotransmitter release does not change, but voltages applied to the postsynaptic cell increase.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) The site of information integration in the nervous system is the A) chemical synapse. B) electrical synapse. C) trigger zone. D) dendritic membrane. E) axon terminal.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the A) cell bodies. B) axons. C) dendrites. D) somata. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called A) dendrites. B) axon terminals. C) collaterals. D) axon hillocks. E) synapses.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) These glial cells act as scavengers. A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) In general, the nervous system is composed of which two types of cells? 1. motor 2. neurons 3. sensory 4. glial 5. associative A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 104) occupy(ies) the least amount of cell volume

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 105) make(s) proteins necessary for repair of damaged neuron

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The cell body of neurons is generally A) 90% of the cell volume. B) 50% of the cell volume. C) 10% of the cell volume. D) found in the same position on every neuron.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the A) collateral. B) hillock. C) synapse. D) nerve. E) dendrites.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The term axonal transport refers to A) the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the axon. B) the transport of microtubules to the axon for structural support. C) vesicle transport of proteins and organelles down the axon. D) the movement of the axon terminal to synapse with a new postsynaptic cell. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 95) cells that form supportive capsules around cell bodies

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 107) supported by satellite cells

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Interneurons are found A) only in the brain. B) only in the spinal cord. C) only in the CNS. D) throughout the nervous system. E) only in spinal nerves.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) These glial cells may contribute to Lou Gehrig's disease. A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) The tip of an embryonic nerve cell's axon is called a A) kissing cone. B) stem tip. C) growth cone. D) growth tip. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) Which of the following is the most common location where action potentials originate? A) dendrites B) cell body C) axon hillock D) synaptic cleft E) synaptic bouton

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) Activation energy is A) the energy lost or gained in a reaction. B) the energy required for an endergonic reaction. C) the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact. D) required to convert an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.

: C Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) derivatives of tyrosine

: C Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) adrenal cortex

: C Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) Which property of diffusion best helps explain the necessity of the circulatory system in multicellular organisms? A) Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. B) Diffusion can take place in an open system or across a partition that separates two systems. C) Diffusion is rapid over short distances but much slower over long distances. D) Diffusion rate is inversely related to molecule size.

: C Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) When eaten, nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of A) steroids. B) phospholipids. C) triglycerides. D) cholesterol. E) fat-soluble vitamins.

: C Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by A) capillaries. B) veins. C) lymphatic vessels. D) arterioles.

: C Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) Digestion of a carbohydrate results in large amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This carbohydrate was probably A) sucrose. B) maltose. C) lactose. D) cellulose. E) glycogen.

: C Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 109) hormone that decreases iron absorption

: C Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 2) Chemical digestion refers to A) the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. B) the input of food into the digestive tract. C) the enzymatic breakdown of food. D) the absorption of nutrients in the gut. E) the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.

: C Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the A) stomach. B) liver. C) small intestine. D) large intestine. E) stomach and small intestine.

: C Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to A) neural control. B) hormonal control. C) local control.

: C Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) The major determinant of the resting potential of all cells is A) Ca2+ concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid. B) Na+ concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid. C) K+ gradient between the blood and interstitial fluid. D) K+ concentration inside cells. E) Na+ concentration inside cells.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 116) result(s) from influx of sodium

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) Action potentials are primarily associated with the membranes of A) dendrites only. B) cell bodies only. C) axons only. D) dendrites and axons. E) cell bodies and axons.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) The falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to A) Na+ flow in the cell only. B) Na+ flow out of the cell only. C) K+ flow out of the cell only. D) K+ flow into the cell only. E) Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 141) If the resting axon's membrane becomes more permeable to potassium ions, A) the inside of the membrane will become more positively charged. B) the membrane will depolarize more rapidly. C) it will take a stimulus of larger magnitude to initiate an action potential. D) the hyperpolarization at the end of the action potential will not occur.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 147) What stops the rising phase of the action potential? A) The K+ gate closes. B) The Na+ activation gate opens. C) The Na+ inactivation gate closes. D) The Na+ inactivation gate opens. E) The sodium activation gate closes.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 113) Julia is breathing 14 times per minute, with a tidal volume of 520 mL and a dead space of 152 mL. Lyle is breathing 15 times per minute, with a tidal volume of 400 mL and a dead space of 175 mL. Which patient has better alveolar ventilation?

: Alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate × (tidal volume - dead space volume). Julia's ventilation is 5432 mL/min, which is better than Lyle's, which is 3375 mL/min. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 103) Explain each of these terms: antibiotic, antibody, antigen, antihistamine, antiretroviral drug, antiviral drug.

: An antibiotic is a drug that kills bacteria. Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes that help lead to destruction of invading pathogens. Antigens are molecules that stimulate an immune response. Antihistamines are drugs that block secretion of histamine from immune cells. Antiretroviral and antiviral drugs are drugs that destroy specific kinds of viruses. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 121) Design an experiment to test whether molecular weight does indeed influence the rate of diffusion. Be sure to list all controlled variables.

: Answers will vary. Controlled variables may include temperature, pH, composition and volume of solvent or medium, amount of solute added. Solutes could be soluble dyes of different molecular weight, and rate of diffusion could be estimated by observing the extent of coloration around a dye crystal at specified intervals. Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 144) Identify the FALSE statement. A) Under normal conditions, all action potentials in a given cell are identical. B) Between nodes of Ranvier, signal conduction is decremental. C) The amplitude of the action potential depends on the amplitude of the graded potential that precedes it. D) The voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels begin to open during the depolarization.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 119) If the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, A) the heart rate will increase. B) the heart rate will decrease. C) the membrane will depolarize. D) the stroke volume will increase. E) the intracellular concentration of calcium ion will increase.

: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) Which valves have chordae tendineae? A) aortic and pulmonary valves B) bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves C) valves in veins D) semilunar valves E) coronary valves

: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following terms to the correct answer: A. tricuspid valve B. bicuspid valve C. aortic valve D. pulmonary valve 65) also called the mitral valve

: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The function of the pericardial fluid is to A) provide oxygen to the heart. B) reduce friction between the heart and the pericardium. C) provide fuel to the heart. D) remove waste products from the heart. E) store calcium for the heart.

: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) Which of these does NOT increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? A) being a male over 30 but under 55 B) being a female over 30 but under 55 C) having a sister with coronary artery disease D) menopause without estrogen replacement therapy E) having diabetes mellitus

: B Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is A) the cell that releases it. B) the cell that responds to it. C) the method of transport. D) the route of transport. E) There are no differences—they are the same.

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Calcium is important in the synapse because it A) is necessary for acetylcholine synthesis. B) signals the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter. C) binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening ion channels, and triggering graded potentials. D) leaves the axon terminal, hyperpolarizing the cell.

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS, GABA and glycine, act by opening ________ channels. A) only Na+ B) only Cl- C) only K+ D) only Ca2+ E) Na+ and K+

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) A chemical synapse ALWAYS includes ________. 1. axon terminal 2. presynaptic cell 3. synaptic cleft 4. postsynaptic cell 5. dendrite A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 1, 2, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4, 5 E) 1, 3, 4

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The activity of an enzyme is changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH; these factors are referred to as A) specificity. B) common bond. C) modulators. D) isozyme. E) product.

: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) Enzymes are often useful as diagnostic tools. How? A) Enzymes destroy pathogenic bacteria so blood levels of bacteria decline. B) Enzymes destroy damaged cells so X-rays reveal smaller body organs. C) Damaged cells release enzymes into the blood that can be detected. D) The liver releases enzymes that accumulate in the urine.

: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) Changes in environmental pH or temperature will cause the reaction rate for an enzyme to A) increase. B) decrease. C) either increase or decrease depending upon enzyme properties. D) not change.

: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) An enzyme that transfers chemical groups among substrates is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.

: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain, because A) worms do not have brains. B) worms do not have a nervous system. C) worms have a ganglion at each segment. D) worms have a neural network within each segment.

: C Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) Cysts on the kidney can press upon nephrons, raising the pressure inside the nephrons. How will this affect glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure? A) GFR increases and blood pressure increases B) GFR increases and blood pressure decreases C) GFR decreases and blood pressure increases D) GFR decreases and blood pressure decreases

: C Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the A) renal pyramid. B) loop of Henle. C) renal corpuscle. D) renal papilla. E) collecting system.

: C Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as A) highly specific. B) completely nonspecific. C) relatively nonspecific.

: C Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT A) glucose B) potassium C) erythrocytes D) urobilinogen

: C Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 7) Most body water is located A) in plasma. B) in interstitial fluid. C) inside cells. D) in lumens of organs open to the outside.

: C Section Title: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of A) volume of extracellular fluid. B) blood pressure. C) osmolarity of extracellular fluid. D) permeability of cell membranes. E) resting membrane potential.

: C Section Title: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) cytoplasm. E) plasma.

: C Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Urine is produced by the A) gallbladder. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra.

: C Section Title: Functions of the Kidneys Learning Outcome: 19.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 19 The Kidneys 1) Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception. A) regulation of extracellular fluid volume B) maintenance of ion balance in body fluids C) regulation of blood protein levels D) regulation of blood osmolarity E) homeostatic regulation of blood pH

: C Section Title: Functions of the Kidneys Learning Outcome: 19.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) increased airway resistance

: C Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) diffusion. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.

: C Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is A) emphysema. B) asthma. C) pulmonary edema. D) fibrotic lung disease. E) lung cancer.

: C Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) Boyle's law states that gas volume is A) directly proportional to pressure. B) directly proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to pressure. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.

: C Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) receives information about the regulated variable and initiates a response

: C Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) Each of the following is an example of homeostasis except one. Identify the exception. A) Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure. B) A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. C) A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus. D) Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar. E) A decrease in body temperature triggers a neural response that initiates physiological changes to increase body temperature.

: C Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 160) The following are steps involved in transmission at the cholinergic synapse: 1. Chemically regulated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 2. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal. 3. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 4. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 5. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. The correct sequence for these events is A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 C) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 D) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3 E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) satellite cells

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once). A. dendrites B. axon C. cell body 102) may be covered with myelin

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 137) Microvilli are present on cells that, because of their function, benefit from an increased membrane surface area. Which structure(s) on a neuron provide a comparable benefit? A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) Neurotransmitters are released from the A) dendrites. B) axon terminals. C) collaterals. D) axon hillock. E) synapse.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Glial cells communicate primarily using A) electrical signals only. B) chemical signals only. C) neurotransmitters only. D) neuromodulators only. E) electrical signals and chemical signals.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found. A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system 87) Schwann cells

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 93) highly branched cells that transfer nutrients between blood vessels and neurons

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 138) A home satellite dish receives signals from a satellite, allowing your television to display TV shows. Which part of a neuron is analogous to the satellite dish? A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 8 Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties 1) The portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called A) protrusions. B) processes. C) prostheses. D) projections.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 109) location of voltage-gated ion channels

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) A reversible reaction is one where A) there are large changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. B) there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. C) there is no change in the net free energy from substrate to product. D) a reaction between products is unlikely due to the high activation energy.

: B Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 94) An exergonic chemical reaction A) converts substrates into products that have more free energy. B) releases energy as the reaction progresses. C) requires the input of energy. D) requires an enzyme in order to overcome the activation energy.

: B Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) cannot be stored in secretory vesicles

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) pancreas

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 5) Water is a polar molecule, yet it easily moves through the nonpolar portions of cell membranes. Which transport process is responsible? A) facilitated diffusion B) simple diffusion C) uniport D) symport E) antiport

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 118) If a 10% sucrose solution is separated from a 20% sucrose solution by a membrane permeable to sucrose, in which direction will net diffusion of sucrose take place? A) from the 10% sucrose solution to the 20% sucrose solution B) from the 20% sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose solution C) There will be no diffusion in this case. D) from the 10% sucrose solution to the 20% sucrose solution and from the 20% sucrose solution E) neither from the 10% sucrose solution to the 20% sucrose solution nor from the 20% sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose solution

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 119) The concentration of calcium inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell transport even more calcium to the inside? A) passive transport B) active transport C) osmosis D) exocytosis E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) Passive transport refers to a process that requires A) no energy at all. B) no cellular energy. C) no pressure gradient. D) no concentration gradient. E) no electrical gradient.

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Which of the following is NOT true of diffusion in the human body? A) Diffusion occurs faster at higher temperatures. B) Smaller molecules take longer to diffuse than larger ones. C) Net movement of molecules occurs until the osmolarity is equal. D) Diffusion is rapid over short distances and slower over longer distances.

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) A cell that is permeable to Solute X is placed into solution containing a higher concentration of X. Diffusion occurs until equilibrium is attained. At this time, A) there is no further movement of Solute X across the membrane. B) there is no further change in concentration of Solute X. C) Both of the statements are correct. D) Neither of the statements is correct.

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is A) proportional to surface area and membrane thickness, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient. B) proportional to concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability. C) proportional to membrane permeability, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient and surface area. D) proportional to membrane thickness and surface area.

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 83) Cations will ________ each other. A) attract B) repel C) not react with

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 84) Anions will ________ each other. A) attract B) repel C) not react with

: B Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 93) Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with digestion of A) protein. B) fat. C) carbohydrates. D) nucleic acids. E) vitamins and minerals.

: B Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 108) transports iron to the blood

: B Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) What does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation take into account that the Nernst equation does NOT? A) the electrical charges of the ions B) the permeabilities of the ions C) the solubilities of the ions D) the sizes of the ions E) the temperature

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, A) K+ enters the neuron. B) K+ leaves the neuron. C) the neuron depolarizes. D) K+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. E) K+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 111) originate(s) at the trigger zone

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 114) require(s) a minimum stimulus to occur

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) In order to signal a stronger stimulus, action potentials become A) higher in amplitude only. B) more frequent only. C) longer-lasting only. D) higher in amplitude and more frequent. E) higher in amplitude and longer-lasting.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude. C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Ion channel inactivation is A) closing of the channel in response to decrease in the stimulus. B) closing of the channel even when the stimulus continues. C) any type of channel closing. D) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 148) The inactivation gate A) quickly opens and closes after depolarization. B) is coupled to the movement of the activation gate, but is much slower. C) depends on a change of +100 mV from rest to be signaled to close. D) depends on a loss of Na+ permeability to be triggered. E) depends on a loss of K+ permeability to be triggered.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Synergism occurs when A) one hormone triggers the secretion of a second hormone. B) one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone. C) hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted. D) hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicted. E) a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone.

: C Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically A) continues to act until an opposing hormone is secreted. B) spontaneously degrades. C) is inactivated or removed from the blood. D) is absorbed by its target cell. E) is absorbed by the gland that secreted it.

: C Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are A) immunodeficiency diseases. B) autoimmune diseases. C) allergies. D) the result of stress. E) common in the elderly.

: C Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) C-reactive protein is a type of A) cytokine. B) chemotaxin. C) acute-phase protein. D) pyrogen. E) granzyme.

: C Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) Acute phase proteins are produced by the A) macrophages. B) lymph nodes. C) liver. D) thymus. E) lymphocytes.

: C Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) An inflammatory response is triggered when A) red blood cells release pyrogens. B) T lymphocytes release interferon. C) mast cells release granules containing histamine and heparin. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) blood flow to an area increases.

: C Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) When the immune system creates a response that is overblown in relation to the threat it has been exposed to, the response is called an A) autoimmune response. B) immunodeficiency. C) allergic reaction.

: C Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, A) the stomach responds to distention. B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. C) there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach. D) the intestine reflexively inhibits gastric emptying. E) production of gastric juice slows down.

: C Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 103) inhibits gastric emptying

: C Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) G cells of the stomach secrete A) cholecystokinin. B) secretin. C) gastrin. D) enterokinase. E) pepsin.

: C Section Title: Integrated Function: The Gastric Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the following structures with the appropriate description. A. appendix B. colon C. duodenum D. ileum E. jejunum 43) location of most peptic ulcers

: C Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) Functions of the large intestine include A) chemical digestion of chyme. B) temporary food storage. C) resorption of water and compaction of feces. D) absorption of the products of digestion. E) All of these answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 83) The rearrangement of connections at synapses, which occurs throughout life, is termed A) elasticity. B) intelligence. C) plasticity. D) senility. E) synchronicity.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 73) An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) A) depolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential. B) hyperpolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential. C) depolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential. D) hyperpolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) Identify the FALSE statement. A) EPSPs that reach threshold can initiate an action potential. B) The trigger zone is the integrating center of the neuron. C) IPSPs depolarize the membrane. D) All of the statements are true.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 164) Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol all have effects on A) action potential conduction. B) long-term potentiation. C) synaptic activity. D) neurotransmitter degradation. E) neurotransmitter reuptake.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 79) When multiple, possibly even conflicting signals reach a neuron, the neuron evaluates the signals and may respond or not. This property is called A) temporal summation. B) spatial summation. C) postsynaptic integration. D) graded potentials. E) EPSPs.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective A) mitochondria. B) Golgi bodies. C) lysosomes. D) rough endoplasmic reticulum. E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A) fatty acids B) steroids C) proteins D) lipids E) All are synthesized in the SER.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to A) synthesize lipids. B) produce enzymes. C) digest cellular wastes and bacteria. D) destroy H2O2. E) transport water-soluble molecules.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? A) air B) water C) acid D) enzymes E) base

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) An immunoliposome is a liposome that A) suppresses the immune system. B) stimulates the immune system. C) can recognize cancer cells. D) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 106) A flagellum moves a cell through a fluid medium. What moves the fluid medium across the surface of cells that are not free to move? A) centrioles B) thick filaments C) cilia D) ribosomes E) endoplasmic reticulum

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) Which cellular organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) mitochondria D) nucleus E) ribosome

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) When an enzyme is working as fast as it can because its active site is continually refilled with substrate, the condition is referred to as A) allosteric modulation. B) equilibrium. C) saturation. D) the Ricardo-Mertz phenomenon. E) specificity.

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the ________. A) cytoplasm, cytoplasm B) mitochondria, mitochondria C) cytoplasm, mitochondria D) mitochondria, cytoplasm

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? A) 1 B) 2 C) 2.5 D) 3.5 E) 4

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 104) Inside the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate A) is converted to acetyl CoA which requires energy from an NADH. B) gains a carbon in its conversion to acetyl CoA. C) requires the vitamin pantothenic acid for its conversion to acetyl CoA. D) is converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions.

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 103) The net energy yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule is A) 2 ATP and 2 NADH. B) 0 ATP and 2 NADH. C) 2 ATP and 0 NADH. D) 2 ATP and 2 FADH2. E) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 108) What happens to the oxygen that is metabolized within the mitochondria? A) The oxygen is converted to CO2. B) The oxygen is incorporated into organic molecules during cellular metabolism. C) The oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. D) The oxygen acts as a coenzyme in the production of ATP. E) The oxygen is converted to CO2 and is combined with hydrogen to form water.

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 106) Oxidative phosphorylation occurs ________; the beneficial end product is ________. A) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, H2O B) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, ATP C) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, ATP D) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, CO2 E) twice during the citric acid cycle, ATP

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) To activate a regulated gene, the formation of mRNA is ________ by the binding of ________ to the promoter. A) repressed, transcription factors B) repressed, translation factors C) induced, transcription factors D) induced, translation factors

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) Information stored in the nucleus is translated into A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 111) Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence CAT will bind to the tRNA bearing A) CAT. B) GTA. C) GUA. D) ATU.

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 109) What is the result of alternative splicing of mRNA? A) A new gene is produced. B) The DNA is replicated. C) Isoenzymes are produced from a single gene. D) Genes are mutated. E) Proteins isomerize.

: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) Which of the following is NOT considered an essential element for a living organism? A) carbon B) hydrogen C) mercury D) oxygen E) nitrogen

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each class of biomolecules to the correct statement about it. A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. proteins D. nucleotides 59) Composed of units called amino acids, these can be linked into chains over 100 peptides long.

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. proton(s) B. neutron(s) C. electron(s) 42) This particle has a charge of -1 and a negligible mass.

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 109) Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of A) steroids. B) phospholipids. C) triglycerides. D) prostaglandins. E) monoglycerides.

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 108) A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be A) saturated. B) monounsaturated. C) polyunsaturated. D) hydrogenated. E) carboxylated.

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The chemical bonding behavior of an atom is directly determined by A) the number of protons. B) the number of neutrons. C) the number and arrangement of electrons. D) the size of the atom. E) the mass of the atom.

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each bond type with its description. A. van der Waals B. ionic C. hydrogen D. covalent 54) These are weak attractive forces between hydrogen and certain other atoms.

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 101) The term polar is used to describe molecules because A) polar covalent molecules are found in colder climates. B) polar covalent molecules were first discovered in polar bears. C) there are at least two distinct ends of the molecule regarding electron position and the resulting charge. D) there are at least two distinct ends of the molecule regarding hydrogen placement. E) such molecules are always linear in shape.

: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold some of the visceral organs in their proper position. A) serosa B) adventitia C) mesenteries D) fibrosa E) lamina propria

: C Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 143) How many grams of NaCl, m.w. 58.5 daltons, are necessary to make 1 liter of 5% saline? A) 58.5 B) 1 C) 50 D) 6.02 × 1023 E) 2.9

: C Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The heaviest organ in the body is the A) liver. B) brain. C) skin. D) stomach. E) urinary bladder.

: C Section Title: Organs Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) Sodium ions are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. This is an example of A) electrical disequilibrium. B) osmotic equilibrium. C) chemical disequilibrium. D) failed homeostasis.

: C Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 5 Membrane Dynamics 1) Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins? A) plasma only B) interstitial fluid only C) intracellular fluid only D) both plasma and intracellular fluid E) both plasma and interstitial fluid

: C Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Autoimmune diseases are an example of a(n) ________ response by the immune system. A) lack of B) overactive C) incorrect D) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Overview Learning Outcome: 24.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) movement from the nephron lumen to the blood

: C Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) Which statement is NOT true? A) The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. B) As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment. C) The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products. D) The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra. E) Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men.

: C Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Which of the following kidney processes is always active and always requires energy to occur? A) filtration B) reabsorption C) secretion D) excretion

: C Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 115) Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them. 1. right ventricle 2. left atrium 3. right atrium 4. pulmonary artery 5. left ventricle 6. pulmonary vein A) 4, 2, 5, 6, 3, 1 B) 2, 5, 6, 4, 3, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 6, 2, 5 D) 1, 3, 6, 4, 5, 2 E) 3, 2, 4, 6, 1, 5

: C Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that A) carries highly oxygenated blood. B) contains smooth muscle in its wall. C) transports blood away from the heart. D) transports blood toward the heart. E) contains internal valves.

: C Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia, you would expect A) the potassium ion concentration of the interstitial fluid to be less than normal. B) the membrane potential of nerves and muscles to be more negative. C) the skeletal muscles to be unresponsive and cardiac arrest could occur. D) muscle weakness and increased strength of twitch contractions. E) All of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Potassium Balance Learning Outcome: 20.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) The driving force for blood flow is a(n) ________ gradient. A) osmotic B) volume C) pressure D) gravity

: C Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 143) When a blood vessel dilates, blood viscosity is ________.

: C Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 140) The blood pressure in a vessel is 20 units at point A and 10 units at point B. One minute later, the pressure is 15 units at point A and five units at point B. Flow between those points is ________.

: C Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) match the type of modulator with the best description below. A. involved in phosphorylation B. cannot be displaced by competition C. bind to proteins away from the active site D. reversible antagonist 73) allosteric modulator

: C Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each level of protein structure with its description. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary 63) the three-dimensional shape of an amino acid chain; can be fibrous or globular

: C Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) Protein specificity is A) the activation of a specific protein that is needed to perform a particular function. B) the degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand. C) the ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands. D) the degree to which a protein-ligand complex initiates a response. E) the degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand and the ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands.

: C Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) Which of the following is a unique characteristic of glucose as a solute in biological systems? A) It enters the interstitial fluid before going into the cell. B) It is freely penetrating and can pass in and out of the cells at any time. C) 100% of it is absorbed into the cell from the extracellular fluid. D) It is converted into dextrose inside the cell.

: C Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) transporters

: C Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) glucose

: C Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 56) Urea is A) actively secreted in the distal tubule. B) actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. C) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. D) completely eliminated in the urine. E) actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct.

: C Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Technically, the kidneys are located A) in the thoracic cavity. B) in the abdominal cavity. C) behind the pleural membranes. D) behind the peritoneal membrane. E) in the pelvic cavity.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) Thirst is A) controlled by centers in the hypothalamus. B) triggered by increased osmolarity. C) relieved only when plasma osmolarity is decreased. D) controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and triggered by increased osmolarity. E) controlled by centers in the hypothalamus, triggered by increased osmolarity, and relieved only when plasma osmolarity is decreased.

: D Section Title: Behavioral Mechanisms in Salt and Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 9) Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? A) sphingolipids B) cholesterol C) phospholipids D) All are membrane lipids.

: D Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) Which cellular organelle is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) nucleus D) plasma membrane E) ribosome

: D Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? A) liver B) spleen C) lung D) kidney E) skin

: D Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) General anesthetics keep surgical patients unconscious by reducing activity in the A) hippocampus. B) corpus callosum. C) lateral ventricles. D) reticular formation. E) medullary pyramids.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) Caffeine and related stimulants exert their effects by A) mimicking a specific neurotransmitter. B) inhibiting a specific neurotransmitter. C) mimicking a specific neuromodulator. D) inhibiting a specific neuromodulator.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a repeated stimulus is called A) training. B) learning. C) reflexation. D) facilitation. E) consolidation.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) You used to love to drink milk when you were a child. Lately, you notice that your stomach hurts and you experience bloating and discomfort when you drink it. It is no longer inviting when you see someone else drinking it. What kind of learning has occurred? A) associative B) anterograde C) habituation D) sensitization

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 53) all lobes

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts ________ millisecond(s). A) less than 1 B) 1-5 C) 50-100 D) at least 200 E) at least 500

: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) I.f. channels are permeable to A) Na+ only B) K+ only C) Ca2+ only D) Na+ and K+ E) Ca2+ and K+

: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of ________ K+ permeability and ________ Ca2+ permeability. A) increasing, increasing B) decreasing, decreasing C) increasing, decreasing D) decreasing, increasing

: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane? A) Ca2+ only B) K+ only C) Na+ only D) both Ca2+ and K+ E) both Na+ and K+

: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) The end of the plateau phase is due to the ________ of Ca2+ channels and ________ of K+ channels. A) opening, opening B) closing, closing C) opening, closing D) closing, opening

: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) In the heart, valves are located A) just between the atria and the ventricles. B) just between the ventricles and the arteries. C) just between the great veins and the atria. D) between atria and ventricles and between ventricles and arteries. E) just between the right and left ventricles.

: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following terms to the correct answer: A. tricuspid valve B. bicuspid valve C. aortic valve D. pulmonary valve 64) a semilunar valve that has the right ventricle on one side

: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that A) facilitated diffusion uses cell membrane proteins to move substances, whereas active transport does not. B) facilitated diffusion uses a substrate to bind to a protein carrier, whereas active transport does not. C) ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion. D) facilitated diffusion moves water across the cell membrane, whereas active transport does not. E) potential energy is required for active transport but not for facilitated diffusion.

: C Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) in one side of a cell and out the other

: C Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 92) Arterioles: systemic dilate, pulmonary constrict.

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ________ lung disease. A) obstructive B) restrictive C) fibrotic D) compliant E) congestive

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) Histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a A) surfactant. B) bronchodilator. C) bronchoconstrictor. D) vasodilator. E) vasoconstrictor.

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of A) inflammation of the bronchi. B) constriction of the trachea. C) thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them. D) laryngospasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells. E) collapse of one or both lungs.

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of breathing with its description. A. hyperpnea B. hyperventilation C. tachypnea D. dyspnea E. apnea 88) rapid breathing

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity 47) the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume 42) the extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

22) In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) expiration occurs. B) intrapulmonary pressure increases. C) intrapleural pressure decreases. D) the volume of the lungs decreases. E) All of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 83) Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from A) a collapsed trachea. B) an obstruction in the bronchi. C) a pneumothorax. D) decreased surfactant production. E) a bruised diaphragm.

: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron? A) to decrease osmolarity inside the nephron B) to make urine less concentrated C) to increase passive reabsorption of water D) to decrease blood pressure

: C Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder A) can be returned to the circulation directly. B) can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys. C) will still be expelled from the body in the urine.

: C Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The hormone ADH A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity. B) stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ion. C) stimulates water conservation at the kidneys. D) causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine. E) All of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.2

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 143) Carbon dioxide and water readily combine to form carbonic acid. The change in pH as the acid dissociates can be demonstrated with an indicator dye that changes color at a particular pH. In your physiology lab, you perform this experiment in two beakers containing room-temperature water and indicator, labeled as A and B. CO2 is bubbled into solutions A and B from a pressurized tank for 10 seconds. A stopwatch was used to measure how long it took for the solutions to change color. The data below were generated by the students. Student Time for reaction (seconds): Solution A Time for reaction (seconds): Solution B 1 62 1 2 58 2 3 57 3 Write the chemical equation for this reaction. Determine average values for each beaker. Explain how the reaction times differed. What may be present in beaker B that is absent from beaker A?

: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- Average time for beaker A to change is 59 seconds, and for beaker B to change is 2 seconds, that is, the reaction occurred faster in solution B. For this to occur, an enzyme such as carbonic anhydrase must have been present in beaker B. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 76) Devising new food recipes is more successful when the chefs understand basic food chemistry. For example, to create a new cake recipe, one must understand the role of both acids and bases in leavening (rising, or trapping of tiny gas bubbles as dough is baking, to provide the characteristic texture). The principle is to incorporate baking soda (NaHCO3) into an acidic batter, causing a chemical reaction resulting in gas production. Looking at the chemical formula, what gas do you think is formed? Summarize the chemical reaction that occurs in a cake batter that contains NaHCO3 and vinegar or acetic acid (produces acetate when ionized: CH3COO- + H+). What would happen to your cake if you didn't use enough baking soda? What would happen if you forgot to acidify your batter with vinegar or a similar food acid?

: CO2 gas is formed. NaHCO3 + CH3COO- + H+ → Na+ + CH3COO- + CO2 + H2O. Less gas would be produced, so the cake wouldn't rise normally. The chemical reaction would not occur, so the cake wouldn't rise. Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) ________ is a naturally occurring stimulant in food, which acts upon ________ receptors.

: Caffeine (or other xanthines: theophylline, theobromine), adenosine Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? A) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. B) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons. C) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. D) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. E) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) Angiogenesis is A) an examination of the arteries and veins. B) having blood drawn into a tube for tests. C) the growth of new blood vessels. D) surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries. E) being able to detect a pulse in arteries.

: C Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The inner lining of blood vessels is called A) endocardium. B) endoangium. C) endothelium. D) basal lamina. E) endostatin.

: C Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Which is a system that influences motor output, according to Larry Swanson? A) emotional state B) reflexive C) behavioral state D) emergent E) diffuse modulatory

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Which functions in the control of movement? A) hippocampus only B) amygdala only C) basal nuclei only D) hippocampus and amygdala E) All of the above function in the control of movement.

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE? A) Hypothalamic trophic factors control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. B) It receives input from multiple sources. C) It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord. D) The hypothalamus contains various centers for behavioral drives such as hunger and thirst.

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Which is NOT housed in the medulla oblongata? A) centers for blood pressure control B) centers for control of vomiting C) centers for control of eye movement D) centers for control of breathing E) the pyramids, where tracts cross to the opposite side of the body

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 49) composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) There is a legend about an autopsy having been performed on a space alien in New Mexico, many decades ago. Assuming that this alien was as well-educated and trained on its planet as NASA educates and trains astronauts on Earth, what feature would be expected in the alien's brain? A) a system of fluid-filled cavities deep in the brain B) a thick band of fibers connecting right and left hemispheres C) an enlarged area with surface grooves and folds D) at least 12 pairs of cranial nerves E) glandular structures resembling the pineal and pituitary

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) small area that relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes as well as eye movement

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the A) basal nuclei. B) suprachiasmatic nucleus. C) corpus callosum. D) hippocampus. E) gray "H."

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) According to Starling's law of the heart, the cardiac output is directly related to the A) size of the ventricle. B) heart rate. C) venous return. D) thickness of the myocardium. E) end-systolic volume.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) At an intercalated disc, A) the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse. B) the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc. C) two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. D) t-tubules unite the membranes of the adjoining cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) During ventricular systole, A) the atria are contracting. B) blood is entering the ventricles. C) the AV valves are closed. D) the pressure in the ventricles declines. E) the ventricles are relaxed.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 84) Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? A drug that A) stimulates α1 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. B) blocks α2 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. C) stimulates cAMP formation in cardiac muscle tissue. D) blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. E) blocks muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.

: D Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both A) are released by neurons. B) affect only cells with a specific receptor. C) travel in the blood to their target cell. D) are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors. E) are produced by all cells.

: D Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) Which is/are the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) of the CNS? A) GABA only B) glycine only C) glutamate only D) GABA and glycine E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) When the heart is in fibrillation, A) the myocardial cells may become damaged from contracting too fast. B) the myocardial cells deplete their oxygen supply because they are contracting too fast, and the lactic acid produced damages the myocardial cells. C) effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen. D) the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute. E) there is no contraction of the myocardium.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) ECGs A) provide direct information about the heart function. B) are most useful in diagnosing heart murmurs. C) show the summed electrical potentials generated by all cells of the heart. D) have two major components: waves and nodes. E) measure the mechanical activity of the heart.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Ventricular contraction A) begins during the first part of the P wave. B) begins just after the T wave. C) begins just after the Q wave. D) begins during the latter part of the P wave. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the name of the wave with the correlated event. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. PR segment E. ST segment 69) ventricular repolarization

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 126) Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the ________ in an ECG tracing. A) P wave B) T wave C) QRS complex D) PR interval E) RT interval

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 128) Put these phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order. 1. opening of the semilunar valves 2. isovolumic contraction 3. beginning of atrial systole 4. closure of the AV valves 5. completion of ventricular filling 6. beginning of ventricular systole 7. ventricular relaxation 8. ventricular ejection A) 4, 5, 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 6 B) 3, 2, 6, 1, 4, 5, 8, 7 C) 3, 5, 6, 4, 2, 1, 8, 7 D) 3, 5, 6, 1, 8, 4, 2, 7 E) 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 8, 7, 1

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 127) If there is a blockage between the AV node and the AV bundle, how will this affect the appearance of the electrocardiogram? A) The PR interval will be smaller. B) The QRS interval will be longer. C) There will be more P waves than QRS complexes. D) There will be more QRS complexes than P waves. E) The T wave will disappear.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is A) cardiac output (CO). B) heart rate (HR). C) end-diastolic volume (EDV). D) stroke volume (SV). E) end-systolic volume (ESV).

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with its definition. A. cardiac output (CO) B. heart rate (HR) C. end-diastolic volume (EDV) D. stroke volume (SV) E. end-systolic volume (ESV) 73) the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during one contraction

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 131) If the EDV is 140 mL, which other values are most likely to occur in a healthy, normal person? A) The ESV could be 70 mL and the SV could be 90 mL. B) The ESV could be 90 mL and the SV could be 50 mL. C) The ESV could be 50 mL and the SV could be 90 mL. D) The cardiac output could be 90 mL. E) Diastolic pressure would be equal to EDV.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 137) Manganese ions block the calcium channels in the cardiac muscle membrane. How would the presence of manganese in the extracellular fluid affect the contraction of the heart muscle? A) The plateau phase of contraction would be longer. B) The refractory period would be shorter. C) The heart would beat less forcefully. D) The heart rate would increase. E) The contraction phase would be prolonged.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 85) Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A, a drug that suppresses cytotoxic T cells. What does this medication do? A) prevents inflammation from destroying the transplanted kidney B) depresses hematopoiesis C) prevents rejection D) increases the number of antibodies in the blood E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system. A) urinary B) thirst-quenching C) lymphatic D) immune E) digestive

: C Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 74) The lymphatic system A) has heart-like pumps called lymph nodes. B) stores blood when circulatory demand is low. C) empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles. D) can be removed without health consequences. E) All of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the A) pharynx. B) bronchiole. C) trachea. D) alveolar duct. E) laryngeal duct.

: C Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) The lungs are enclosed in ________ membranes. A) pericardial B) pulmonary C) pleural D) thoracic E) costal

: C Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE? A) It is normally equal to zero volts. B) The inside of the membrane is positively charged compared to the outside. C) It results, in part, from the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+. D) It is due in part to the presence of extracellular proteins.

: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) membrane potential is 0 mV

: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Voltage-gated (voltage-dependent) channels and antiport carriers are both types of A) structural proteins. B) enzymes. C) transporters. D) receptors.

: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) As the charge on the membrane of a typical neuron approaches 0 from -70 mV, the cell is A) only repolarizing. B) only hyperpolarizing. C) only depolarizing. D) only becoming more difficult to stimulate. E) hyperpolarizing and becoming more difficult to stimulate

: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the level of organization with its definition below. A. a collection of similar cells that carry out similar functions B. the smallest living unit C. a collection of different tissues that carry out related functions D. groups of organs functioning in a coordinated manner 24) organs

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is A) 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5. B) 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5. C) 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. D) 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. E) 6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1.

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) A placebo is A) any drug being tested in a clinical trial. B) any drug in a class of drugs commonly used as pain relievers. C) a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect. D) a nutritive and respiratory organ in fetal development. E) a hole in a cavity wall through which an organ protrudes.

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) A scientifically logical guess is a A) model. B) theory. C) hypothesis. D) law. E) variable.

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable? A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate E) More than one of the answers is correct.

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 36) There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) "Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is A) mechanistic. B) theological. C) teleological. D) metalogical. E) scatological.

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called A) pharmacokinetics. B) pharmacogenetics. C) pharmacogenomics. D) pharmacodynamics. E) pharmageddon.

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A) prevent the external environment from changing. B) prevent the internal environment from changing. C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. D) ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. E) prevent excessive blood loss.

: C Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) projections that carry sensory information to the brain

: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) motor fibers leave the spinal cord's gray matter via this

: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the type of cell junction with the best description. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all A. gap junction B. tight junction C. anchoring junction 74) their loss is characteristic of cancer

: C Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 121) Neurons in the CNS of the adult don't contain centrioles. What does that tell you about CNS neurons? A) They don't produce any products. B) It doesn't tell you much of anything. C) They don't replicate themselves. D) They don't carry nerve impulses.

: C Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) Each of the following is a primary tissue type except one. Identify the exception. A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to A) increase the movement of extracellular fluid. B) increase the resistance of the cell to viruses. C) increase the cell's surface area. D) increase the toughness of the cell. E) allow the cell to move through a fluid medium.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the organelle with its function. A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. mitochondria E. peroxisomes 69) It is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of cell junction with the best description. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all A. gap junction B. tight junction C. anchoring junction 73) can be cell-matrix junctions

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the cell type to its tissue or function. A. cartilage B. destroys bone matrix C. loose connective tissue D. fat E. maintains bone matrix 76) fibroblast

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body? A) gap B) tight C) anchoring

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface. A) mitochondria B) cilia or flagella C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) vesicles

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 120) Mature nerve and muscle cells are expected to lack which organelle(s)? A) nucleus B) endoplasmic reticulum C) centrioles D) ribosomes E) Golgi bodies

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 115) The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is A) that it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces. B) always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body. C) the presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. D) the collagen fibers that offer support. E) All of these characteristics help make connective tissue unique.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) Once the stimulus alters the receptor on the cell's membrane, what happens next? A) Ion channels open, allowing ions to enter or exit. B) The membrane permeability is altered. C) A second messenger is activated on the inside of the cell. D) Any of these actions could happen next.

: D Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) Once the action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens next? A) exocytosis of a neurocrine B) release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft C) release of a neurohormone into the blood D) Any of the above could happen next.

: D Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) Clusters of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called A) microglia. B) neuroglia. C) glia. D) ganglia. E) nodes.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Information coming into the central nervous system is transmitted along ________ neurons. A) afferent B) sensory C) efferent D) afferent and sensory E) sensory and efferent

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 98) cells in the PNS that form myelin

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The afferent and efferent axons together form the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic division system. C) somatic motor division of the nervous system. D) peripheral nervous system. E) visceral nervous system.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 101) cells that myelinate only one axon each; multiple cells per axon

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The axon is connected to the cell body by the A) myelin sheath. B) axon terminal. C) collaterals. D) axon hillock. E) synapse.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) Myelin is formed by A) axons only. B) Schwann cells only. C) oligodendrocytes only. D) Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 85) Repair of damaged neurons can be assisted by certain neurotrophic factors secreted by the A) cell body only. B) axon only. C) dendrites only. D) Schwann cells only. E) axon and dendrites.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 140) In terms of embryonic origin, neurons are most closely related to ________ cells. A) skeletal muscle B) cardiac muscle C) connective tissue D) epithelial

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 165) Tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side. What type of glial cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the damaged area of the brain that is affected by the stroke? A) astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) Chemical reactions in a living system function to A) only transfer energy from one molecule to another. B) create new energy. C) only use energy stored in a molecule. D) transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.

: D Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The ________ of glycogen from many glucose molecules is an ________ reaction. A) decomposition, endergonic B) synthesis, exergonic C) decomposition, exergonic D) synthesis, endergonic

: D Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) pineal

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus.

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH (Vasopressin). E) MSH.

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) true endocrine gland of epithelial origin

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the A) sensor only. B) integrating center only. C) target. D) sensor and integrating center. E) integrating center and target.

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 73) Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane? A) a decrease in the surface area of the membrane B) a decrease in the concentration gradient C) a decrease in membrane permeability D) a decrease in membrane thickness

: D Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients. A) mouth B) stomach C) small intestine D) large intestine E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the structure or compound to its function. A. ezetimbe B. ferroportin C. hepcidin D. DMT1 E. NPC1L1 107) transporter for iron absorption

: D Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) Mucus functions in A) protection only. B) lubrication only. C) enzyme activation only. D) protection and lubrication. E) protection, lubrication, and enzyme activation.

: D Section Title: Digestive Function and Processes Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 162) How would blocking retrograde transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron? A) The neuron would not be able to produce neurotransmitters. B) The neuron would not be able to produce action potentials. C) The cell body would not be able to export products to the axon terminals. D) The cell body would not be able to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon. E) The neuron would be unable to depolarize when stimulated.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) Ion concentrations are first significantly affected after ________ action potential(s). A) one B) a few dozen C) a few hundred D) a few thousand E) a few million

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) The Nernst equation predicts A) intracellular ion concentrations. B) extracellular ion concentrations C) the membrane potential resulting from all permeable ions. D) the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion. E) the threshold membrane potential.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) The resting membrane potential results from A) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only. B) differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ only. C) activity of the sodium/potassium pump only. D) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 159) Graded potentials can A) only act as signals over short distances. B) only act as signals over long distances. C) only cause or prevent an action potential. D) act as signals over short distances and cause or prevent an action potential. E) act as signals over long distances and cause or prevent an action potential.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 127) Candy bars are well known to supply large amounts of energy for metabolism. With all this energy trapped inside, how can the candy bar sit still on the shelf in the grocery store?

: Candy bars contain large amounts of energy, but it is trapped as potential energy in carbohydrates (both simple and complex). The carbohydrates must be broken down and enter the cell's metabolic pathways in order to convert the potential energy to another form. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 135) Cholesterol is absorbed without being digested into smaller pieces. How does this compare to absorption of carbohydrates and proteins? What characteristic of cholesterol suggests it would be transported by simple diffusion? What is the evidence that transport proteins are involved in cholesterol absorption? Does this discovery rule out transport by simple diffusion? Explain.

: Carbohydrates are digested to monosaccharides before they are absorbed. Proteins are absorbed as amino acids, di- or tripeptides, or even oligopeptides. As a lipid, cholesterol can dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer and therefore cross membranes by simple diffusion. The drug ezetimibe inhibits cholesterol absorption, suggesting there must be a membrane transporter. This discovery does not rule out additional transport of cholesterol by simple diffusion, but does suggest there is a significant amount of transport dependent upon a transport molecule. Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) What force(s) move(s) carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli?

: Carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli as a result of the pressure gradient. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 76) "Too much of a good thing can hurt you." "It's all good." We've all heard phrases like this, and know that they contain some truth. For example, both life essentials water and sunshine can harm us. Not enough cholesterol in the body is worse than too much. What otherwise poisonous gas has recently been shown to be a signal molecule? What does it do in the body?

: Carbon monoxide is one of the gaseous signal molecules. It activates guanylyl cyclase and cGMP in smooth muscle and neural tissue. Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) ________ is the enzyme that converts CO2 into bicarbonate ions.

: Carbonic anhydrase Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 95) Distinguish between cellular and external respiration.

: Cellular respiration refers to the intracellular reactions that consume oxygen and produce ATP. External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the environment and the lungs, lungs and blood, blood and cells, and the transport of those gases. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) Describe cerebrospinal fluid flow from secretion to absorption.

: Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexus. It flows into the subarachnoid space (between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane) to surround the brain and spinal cord. CSF is absorbed back into the blood at arachnoid villi (located in the cranium). Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 153) Identify the virus associated with some types of cervical cancer. How is this virus acquired? Is it accurate to consider cervical cancer to be contagious? Explain.

: Cervical cancer can be caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. This virus is typically acquired from sexual contact with an infected person. Given that the virus is contagious, some consider cervical cancer to be a sexually transmitted cancer. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 94) Explain the differences between channel proteins and carrier proteins and why cells need both.

: Channel proteins allow more rapid transport but are not as selective. Carrier proteins are slower because of the conformation change. They are also more selective and can move larger molecules than channel proteins. Carrier proteins never allow free exchange across the membrane because they never create a continuous passage between the inside and outside of the cell. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 129) What is chemiosmotic theory? What is its role in metabolism?

: Chemiosmotic theory is a model that explains the movement of electrons through the electron transport system. This occurs across the mitochondrial inner membrane and drives oxidative phosphorylation and production of ATP by ATP synthase. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 209) The disease rabies is caused by a virus that attacks the central nervous system. The virus is normally introduced when an infected animal bites another, breaking the surface of the skin and allowing the entry of saliva containing the virus. Since the virus cannot move by itself, how does it get to neurons in the central nervous system?

: Circulation of the lymph may spread the virus throughout the body. Retrograde axonal transport brings the viral particles to the nerve cell bodies in the spinal cord. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Prolonged vomiting of the stomach's contents can result in A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) ________ is the immunoglobulin class that comprises 75% of antibodies in adult blood. A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG E) IgM

: D Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) Immunoglobulins that are mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

: D Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are A) B lymphocytes. B) plasma cells. C) helper T cells. D) cytotoxic T cells. E) suppressor T cells.

: D Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Stem cells that will form T lymphocytes are modified in the A) bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.

: D Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must A) be phagocytized by the lymphocyte. B) enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. C) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. D) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane. E) depolarize the lymphocyte.

: D Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 89) A fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA type antibody. This fluid is probably A) blood. B) lymph. C) serum. D) tears. E) intracellular.

: D Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The brain area(s) that has/have a cortex is/are the A) cerebrum only. B) cerebellum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebrum and cerebellum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Reasoning arises in the outer layer of neurons of which of the following? A) amygdala B) basal nuclei C) hippocampus D) cerebral cortex E) amygdala and hippocampus

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the A) cerebellum only. B) cerebrum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebellum and cerebrum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) organ where most digestion occurs

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 7) The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the A) serosa. B) adventitia. C) muscularis mucosa. D) mucosa. E) submucosa.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis mucosa. D) myenteric plexus. E) submucosal plexus.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) Peyer's patches are characteristic of the A) stomach. B) esophagus. C) pancreas. D) small intestine. E) colon.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Features of the submucosa include A) blood and lymph vessels. B) a major nerve network. C) Peyer's patches. D) blood, lymph vessels, and a major nerve network. E) blood, lymph vessels, a major nerve network, and Peyer's patches.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) submucosal plexus D) muscularis mucosa E) adventitia

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) A patient has elevated eosinophils and monocytes but normal levels of neutrophils, basophils, and lymphocytes. Which of the following could be causing those levels? A) an acute bacterial infection B) a chronic bacterial infection C) a viral infection D) a chronic parasitic infection E) a severe allergic reaction

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) Cytotoxic, these cells are associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. Usually these cells are less than 3% of the leukocyte population, and only live up to 12 hours.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Which of the following are NOT antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? A) lymphocytes B) dendritic cells C) macrophages D) neutrophils E) monocytes

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Diffuse lymphoid tissue includes A) tonsils. B) GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue). C) the spleen. D) tonsils and GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue). E) tonsils, GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), and the spleen.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 113) You are looking at a slide of an unknown organ that has an empty lumen with stratified squamous epithelium contacting the lumen. Deep to the epithelium is a basement membrane and then two layers of smooth muscle. Which of the following organs would this most likely belong to and why? A) The intestines because they need to move food along and absorb digested products. B) The liver because it secretes enzymes and bile and needs to move them to the gallbladder. C) The esophagus because it is a passageway that needs to move but not absorb food products. D) The urinary bladder because it needs to stretch and constrict to store and eliminate urine.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 132) This tissue is composed of cells with membrane extensions that beat in a coordinated fashion to move fluid and particles across the tissue.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 116) Which type of connective tissue does NOT fit with the typical characteristic regarding relative cell density? A) cartilage B) bone C) adipose D) blood E) dense

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Saturation occurs when A) molecules are moved by the use of vesicles. B) the energy required to move molecules results from a high-energy bond. C) a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate. D) a preference of a carrier protein for a substance is demonstrated based on the differing affinities of the carrier for the substrates. E) a carrier molecule has the ability to transport only one molecule or a group of closely related molecules.

: C Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the transport process to its description. A. simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. both D. neither 35) the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

: C Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) Bulk flow is fluid flow as a result of a(n) ________ gradient. A) concentration B) electrical C) pressure D) Two of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) The means by which a cell transports large molecules out of the cell is called A) phagocytosis. B) endocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) diffusion. E) active transport.

: C Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) All of the following are types of mediated transport except one. Identify the exception. A) facilitated diffusion B) primary active transport C) simple diffusion D) secondary active transport

: C Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) Lymphocytes and plasma cells A) mediate the acquired immune response. B) are found primarily in lymphoid tissue. C) all function and behave the same way. D) mediate the acquired immune response and are found primarily in lymphoid tissue. E) mediate the acquired immune response, are found primarily in lymphoid tissue, and all function and behave the same way.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 151) When comparing action potentials to graded potentials, an/two important distinguishing characteristic/s is/are A) graded potentials can undergo summation. B) action potentials can undergo summation. C) that the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period. D) graded potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period. E) action potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) The point during an action potential when the inside of the cell has become more positive than the outside is known as the A) depolarization. B) rising phase. C) falling phase. D) overshoot. E) peak.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) When voltage-gated Na+ channels of a resting neuron open, A) Na+ enters the neuron. B) Na+ leaves the neuron. C) the neuron depolarizes. D) Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. E) Na+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) Choose all of the items that are incorrectly matched. A) inactivation gate — closed at rest B) activation gate — open at rest C) inactivation gate — closed during repolarization D) activation gate — opens during depolarization E) All of the answers are incorrectly matched.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 166) Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. What effect does this substance have on the function of neurons? A) Neurons depolarize more rapidly. B) Action potentials lack a repolarization phase. C) The absolute refractory period is shorter than normal. D) The neuron is not able to propagate action potentials. E) The toxin does not interfere with neuron function because the voltage-regulated sodium channels would still function.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 145) When the neuron is at rest, which statement is true? A) The activation gate is closed. B) The inactivation gate is open. C) No Na+ crosses the membrane is the only observation. D) The activation gate is closed and the inactivation gate is open. E) The activation gate is closed and no Na+ crosses the membrane.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 142) If the sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane of a neuron fail to function, over time A) the extracellular concentration of potassium ion will increase. B) the intracellular concentration of sodium ion will increase. C) the membrane resting potential will become more positive than normal. D) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 157) When sodium channels open during an action potential, the opening is caused by A) binding of sodium ions. B) binding of potassium ions. C) presence of calcium. D) presence of positive charge.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 154) If a stimulating electrode is placed in the middle of a resting axon and an above-threshold voltage is applied to the electrode action potentials A) will not occur. B) will start at that point and proceed only toward the axon terminal. C) will start at that point and proceed only toward the cell body. D) will start at that point and travel in both directions in the axon.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. A) proteolysis; phosphatase B) phosphorylation; phosphatase C) proteolysis; kinase D) phosphorylation; kinase

: D Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is A) at least 10 times faster. B) at least twice as fast. C) about the same. D) much slower. E) impossible to predict without more information.

: D Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure. A) oncotic B) colloid osmotic C) hydrostatic D) oncotic and colloid osmotic E) colloid osmotic and hydrostatic

: D Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 61) In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? A) constriction of the afferent arteriole B) a decrease in the hydraulic pressure of the glomerulus C) an increase in the capsular hydraulic pressure D) a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood E) a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure

: D Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body's water balance are A) digestive and respiratory. B) urinary and respiratory. C) cardiovascular and respiratory. D) urinary and cardiovascular. E) digestive and cardiovascular.

: D Section Title: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces

: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) increased diffusion distance

: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Hypoxia resulting from fluid accumulation in the alveoli that cannot be corrected by oxygen therapy can lead to A) emphysema. B) fibrotic lung disease. C) asthma. D) adult respiratory distress syndrome. E) sudden infant death syndrome.

: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) Jill lives in St. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as Jill adapts to the higher altitude? A) decreased hematocrit B) decreased blood pressure C) decreased alveolar ventilation rate D) decreased PO2 in the alveoli E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Chronic hypoxia A) increases 2,3-DPG production in blood. B) shifts the HbO2 dissociation curve to the left. C) can be caused by anemia. D) increases 2,3-DPG production in blood and can result from anemia. E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? A) blood B) lumen C) lymph D) extracellular fluid E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 1.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) When an antigen complex is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a A) B cell. B) plasma cell. C) helper T cell. D) cytotoxic T cell. E) NK cell.

: D Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) Class II MHC molecules are found A) on all cells with a nucleus. B) only on red blood cells. C) only on granulocytes and macrophages. D) only on lymphocytes and macrophages. E) only on liver cells and macrophages in the spleen.

: D Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) A person's blood type is determined by A) the size of the red blood cells. B) the shape of the red blood cells. C) the chemical character of the hemoglobin. D) the presence or absence of specific glycoprotein molecules on their cell membrane. E) the number of specific molecules on the cell membrane.

: D Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) A person with type A blood has A) A antibodies on his red blood cells. B) A antibodies in his plasma. C) B antibodies on his red blood cells. D) B antibodies in his plasma. E) the ability to receive AB blood cells.

: D Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 80) Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum but not with the anti-B. Therefore this is true: A) Bill could receive type B blood in a transfusion. B) Bill could donate blood to an individual with type B blood. C) Bill is Rh positive. D) Bill's plasma contains B antibodies. E) Bill's plasma would cross-react with type O red blood cells.

: D Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) A substance that induces fever is known as a(n) A) opsonin. B) chemotaxin. C) acute phase protein. D) pyrogen. E) cytokine.

: D Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T lymphocytes. B) B lymphocytes. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

: D Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 106) smooth muscle of duodenum is a target

: D Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) The release of many GI tract hormones is stimulated by a particular food or substance. Which hormone is INCORRECTLY paired with its stimulus? A) CCK — fatty foods B) secretin — acid in the small intestine C) GIP — glucose in the small intestine D) motilin — acid in the stomach E) gastrin — peptides, increased sympathetic activity

: D Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) Protein digestion is completed here.

: D Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) Fat digestion is completed here.

: D Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) Carbohydrate digestion is completed here.

: D Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 168) Presynaptic facilitation occurs when A) extracellular concentration of sodium increases. B) extracellular concentration of potassium increases. C) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane are inhibited. D) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remain open longer. E) temporal summation occurs.

: D Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 105) Which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) thick filaments D) microtubules E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is TRUE except one. Identify the exception. A) The mitochondrial cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. B) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except one. Identify the exception. A) proteins B) fatty acids C) steroids D) RNA E) phospholipids

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) Microvilli are found A) mostly in muscle cells. B) on the inside of cell membranes. C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. D) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption. E) only on cells lining the reproductive tract.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the organelle with its function. A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. mitochondria E. peroxisomes 67) The "powerhouse" of the cell, ATP is produced here.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) In humans, only ________ cells have flagella. A) respiratory tract lining B) intestine lining C) stomach lining D) sperm E) uterine tube lining

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A) ribosomes. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) Golgi apparatus.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mitochondria? A) The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for its shape. B) The intermembrane space is used in the production of ATP. C) Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA. D) Mitochondria can replicate themselves only when directed by the cell's nuclear DNA. E) Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy to the cell.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) End-product inhibition describes the process whereby A) decreasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme. B) decreasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme. C) increasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme. D) increasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme. E) increasing amounts of product reduce activity of all enzymes in the vicinity.

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) The explanation for how ATP bonds are actually formed during oxidative phosphorylation is called A) the Krebs hypothesis. B) the second law of thermodynamics. C) the proton principle. D) the chemiosmotic theory. E) Murphy's law.

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) Aerobic metabolism of glucose A) requires oxygen. B) produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways. C) is the fastest way to produce glucose. D) requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways.

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 105) NADH is produced from each reaction described except one. Identify the exception. A) during aerobic glycolysis B) during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C) during the citric acid cycle D) during anaerobic glycolysis

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) ATP synthase transfers the ________ energy of the H+ ions to the high-energy phosphate bond of ________. A) potential, NADH B) potential, ATP C) kinetic, NADH D) kinetic, ATP E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) After forming a complex with the ribosome, mRNA interacts with a third molecule. This molecule is called A) DNA. B) an amino acid. C) rRNA. D) tRNA. E) rough ER.

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) Once synthesized, the ________ of mRNA are removed through ________, which results in the formation of the coding sequence of a protein. A) exon, RNA interference B) exon, alternative splicing C) intron, RNA interference D) intron, alternative splicing

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 100) Increasing ________ will decrease the amount of mRNA transcript within a cell for a constitutively active gene. A) ribonuclease activity only B) RNA polymerase activity only C) siRNA concentration only D) ribonuclease activity and siRNA concentration only E) ribonuclease activity, RNA polymerase activity and siRNA concentration

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 113) During starvation, steroid hormones trigger the transcription of genes for lipid metabolism in their target cells. This would be an example of control by A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) repressors. D) inducers. E) alternative splicing.

: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) Cholesterol is A) a precursor to steroid hormones. B) a structural component of cell membranes. C) a dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body. D) a precursor to steroid hormones and a structural component of cell membranes. E) a precursor to steroid hormones, a structural component of cell membranes, and a dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 2) Glycosylated molecules are those formed with which group of organic compounds? A) lipids B) nucleic acids C) proteins D) carbohydrates E) lipoproteins

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Each amino acid differs from others in the A) number of central carbon atoms. B) size of the amino group. C) number of carboxyl groups. D) chemical structure of the R group. E) number of peptide bonds in the molecule.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) A nucleotide consists of a A) five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. B) five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. C) phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. D) five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. E) five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each class of biomolecules to the correct statement about it. A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. proteins D. nucleotides 58) ATP and DNA are examples; they transfer energy and encode genetic information.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) The most important energy-transferring compound in cells is a nucleotide known as A) glucose. B) fructose. C) protein. D) adenosine triphosphate. E) deoxyribonucleic acid.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) Which bases below are purines? 1. adenine 2. cytosine 3. guanine 4. thymine 5. uracil A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 1 and 3 E) 2, 4, and 5

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) A positively charged ion is called a(n) A) electron. B) proton. C) neutron. D) cation. E) anion.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) The weak interactions between atoms that keep atoms near each other but don't tightly bind them together are called A) hydrogen bonds. B) van der Waals forces. C) ionic bonds. D) hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. E) van der Waals forces and ionic bonds.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each bond type with its description. A. van der Waals B. ionic C. hydrogen D. covalent 55) These result when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

: D Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) A molecule referred to as highly soluble is A) very likely to dissolve in water. B) not very likely to dissolve in water. C) called aqueous. D) very likely to dissolve in water and is called aqueous. E) not very likely to dissolve in water and is called aqueous.

: D Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of A) solvent per volume of solute. B) solute per volume of solvent. C) solvent per volume of solution. D) solute per volume of solution. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which type of structure? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentagonal

: D Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) A component of an important buffer in the human body is A) NaCl. B) H+. C) HCl. D) HCO3-. E) H2O.

: D Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) the use of ATP to move molecules

: D Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Which of the following acts as the earliest form of defense against exogenous pathogens in the list? A) inflammation B) lymphocytes C) macrophages D) skin

: D Section Title: Overview Learning Outcome: 24.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen

: D Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as: A) excretion B) filtration C) reabsorption D) secretion

: D Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.5

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 14 Cardiovascular Physiology 1) In the 16th century, William Harvey discovered evidence that A) the cardiovascular system transports blood and air. B) the cardiovascular system is an open system. C) arteries and veins are linked by capillaries. D) blood is recirculated instead of consumed. E) the liver manufactures blood.

: D Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Viruses A) must reproduce inside cells of the host. B) are considered to be parasitic. C) easily survive in the environment outside the body. D) must reproduce inside cells of the host and are considered to be parasitic. E) must reproduce inside cells of the host, are considered to be parasitic, and easily survive in the environment outside the body.

: D Section Title: Pathogens of the Human Body Learning Outcome: 24.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called A) hypernatremia. B) hyperpotassemia. C) hyperpotasseplasmia. D) hyperkalemia. E) hypercalcemia.

: D Section Title: Potassium Balance Learning Outcome: 20.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 139) The blood pressure in a vessel is 10 units at point A and 10 units at point B. Flow between those points is ________.

: D Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) As blood vessel length increases, A) resistance increases only. B) flow decreases only. C) friction decreases only. D) resistance increases and flow decreases. E) both resistance and flow increase.

: D Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) match the type of modulator with the best description below. A. involved in phosphorylation B. cannot be displaced by competition C. bind to proteins away from the active site D. reversible antagonist 72) competitive inhibitor

: D Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 111) If a polypeptide contains 10 peptide bonds, how many amino acids does it contain? A) 0 B) 5 C) 10 D) 11 E) 12

: D Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each level of protein structure with its description. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary 61) applies to proteins containing more than one peptide chain

: D Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 110) Each of the following is a function of proteins except one. Identify the exception. A) support and structure B) transport C) catalyst D) storage of genetic information E) carrying of messages

: D Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) enzymes

: D Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) urea

: D Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 52) When the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its renal concentration, more of the substance will be A) filtered. B) reabsorbed. C) secreted. D) excreted. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) The chloride shift occurs when A) hydrogen ions leave the red blood cells. B) hydrogen ions enter the red blood cells. C) bicarbonate ions enter the red blood cells. D) bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells. E) carbonic acid is formed.

: D Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.13

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to all EXCEPT which of the following? A) changes in PCO2 B) changes in PO2 C) changes in pH due to carbon dioxide levels D) changes in blood pressure E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The Hering-Breuer reflex A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. D) prevents overexpansion of the lungs. E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.

: D Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 83) Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in A) decreased heart rate. B) decreased cardiac output. C) decreased blood flow to the lungs. D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause A) arterioles to dilate or constrict. B) the heart rate to increase or decrease. C) the contractility of the heart to increase or decrease. D) arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease. E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) ________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass. A) Fenestrated, transcytotic B) Continuous, fenestrated C) Transcytotic, continuous D) Fenestrated, continuous E) Transcytotic, fenestrated

: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure, A) sympathetic activity increases. B) cardiac output increases. C) peripheral resistance decreases. D) sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. E) sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases.

: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) goblet cells

: D Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) Receptor molecules on the surface of a cell A) determine that cell's response. B) may allow a particular ligand to bind. C) bind to all ligands. D) determine that cell's response and may allow a particular ligand to bind. E) determine that cell's response and bind to all ligands.

: D Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) Lipophilic hormones A) bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. B) function by way of a second messenger system. C) cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. D) bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. E) function by activating cAMP.

: D Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Inositol triphosphate A) is a water-insoluble messenger molecule. B) binds to the calcium channel of the endoplasmic recticulum. C) is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol. D) is a second messenger that is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol. E) uses all of the mechanisms.

: D Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers A) adenylyl cyclase activation. B) cyclic nucleotide formation. C) G protein inhibition. D) gene transcription. E) protein kinase activation.

: D Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Cyclic AMP activates A) a G protein. B) adenylyl cyclase. C) protein hormones. D) protein kinase A. E) hormone receptors.

: D Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) The intracellular effector in chemical signaling is often A) a hormone. B) a membrane receptor molecule. C) ATP. D) a protein kinase. E) cholesterol.

: D Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) Compared to skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle cells is A) only a slower response to a stimulus. B) only sustained without fatigue. C) only controlled by the somatic nervous system. D) a slower response to a stimulus and sustained without fatigue. E) a slower response to a stimulus, sustained without fatigue, and controlled by the somatic nervous system.

: D Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Which of the following is NOT a correct comparison of cardiac myocytes to other muscle cell types? A) Like smooth muscle cells, some cardiac myocytes have pacemaker potentials. B) Like some smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled. C) Like skeletal muscle cells, actin and myosin are organized into sarcomeres. D) Like skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle is under autonomic nervous control. E) Like smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle is under hormonal control.

: D Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) Juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete A) angiotensinogen. B) angiotensin I. C) aldosterone. D) renin. E) angiotensin converting enzyme.

: D Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Stimuli for the activation of the RAAS pathway include A) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron only. B) a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule only. C) high blood pressure in the renal artery only. D) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule. E) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron, a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule, and high blood pressure in the renal artery.

: D Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) Atrial natriuretic peptide A) increases the GFR. B) inhibits the release of renin. C) stimulates the release of renin. D) increases the GFR and inhibits the release of renin. E) increases the GFR and stimulates the release of renin.

: D Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A) It is dominant during "resting and digesting." B) Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. C) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. D) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. E) All of the statements apply.

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 22) sympathetic tissue receptor

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Each of these statements is true except one. Identify the exception. A) Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines. B) β1 receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) β2 receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood. D) Activation of α receptors opens Na+ channels in the membrane.

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 48) If the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated? A) It acts on AMPA receptors. B) It acts at the neuromuscular junction. C) It acts on muscarinic receptors. D) It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors. E) It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Smooth muscle is present in the walls of A) veins only. B) arteries only. C) muscular arteries only. D) all vessel types except capillaries. E) all vessel types.

: D Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called A) podocytes. B) vascular smooth muscle. C) endothelial cells. D) pericytes. E) epitheliocytes.

: D Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of A) myocardial infarction. B) hypertension. C) hypotension. D) cancer. E) vasovagal syncope.

: D Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight reaction is A) thyroid hormone. B) prolactin. C) oxytocin. D) epinephrine. E) antidiuretic hormone.

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) An important structure in both learning and memory is the A) cerebellum. B) pons. C) medulla. D) hippocampus. E) hypothalamus.

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) composed of distinct regions of gray and white matter, a section of the brain that develops with sulci and gyri

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) network to coordinate arousal and sleep, but also involved in blood pressure regulation and pain modulation

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except one. Identify the exception. A) epinephrine B) norepinephrine C) thyroid hormone D) thyroid-stimulating hormone E) melatonin

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenylyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium.

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are inhibited. D) gene transcription may increase or decrease. E) protein kinases are activated.

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true except one. Identify the exception. A) Peptide hormones are first synthesized as prohormones. B) Prohormones can be activated before their release via post-translational modification. C) Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. D) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. E) Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) In order for blood to enter the heart, A) the atria must be in diastole. B) the pressure in the atria must be lower than in the veins. C) the AV valves must be open. D) the atria must not only be at rest but the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins. E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the name of the wave with the correlated event. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. PR segment E. ST segment 68) atrial contraction

: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) Atrial contraction A) begins during the first part of the P wave. B) begins just after the T wave. C) begins just after the Q wave. D) begins during the latter part of the P wave. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) Which of these will increase the heart rate? A) only sympathetic stimulation to the SA node B) only the application of epinephrine to the SA node C) only the application of acetylcholine to the SA node D) both sympathetic stimulation and application of epinephrine to the SA node E) both sympathetic stimulation and application of acetylcholine to the SA node

: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with its definition. A. cardiac output (CO) B. heart rate (HR) C. end-diastolic volume (EDV) D. stroke volume (SV) E. end-systolic volume (ESV) 72) the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction

: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 84) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects A) B cells. B) plasma cells. C) cytotoxic T cells. D) helper T cells. E) suppressor T cells.

: D Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Which of these is matched incorrectly? A) innate immunity - nonspecific responses B) acquired immunity - responses directed toward specific invaders C) active immunity - an immune response started and developed by the cells D) actively acquired immunity - immunity passed via the placenta or milk to offspring E) Each of these is correctly described.

: D Section Title: The Immune Response Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) esophagus.

: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A) bronchioles. B) alveolar ducts. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) terminal sacs.

: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The lungs are located in the ________ cavity. A) pericardial B) pulmonary C) pleural D) thoracic E) costal

: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The lower respiratory tract includes A) all of the bronchial branches. B) only the lungs. C) only the trachea. D) all of the bronchial branches and the lungs E) all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, and the trachea.

: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them. 1. secondary bronchi 2. bronchioles 3. primary bronchi 4. alveoli 5. terminal bronchioles A) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 B) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 D) 3, 1, 2, 5, 4 E) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4

: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) Gated channels for sodium ions may include A) mechanical gates, which respond to pressure. B) chemical gates, which respond to ligands. C) voltage gates, which respond to electrical signals. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) When a neuron changes its ion permeability from the resting state, A) a variety of gated ion channels may open or close. B) Na+ channels may open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell. C) K+ channels must open, allowing K+ to enter the cell. D) only a variety of gated ion channels may open or close and Na+ channels may open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell. E) a variety of gated ion channels may open or close, Na+ channels may open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell, and K+ channels must open, allowing K+ to enter the cell.

: D Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) to -70 mV from -50 mV

: D Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) to -70 mV from -90 mV

: D Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the level of organization with its definition below. A. a collection of similar cells that carry out similar functions B. the smallest living unit C. a collection of different tissues that carry out related functions D. groups of organs functioning in a coordinated manner 25) organ systems

: D Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) If a scientific opinion has been verified repeatedly, it becomes a A) model. B) theory. C) hypothesis. D) law. E) variable.

: D Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a dependent variable? A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate E) More than one of the answers is correct.

: D Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The study of body function in a disease state is A) necrology. B) physiology. C) microbiology. D) pathophysiology. E) histology.

: D Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ Project. A) Human Genome B) Physiognomy C) Physiosome D) Physiome E) Manhattan

: D Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology 1) Physiology is the study of A) the structure of the body. B) the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level. C) growth and reproduction. D) the normal functions of the organ systems. E) the facial features as an indication of personality.

: D Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 39) carry primarily efferent signals from the brain

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve. A) trochlear B) spinal accessory C) trigeminal D) vagus E) glossopharyngeal

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 44) swellings containing sensory cell bodies

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) A complete spinal cord transection injury results in paralysis, which is the inability to do which of the following? A) move voluntarily B) move at all C) feel D) move voluntarily and feel E) move at all and feel

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 111) Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to A) blood. B) epithelium. C) fat. D) bone. E) neural tissue.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the cell type to its tissue or function. A. cartilage B. destroys bone matrix C. loose connective tissue D. fat E. maintains bone matrix 75) adipocyte

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception. A) desmosomes B) tight junctions C) gap junctions D) loose junctions E) adherens junctions

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) producing specialized secretions. D) storing energy reserves. E) movement.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) Loose connective tissue functions in A) supporting small glands. B) supporting epithelia. C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves. D) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 112) The tissue(s) that is/are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals is/are called A) muscle tissue. B) neural tissue. C) epithelial tissue. D) muscle tissue and neural tissue. E) muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial tissue.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 45) The type of protein found in gap junctions is the A) claudin. B) occludin. C) cadherin. D) connexin. E) integrin.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 119) Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals an open framework of fibers with a large volume of fluid ground substance and elastic fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the A) inner wall of a blood vessel. B) lungs. C) spleen. D) tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle. E) bony socket of the eye.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be: A) cuboidal epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) simple columnar epithelium. D) stratified squamous epithelium. E) transitional epithelium.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 128) Found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Hyposmotic solutions A) have higher concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions. B) have lower concentrations of solutes than other hyposmotic solutions. C) have the same concentration of solutes as hyperosmotic solutions. D) have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) Which of the following statements about the Na+/K+ pump is FALSE? A) It transports Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. B) It is present in neurons. C) Its activity requires the expenditure of metabolic (cellular) energy. D) It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio.

: D Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) from an organ's lumen to the extracellular fluid

: D Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ________ mm Hg. A) +6 B) +3 C) 0 D) -3 E) -6

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17. 7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 93) Bronchioles and systemic arterioles constrict.

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of breathing with its description. A. hyperpnea B. hyperventilation C. tachypnea D. dyspnea E. apnea 89) difficulty breathing

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity 44) the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume 41) the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the A) vital capacity. B) respiratory minute volume. C) pulmonary ventilation rate. D) alveolar ventilation rate. E) external respiration rate.

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) Surfactant A) protects the surface of the lungs. B) phagocytizes small particulate matter. C) replaces mucus in the alveoli. D) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing. E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to A) a thickening of the respiratory membrane. B) an increased rate of gas exchange. C) alveolar rupture. D) alveolar collapse. E) decreased surface tension in the water lining the alveoli.

: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Water reabsorption by the kidneys is a result of A) both passive and active transport processes. B) cotransport with ions. C) exchange with ions. D) osmosis.

: D Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The hormone that regulates water excretion by the kidneys A) decreases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules. B) increases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules. C) only decreases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules. D) only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.

: D Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 115) Regulatory-protein transcription factors bind to ________ and activate ________, which tells the RNA polymerase ________.

: DNA, promoter, where to bind to the DNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) What is Dalton's law? Why is it important?

: Dalton's law states that the total air pressure in a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures contributed by each individual gases (the partial pressures). It is important because the air that we breathe is a mixture of gases, gas pressure is related to amount of gas, and the respiratory system is regulated in part by the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 128) A certain reaction pathway consists of four steps. How would decreasing the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the second step affect the process?

: Decreasing the amount of enzyme at the second step would slow down the whole series of reactions because less product would be available as substrate for the next two steps. The net result would be a decrease in the rate of production of the product and therefore, within a specified time, a decrease in the amount of the product. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 184) How does the function of dendritic spines in the CNS differ from dendrites in the PNS?

: Dendritic spines have polyribosomes to make their own proteins, send signals to other neurons, and are involved in learning, memory, and various pathologies. PNS dendrites receive external information and transfer it within the neuron. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 51) pupil dilation 52) salivation 53) decreased activity in digestive tract 54) fat breakdown

51: A 52: B 53: A 54: A

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 76) Suzie wants to protect virgin forests from destruction. She climbs a tree to prevent loggers from cutting the oldest tree in the forest. Suzie did not eat for twelve hours until a friend, Jammie, took over the vigilance. Match the correct levels of blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration and relative membrane insulin receptor concentration for a skeletal muscle cell 20 hours into Jammie's fast and one hour after Suzie had eaten a peanut butter and banana sandwich and a bowl of sweet potato soup. Plasma Glucose: 90 mg/dl; 125 mg/dl Plasma Insulin: 10iuU/ml (70 pmol/L); 40iuU/ml (280 pmol/L) Relative membrane insulin receptor concentration: increasing (high); decreasing (low) Fasting (Jammie) Satiety (Suzie) Plasma Glucose Plasma Insulin Relative Membrane Insulin Receptor Levels

: Fasting (Jammie) Satiety (Suzie) Plasma Glucose 90 mg/dl 125 mg/dl Plasma Insulin 10iuU/ml (70 pmol/L); 40iuU/ml (280 pmol/L) Relative Membrane Insulin Receptor Levels increasing (high) decreasing (low) Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) There are three divisions of the brain. Make a table and place each of the six regions of the brain in one of the three divisions.

: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrum Midbrain Cerebellum Diencephalon Pons Medulla Oblongata Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Chromium is A) a major essential element. B) a minor essential element. C) a dietary supplement with no natural role in the body. D) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Running Problem Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) ________ describes how much product is generated or substrate destroyed within a period of time.

: Reaction rate Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) Describe or diagram the basic pattern of a biological signal transduction pathway.

: See Figure 6.4 and the "Membrane Proteins Facilitate Signal Transduction" section in the chapter. Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Do the terms vertebral column and spinal cord mean the same thing? Explain.

: The vertebral column, thus it is bone. The spinal cord is neural tissue, protected by the spine or vertebral column. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 80) ________ are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

: Veins Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 91) Define the law of mass action.

: When a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of the substrates to the products is always the same because reaction rate is constant. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) The two extracellular compartments in the body are ________ and ________.

: plasma, interstitial fluid Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the potential or potential change with the causative circumstances. Assume ion movements are net movements.

s may be used more than once or not at all. A. resting membrane potential B. hyperpolarization C. depolarization D. repolarization E. more than one of the answers 49) Na+ enters the cell Answer: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 68) Dexamethasone is a drug used to suppress the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland. Two patients with hypersecretion of cortisol are given dexamethasone. Anika's cortisol secretion level falls to normal after the medication, but Bonnie's cortisol secretion remains elevated. Which patient has primary hypercortisolism, also known as Cushing's syndrome? Explain your reasoning.

: Dexamethasone suppresses the pituitary's activity, the secretion of ACTH, which then allowed Anika's level to decline. Since Bonnie's level did not decline, this shows that the hypersecretion is NOT due to ACTH, thus it must be coming from the adrenal gland. This is the definition of a primary hypersecretion—an elevated amount from the last gland in the reflex pathway. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 73) Presence of glucose in the urine is evidence of what condition?

: Diabetes mellitus Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.12

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 74) There are two forms of diabetes: diabetes mellitus (lack of insulin regulation of cellular uptake of glucose) and diabetes insipidus (lack of regulation of water loss in the urine by the hormone antidiuretic hormone or ADH). In each case, there are two similar explanations for the resulting pathology. What are they? (Hint: Consider general principles of hormone action.)

: Diabetes mellitus can result from lack of insulin secretion or from lack of response of insulin receptors. Diabetes insipidus can result from lack of ADH secretion or lack of responsiveness of ADH receptors. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) Explain the differences among the terms paracrine, autocrine, hormone, and cytokine.

: Discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. Hormones are chemical messengers that are traditionally defined as being secreted by specialized cells into the blood and transported via the circulatory system to distant cells and tissues. Paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers diffuse only very short distances through interstitial fluid. Cytokines may act both at local and long-distance targets. Section Title: Hormone Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) ________ can be caused by alterations in receptors or by problems with G protein or second messenger pathways.

: Diseases Section Title: Modulation of Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 156) Conduction speed is (or can be) enhanced by A) myelin. B) altering extracellular sodium concentration. C) increasing the temperature. D) altering extracellular potassium concentration. E) myelin and increasing the temperature.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is A) thermodynamics. B) bioenergetics. C) entropy. D) kinetic energy. E) potential energy.

: E Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) deaminase

: E Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during A) hydrolysis reactions only. B) addition reactions only. C) dehydration reactions only. D) exchange reactions only. E) addition and exchange reactions.

: E Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to a substrate molecule is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.

: E Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following? A) Na+ B) K+ C) Ca2+ D) HCO3- E) OH-

: E Section Title: Functions of the Kidneys Learning Outcome: 19.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mm Hg. A) 40 B) 45 C) 50 D) 70 E) 100

: E Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 18 Gas Exchange and Transport 1) High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called A) carbonation. B) hyperdioxia. C) hyperoxia. D) hypercarbia. E) hypercapnia.

: E Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________% saturated with oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) over 90

: E Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite. This information implies that A) the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors. B) one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor. C) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger. D) both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus. E) the two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger.

: E Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) Which of the following are considered differences between endocrine and neural control systems? A) specificity B) nature of the signal C) speed D) duration of action E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) continuously monitors its environment for a specific variable

: E Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) Molecules that attract immune cells are known as A) interferons. B) lysozymes. C) antigens. D) opsonins. E) chemotaxins.

: E Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 105) stimulates insulin release

: E Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 76) Presynaptic facilitation makes a pathway A) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons. B) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons. C) capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning. D) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons and capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning. E) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons and capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning.

: E Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone, which of the following could happen? A) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out. B) Two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur. C) Two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability. D) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out and two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur. E) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out; two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur; and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability.

: E Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 169) Learning and memory are thought to be due to a synaptic phenomenon known as A) inhibition. B) excitation. C) modulation. D) facilitation. E) long-term potentiation.

: E Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT A) lysosomes. B) peroxisomes. C) secretory vesicles. D) storage vesicles. E) All are involved in cellular storage.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Microtubules A) are composed of tubulin. B) are hollow, filamentous structures. C) form cilia that aid in cell movement. D) are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) Ribosomal RNA is formed by A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) Golgi complexes. C) lysosomes. D) mitochondria. E) nucleoli.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) A liposome is A) only an additive to creams and lotions. B) only a drug-delivery vehicle. C) only a type of lipid. D) only a structural component of cell membranes. E) an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The cellular organelle(s) responsible for packaging and transporting proteins is/are the A) microtubules. B) mitochondria. C) rough endoplasmic reticulum. D) ribosomes. E) Golgi complex.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the organelle with its function. A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. mitochondria E. peroxisomes 68) These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Intermediate filaments A) provide the cell with strength. B) stabilize the position of organelles. C) transport materials within the cytoplasm. D) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 37) If the adrenal cortex produces lipid based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? A) Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) ribosome D) rough endoplasmic reticulum E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 38) The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 11 Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control 1) Nicotine is thought to cause approximately ________ deaths per year, worldwide. A) 500 B) 5,000 C) 50,000 D) 500,000 E) 5,000,000

: E Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) When an enzyme's activity is destroyed by heat or a change in pH, the enzyme is said to be A) broken. B) toxic. C) conjugated. D) tertiary. E) denatured.

: E Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Which can serve as substrates for ATP production? A) glucose only B) amino acids only C) fatty acids only D) glucose and fatty acids only E) glucose, amino acids and fatty acids

: E Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) Signal molecule receptors exhibit A) specificity only. B) competition only. C) saturation only. D) competition and saturation only. E) specificity, competition, and saturation.

: E Section Title: Modulation of Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 5) Which group of elements makes up more than 90% of the body's mass? A) O, H, Na B) C, Na, K C) O, Ca, H D) Ca, C, O E) O, C, H

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) The organic molecules known as phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and composed of what monomeric units? A) amino acids B) nucleotides C) glycerol D) fatty acids E) both glycerol and fatty acids

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) All of these statements about carbohydrates are true except one. Identify the exception. A) Simple sugars include lactose, glucose, and ribose. B) Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth. C) Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide made by animal cells. D) Polysaccharides are important both for energy storage and to provide structure to cells. E) Glycogen is important both for energy storage and to provide structure for cells.

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) The largest carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides because they are composed of ________ molecules bonded together with one another. A) amino acid B) nucleotide C) purine D) pyrimidine E) sugar

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Essential amino acids that are used to build proteins A) exist in twenty six different configurations. B) are linked together by ionic chemical bonds in proteins. C) can be used medically for both diagnosis and treatment of diseases. D) can be derived from the foods we eat and digest. E) can only be made by cells within our bodies.

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) Nucleic acids are polymers of units called A) amino acids. B) fatty acids. C) bases. D) ribose. E) nucleotides.

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) A free radical is a A) charged particle. B) molecule with an extra electron. C) molecule with an extra neutron. D) molecule with an extra proton. E) molecule with an unpaired electron.

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) Atoms in a covalent molecule A) share electrons in single pairs. B) share electrons in double pairs. C) share electrons in triple pairs. D) share electrons singly, never in pairs. E) can share electrons in single pairs, double pairs, or triple pairs.

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) Powerful contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called A) segmentation. B) tonic contractions. C) phasic contractions. D) peristalsis. E) mass movements.

: E Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 107) The fuel molecule all cells in the body can use is A) sucrose. B) starch. C) protein. D) vitamins. E) glucose.

: E Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 144) 100 mg/dL is a typical blood concentration of glucose. The molecular weight of glucose is approximately 180 daltons. What is the molarity of this solution in millimoles? A) 100 B) 10 C) 0.56 D) 18 E) 5.6

: E Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 145) If in an acid-base reaction H2SO42- donates two H+, one mole of H2SO42- would equal how many equivalents? A) 0.75 B) 1 C) 4 D) 0.5 E) 2

: E Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Which body fluid compartment contains higher levels of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-? A) plasma only B) interstitial fluid only C) intracellular fluid only D) both plasma and intracellular fluid E) both plasma and interstitial fluid

: E Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 116) If blood pressure doubled at the same time that the peripheral resistance doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be A) doubled. B) halved. C) 16 times greater. D) 1/16 as much. E) unchanged.

: E Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 112) Glycoprotein molecules A) act as receptors on the surface of cell membranes. B) function as cell markers. C) are present in the secretions coating the respiratory tract. D) function as hormones from the pancreas. E) act as receptors on the surface of cell membranes and function as cell markers.

: E Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Protective reflexes of the lungs include A) coughing. B) bronchoconstriction. C) bronchodilation. D) bronchodilation and coughing. E) coughing and bronchoconstriction.

: E Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in A) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels. B) sympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) water conservation by the kidneys. D) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels and water conservation by the kidneys. E) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys.

: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to A) restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure. B) minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. C) reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure. D) restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure and minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. E) minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.

: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to A) body temperature. B) emotional responses. C) blood oxygen levels. D) body temperature and emotional responses. E) body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.

: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle, A) acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors. B) acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors. C) norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors. D) norepinephrine combines with β1 receptors. E) sympathetic stimulation is removed.

: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Bicarbonate secretion A) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum. B) is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3- antiport. C) is not dependent on high levels of carbonic anhydrase to maintain bicarbonate production. D) is secreted by the acinar cells. E) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3- antiport.

: E Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) Saliva is A) slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7. B) controlled by the autonomic nervous system. C) stimulated by sympathetic innervation. D) secreted from endocrine glands. E) slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7 and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

: E Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Receptor molecules are located A) only in the outer cell membrane. B) only in the cytosol. C) only in the nucleus. D) only on the cell surface. E) in all of these places.

: E Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Second messenger molecules directly A) change the regulation of ion channels. B) increase intracellular calcium concentration. C) change enzyme activity. D) change regulation of gene expression. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Diacylglycerol is produced from A) cyclic AMP. B) phospholipase C. C) a G protein. D) protein kinase A. E) phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.

: E Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) Which of the following is NOT a property of single-unit smooth muscles? A) All smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. B) Their contraction occurs in a coordinated manner. C) Electrical responses travel directly between cells. D) Only a proportion of the smooth muscle cells receive autonomic nervous input. E) Each cell functions independent of its neighbor.

: E Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) Relative to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle A) only uses less energy to generate a given amount of force. B) only can sustain contractile force without fatigue. C) only uses calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space. D) uses less energy to generate a given amount of force and can sustain contractile force without fatigue. E) uses less energy to generate a given amount of force, can sustain contractile force without fatigue and uses calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space.

: E Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the A) kidneys. B) liver. C) heart. D) lungs. E) blood vessels.

: E Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in A) elevated blood pressure. B) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney. C) increased water retention. D) increased blood volume. E) all of these effects.

: E Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) Angiotensin II A) stimulates thirst only. B) causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body only. C) causes the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. D) stimulates thirst and causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body. E) stimulates thirst, causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body, and causes the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

: E Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) Which of the following statements concerning the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is FALSE? A) Atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by cells in the heart. B) Atrial natriuretic peptide promotes sodium loss at the kidneys. C) Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces the sensation of thirst. D) Atrial natriuretic peptide suppresses ADH secretion. E) Atrial natriuretic peptide increases aldosterone secretion.

: E Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because A) it is a source of catecholamines. B) it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. C) it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. D) it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. E) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

: E Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the following with its description. A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 18) parasympathetic tissue receptor

: E Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 1, 2, 3 D) 2, 3, 4 E) 1, 2, 3, 4

: E Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the A) arterioles. B) venules. C) capillaries. D) arterioles and capillaries. E) venules and capillaries.

: E Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) ________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. A) Veins B) Venules C) Capillaries D) Arterioles E) Arteries

: E Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation? A) arousal and sleep B) muscle tone and stretch reflexes C) pain modulation D) blood pressure regulation E) regulation of the menstrual cycle

: E Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 7 Introduction to the Endocrine System 1) Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action? A) control of enzymatic reaction rates B) control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes C) control of electrical signaling pathways D) control of gene expression and protein synthesis E) All are methods of hormone action.

: E Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 123) The ECG of a person suffering from complete heart block would show A) an increased PR interval. B) an inverted P wave. C) no visible T wave. D) a smaller QRS complex. E) more P waves than QRS complexes per minute.

: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ion flow through ________ channels. A) Na+ only B) K+ only C) Ca2+ only D) If only E) If and Ca2+

: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with its definition. A. cardiac output (CO) B. heart rate (HR) C. end-diastolic volume (EDV) D. stroke volume (SV) E. end-systolic volume (ESV) 75) the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts

: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 134) Acetylcholine slows the heart rate by A) just increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization. B) just increasing the permeability to Ca2+. C) just increasing the permeability to K+. D) just decreasing the permeability to Ca2+. E) increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+.

: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 77) The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial space functions to A) accelerate the distribution of nutrients and hormones. B) assist the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries. C) help carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system. D) flush hormones and wastes from the interstitial space. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) K+ leaves the cell

: E Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the scientific process: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication. A) experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication B) replication, hypothesis, experimental data, theory, model, observation C) theory, observation, experimental data, hypothesis, replication, model D) observation, replication, model, experimental data, hypothesis, theory E) observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory

: E Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in A) propriospinal tracts. B) ventral root ganglia. C) ventral horns. D) dorsal horns. E) dorsal root ganglia.

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) projections of white matter that remain in the spinal cord

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) cluster of gray matter in the brain

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 104) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to A) maintain its balance. B) synthesize proteins. C) produce DNA. D) metabolize sugars. E) undergo nuclear division.

: E Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by A) a basement membrane only. B) protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only. C) a basal lamina only. D) a basement membrane and protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only. E) a basement membrane, protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein, and a basal lamina.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) Functions of connective tissue include A) establishing a structural framework for the body. B) transporting fluids and dissolved materials. C) providing protection for delicate organs. D) storing energy reserves. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 53) Exocrine glands A) may make either mucous or serous secretions. B) release their secretions into the external environment. C) release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. D) may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. E) All of the statements are true.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the cell type to its tissue or function. A. cartilage B. destroys bone matrix C. loose connective tissue D. fat E. maintains bone matrix 78) osteocyte

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Which type of tissue below has minimal extracellular matrix? A) epithelial only B) connective only C) neural only D) muscle only E) epithelial, neural, and muscle

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) Plasma is A) found within the circulatory system. B) the fluid portion of blood. C) a subdivision of the ECF. D) sometimes donated instead of blood. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 131) These cells produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or directly into the blood.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the type of breathing with its description. A. hyperpnea B. hyperventilation C. tachypnea D. dyspnea E. apnea 85) cessation of breathing

: E Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) Active expiration is produced by contraction of A) abdominal muscles only. B) diaphragm only. C) internal intercostals only. D) external intercostals only. E) abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

: E Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2

30) If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his A) tidal volume. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) minimal volume. E) vital capacity.

: E Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 219) Use the Nernst equation to predict the membrane potential for each ion.

: EK+ = 61 log 150/5 = 90.10 mV, ENa+ = 61 log 175/15 = 65.08 mV, ECl- = -61 log 40/40 = 0 mV Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) What is the ENS, and when was it discovered? What is its significance, what is its nickname, and what are the characteristics that justify that nickname?

: ENS is the enteric nervous system, discovered over 100 years ago. The ENS controls reflexive peristalsis in the intestine, independent of the CNS. The ENS is nicknamed the "little brain" because it shares these characteristics with the actual brain: secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and the presence of glial cells, a diffusion barrier, and integrating centers. Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 199) Compare and contrast the EPSP, IPSP, and action potential as to ions involved, all-or-none law application, specific cellular locations, and specific cell types involved.

: EPSPs and IPSPs are graded potentials in postsynaptic cells resulting from the action of neurotransmitters at synapses, which are usually on dendrites of multipolar neurons, but could also be on the synaptic region of any target cell. EPSPs increase the probability that a postsynaptic action potential will result, because they involve an influx of sodium, which depolarizes the membrane potential, bringing it closer to threshold. IPSPs decrease the probability that a postsynaptic action potential will result, because they involve either an influx of chloride or an efflux of potassium, either of which hyperpolarizes the membrane potential, moving it farther from threshold. Action potentials occur in axons of neurons, or in muscle cell membranes. They may result from PSPs or in the case of sensory neurons, specific stimuli such as sound or odor, which cause a type of graded potential called a receptor potential. Action potentials begin when graded potentials depolarize the membrane potential to threshold. The rising phase of an action potential results from sodium influx, and the falling phase from potassium efflux. Action potentials, but not graded potentials, are an all-or-none phenomenon. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 110) How would a spirometer tracing be different in a person with a collapsed lung? Why? What must occur to restore the respiratory function to normal?

: Each volume would be roughly reduced by half, because only one lung is functioning. The collapsed lung cannot be used for pulmonary ventilation until the damage to the pleura is repaired and the low intrapleural pressure and residual volume is reestablished. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) Explain the two forms of down-regulation.

: Either the number of receptors decreases or desensitization in which the binding affinity of the receptors for the ligand decreases. In both cases the result is a lessened response of the target cell even though the concentration of the signal molecule remains high. Section Title: Modulation of Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) ________ is characterized by a decreased surface area for gas exchange in the lungs.

: Emphysema Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) ________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood.

: Endocrine Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 76) ________ digests terminal peptide bonds to release amino acids.

: Endopeptidase Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 106) Parkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. The specific population of neurons involved degenerates and thus fails to produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. An obvious treatment option to try is to administer dopamine, yet this is completely ineffective at alleviating the symptoms. Propose a reason why this treatment fails, and a related alternative to address the dopamine deficit. (Hint: Think about how the brain protects itself from chemicals in the blood.)

: Dopamine administered to a Parkinson's patient fails to cross the blood-brain barrier. Treatment with the dopamine precursor L-dopa, however, is effective, as this molecule can cross the barrier. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) ________ is a decrease in the number of receptors of target cells in order to dampen the effects of excess hormone.

: Down-regulation Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) Explain the role of exposure to antigens in the development of the immune system in the fetus and in the primary and secondary immune responses in children and adults. How does this compare to the role of innate immunity?

: During development, any lymphocytes bearing receptors that bind to molecules in the fetus are eliminated. Thus the only lymphocytes that persist at birth are those that failed to bind to anything, that is, those that have never encountered an antigen. Once the immune system has matured (early in infancy), primary immune responses develop in response to never-before encountered antigens, and secondary immune responses develop with subsequent exposures to the same antigens. Innate immunity is, at all times, independent of prior antigen exposure. Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 193) The text states "all action potentials are identical to one another." There is an exception, however, where an action potential can have a smaller than normal amplitude. When does this occur and how?

: During the relative refractory period, a smaller than normal action potential can occur. During this period potassium channels are still open causing repolarization. If a wave of depolarization occurs, Na+ can enter the cells through the newly reopened Na+ channels, but this depolarization is offset by the K+ efflux. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 105) Explain the term dynamic steady state.

: Dynamic indicates that materials are constantly moving from compartment to compartment, but steady state implies there is no net movement between the compartments. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) As a result of respiratory alkalosis, A) the respiratory rate increases. B) the tidal volume increases. C) the kidneys conserve bicarbonate. D) the kidneys secrete fewer hydrogen ions. E) the body retains less carbon dioxide.

: E Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) In response to a rapid increase of organic acid in the body, you would expect to observe A) increased alveolar ventilation only. B) decreased blood pressure only. C) decreased heart rate only. D) decreased blood pH only. E) increased alveolar ventilation and decreased blood pH.

: E Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) Immunoglobulins that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

: E Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) binds to mast cells, triggering degranulation

: E Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Which of these does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain? A) cranium B) subarachnoid space C) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) D) dura mater E) cerebral space

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following structures with their functions. A. pancreas B. pylorus C. rectum D. small intestine E. stomach 47) chyme is released from here

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract? A) serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa B) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa C) mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa D) submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa E) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) These cells are related to mast cells, and both release chemical mediators such as histamine and heparin, which aid in the immune response.

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Which cell is incorrectly matched with the characteristic? A) eosinophils - numbers increase with allergies and parasites B) eosinophils - cytotoxic cells may live only 6-12 hours C) basophils - have granules containing histamine and heparin D) neutrophils - most abundant white cell E) neutrophils - most difficult to identify

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 7) Lymphoid tissues include A) thymus. B) bone marrow. C) lymph nodes. D) spleen. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) Which of the following immune cells are also known as Langerhans cells? A) basophils B) eosinophils C) mast cells D) lymphocytes E) dendritic cells

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.

: E Section Title: Behavioral Mechanisms in Salt and Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A) bind to ligands B) regulate the passage of ions C) act as transport molecules for various solutes D) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E) produce energy

: E Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer? A) the absorption of fats only B) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only C) to provide a framework for membrane proteins only D) to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only E) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

: E Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Which of the following is occurring during systole? A) blood pressure increases B) pulse pressure decreases C) more stress is placed on arterial walls D) blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases E) blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls

: E Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.

: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ________ system. A) urinary B) respiratory C) reproductive D) integumentary E) immune

: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Stretching a myocardial cell A) only decreases the force of a contraction. B) only allows more Ca2+ to enter. C) only increases the force of contraction. D) decreases the force of a contraction and allows more Ca2+ to enter. E) allows more Ca2+ to enter and increases the force of a contraction.

: E Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 81) Which of the following is/are (a) possible treatment(s) for hypertension? A) calcium channel blockers B) ACE inhibitors C) ANP blockers D) chloride leak channel blockers E) calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors

: E Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Which is NOT a basic method of cell-to-cell communication? A) cytoplasmic transfer of signals B) contact-dependent signals C) diffused chemical signals D) nerve and blood-transported signals E) mechanical signals

: E Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) Which of the following is NOT a known drug effect on synaptic function? A) interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis B) alter the rate of neurotransmitter release C) prevent neurotransmitter inactivation D) prevent neurotransmitter binding to receptors E) change the type of neurotransmitter found in the synaptic vesicle

: E Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Graded potentials may A) initiate an action potential. B) depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage. C) hyperpolarize the membrane. D) be called EPSPs or IPSPs. E) All of the statements are true.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 158) The primary problem in hyperkalemia is A) that neurons are harder to excite because their resting potential is hyperpolarized. B) that neurons are hyperexcitable because their resting potential is closer to threshold. C) that neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials. D) neurons are harder to excite because their resting potential is hyperpolarized and neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials. E) neurons are hyperexcitable because their resting potential is closer to threshold and neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) Voltage-regulated channels are located A) within the cytosol only. B) in the membranes of dendrites only. C) in the membranes of axons only. D) on the neuron cell body only. E) in the membranes of dendrites, in the membranes of axons, and on the neuron cell body.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) The absolute refractory period of an action potential A) only ensures one-way travel down an axon. B) only allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first. C) only prevents summation of action potentials. D) ensures one-way travel down an axon and allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first. E) ensures one-way travel down an axon, allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first, and prevents summation of action potentials.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) The sodium-potassium exchange pump A) must re-establish ion concentrations after each action potential. B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization. C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization. D) moves sodium and potassium in the direction of their chemical gradients. E) requires ATP to function.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 149) During the relative refractory period, an initial threshold-level depolarization is usually not sufficient to trigger an action potential. Why? A) Only some Na+ channels have returned to their resting position. B) Only K+ channels are still open, so Na+ entry is offset by K+ loss. C) Only a few K+ channels have returned to their resting position. D) The statement is incorrect; a threshold-level depolarization always triggers an action potential. E) Some Na+ channels have returned to their resting position and K+ channels are still open, so Na+ entry is offset by K+ loss.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) Which of the following does NOT influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be conveyed by a particular neuron? A) length of the axon B) presence or absence of a myelin sheath C) diameter of the axon D) presence or absence of nodes of Ranvier E) whether axon is sensory or motor

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) Some neurotoxins work essentially the same way as some local anesthetics, which is to A) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter only. B) bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them only. C) prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell only. D) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter and bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them. E) bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them and prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 102) What are the functions of pleural fluid?

: 1. It creates a moist, slippery surface so opposing membranes can slide across one another as the lungs move within the thorax. 2. It holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall. Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 106) Describe the three major roles of structural proteins.

: 1. connect membrane to the cytoskeleton to maintain cell shape 2. create cell junctions that hold tissues together 3. attach cells to the extracellular matrix by linking cytoskeleton fibers to extracellular collagen and other protein fibers Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) What three stimuli control vasopressin secretion? The most potent stimulus for vasopressin release is ________.

: 1. plasma osmolarity 2. blood volume 3. blood pressure; an increase in plasma osmolarity Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 103) receive(s) most of the incoming synapses

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Kidneys respond relatively ________ to changes in blood volume. A) slowly B) quickly

: A Section Title: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) One intracellular calcium-binding protein is A) calmodulin. B) calcitonin. C) calcitriol. D) IP3. E) nitric oxide.

: A Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) Kidneys regulate A) water loss only. B) water gain only. C) both water loss and gain.

: A Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 146) In the first phase of triggering an action potential in a neuron, Na+ ions flow in and A) only trigger a negative feedback loop. B) only trigger a positive feedback loop. C) only activate the sodium/potassium pump. D) trigger a negative feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump. E) trigger a positive feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 4 Energy and Cellular Metabolism 1) Energy is defined as A) doing tasks that make you tired. B) the capacity to do work. C) the light and heat from the sun. D) using glucose to synthesize ATP.

: B Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) Chemotaxins function in A) digesting invading cells. B) attracting additional immune cells. C) poisoning and killing invading cells. D) digesting invading cells and attracting additional immune cells. E) digesting invading cells, attracting additional immune cells, and poisoning and killing invading cells.

: B Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) Neil accidentally ingests a substance that activates the complement cascade in the absence of bound antibodies. This substance would A) produce a fever. B) cause extensive cellular damage. C) increase circulation of lymph. D) activate blood clotting. E) prevent inflammation.

: B Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) Which of the following is a way to recognize a carbohydrate by looking at its name only? A) It always ends in -ase. B) It ends in -ose C) It begins with nucleo-. D) It begins with proteo-. E) It begins with lipo-.

: B Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) tracts of axons that transfer information to and from the brain

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) Poiseuille's law is summarized this way: A) PV = nRT B) R Lη/r4 C) P = 2T/r D) P1V1 = P2V2

: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) The nephron begins with a hollow, ball-like structure called ________.

: Bowman's capsule Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) H2CO3

: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Organic molecules that act as receptors/carriers for the cleaved portion of the substrate are A) vitamins. B) isoenzymes. C) coenzymes. D) modulators.

: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) kinase

: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are A) filtered then reabsorbed. B) secreted then reabsorbed. C) not filtered. D) filtered and secreted.

: C Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Which of the following characteristics makes hemoglobin's structure such a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier? A) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule. B) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind two oxygen molecules. C) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules. D) Each hemoglobin molecule can't be saturated by oxygen molecules. E) Each hemoglobin binds irreversibly to an oxygen molecule.

: C Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) An integrating center A) is the disturbance or change that sets the pathway in motion. B) is an electrical and/or chemical signal that travels to the effector. C) evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint. D) is the minimum stimulus that must be achieved to set the reflect response in motion.

: C Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 142) How many grams of NaCl, m.w. 58.5 daltons, are the molar equivalent to 90 g of glucose (m.w. 180 daltons)? A) 0.25 B) 0.5 C) 29.25 D) 117 E) 14.6

: C Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 140) A 5 M solution of 100 mL of glucose contains how many grams of glucose, m.w. 180 daltons? A) 180 B) 360 C) 90 D) 6.02 × 1023 E) 1.0

: C Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Which artery/arteries branch(es) is/are most proximal to the beginning of the aorta at the heart? A) hepatic B) renal C) coronary D) carotid E) pulmonary

: C Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. Which are NOT paired correctly? A) kinins — vasodilation B) histamine — vasodilation C) serotonin — vasodilation D) sumatriptan — vasoconstriction E) epinephrine — vasoconstriction with alpha receptors

: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the A) end-diastolic volume. B) end-systolic volume. C) stroke volume. D) cardiac output. E) cardiac reserve.

: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Which of the following is NOT involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? A) diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell B) diffusion of sodium ions into the cell C) resting membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions D) resting membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions

: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) to +30 mV from resting potential

: C Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) The types of junction proteins important in growth and development are A) claudins. B) occludins. C) CAMs. D) connexins. E) integrins.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) Cells that store fat are called A) fibroblasts. B) liposomes. C) adipocytes. D) mast cells. E) melanocytes.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 108) Compare and contrast the roles of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells.

: Cytotoxic T cells bind to and destroy specific virus-infected self cells and sometimes cancer cells, as part of the immune system. NK cells are part of the innate defenses, secreting antiviral cytokines and attacking host cells that lack MHC-I complexes as a result of a viral infection or cancer. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) physiological role is unclear

: D Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The brain has a ________ (high or low?) demand for oxygen, and receives about ________% of the total blood volume in circulation. A) high; 35 B) low; 35 C) low; 15 D) high; 15 E) high; 50

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) distal-most section of small intestine

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) ________ have been found to be the precursor cells of macrophages. A) Eosinophils B) Basophils C) Neutrophils D) Monocytes E) Lymphocytes

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Which of these results in a REDUCED molecule? A) loss of phosphate B) gain of phosphate C) loss of electrons D) gain of electrons

: D Section Title: Enzyme Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) How would the lack of a required cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function? A) The enzyme's function would not be altered. B) The enzyme would function more slowly. C) The enzyme would function more quickly. D) The enzyme would not be able to function.

: D Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) An enzyme that joins two substrates using energy is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.

: D Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 51) synthetase

: D Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier? A) glomerular capillary endothelium B) basal lamina C) Bowman's capsule epithelium D) juxtaglomerular apparatus

: D Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the term with its description: A. threshold B. effector C. integrating center D. setpoint E. sensory receptor 19) the desired target value for a parameter

: D Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 108) Plasma is to blood as ________ is to cytoplasm. A) inclusion B) organelle C) protein D) cytosol E) serum

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) The primary osmoreceptors are located in the A) pons. B) kidney. C) stomach. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla.

: D Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) For a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have A) a systolic pressure above 120 mm Hg. B) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg. C) a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. D) a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg. E) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.

: E Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) aminase

: E Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) According to the rules of complementary base pairing, a nucleotide containing the base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide containing the base A) thymine. B) adenine. C) uracil. D) cytosine. E) guanine.

: E Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) pancreatic cells

: E Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 71) Briefly explain the effects of the hormone insulin on glucose transport. What is diabetes mellitus? How are Types I and II different? Why do insulin injections help alleviate one type but not the other?

: Insulin promotes glucose transport into most types of cells. Diabetes mellitus results when insulin regulation of blood glucose concentrations is impaired. In type I, the pancreas fails to produce insulin, whereas in type II insulin levels are normal to high, but target cells fail to respond properly. Insulin injections can successfully treat type I but not type II, because the endogenous insulin production in type II is sufficient but the response is abnormal. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) ________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane.

: Integral / Transmembrane Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 72) Compare and contrast neural and endocrine control.

: See Table 6.2 in the chapter. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) Two methods of protein activation include ________ and ________.

: proteolytic (removal of portions of the molecule), cofactor binding Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) If sensitization is the opposite of habituation, and sensitization is adaptive, would habituation be considered maladaptive? Why or why not?

: Habituation is not maladaptive. During habituation, an animal shows a decrease in response to a given stimulus. This stimulus has been processed and determined to be nonthreatening or insignificant. Because the animal has been habituated to ignore this stimulus, it can fade into the background so the animal can focus on other more important stimuli. Habituation is adaptive especially in conjunction with sensitization because the animal can differentiate and ignore certain irrelevant stimuli (through habituation) and focus more intently on potentially dangerous stimuli (sensitization). Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 164) Explain why a heart can keep beating after it has been removed from a living body.

: Heart tissue is autorhythmic; thus it does not require stimulation by nerves. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 112) Compare and contrast inflammation and infection.

: Infection implies the presence and active growth of microorganisms, thus an infection could be of a bacterial, viral or fungal origin, with the organisms often provoking an inflammation at the focus of the infection. Inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, increased temperature, etc., but these symptoms are caused by one's own immune system, either fighting off the pathogen or repairing tissue damage, or both. It is also possible to have inflammation, such as with a sprained ankle, without infection. Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 124) Explain how the analogy of a ball and a hill is useful for describing the forms of energy to beginning physiology students. Use the synthesis of glucose by plants and the break down of glucose by humans as specific examples of the energy hill.

: Energy is required for a person to move a ball from a lower height to a higher one, and that the ball will automatically roll down the hill if allowed to, without further input of energy. The substrates CO2 and H2O require energy to be combined into C6H12O6; the energy of the sun provides this energy to "roll" the substrates up the energy hill as they combine. The glucose then contains the potential energy provided by the sun. When enzymes are present, the molecule easily breaks down to CO2 and H2O releasing energy that is used by the cell to perform work. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 180) Why are mitochondria necessary at axon terminals?

: Energy is required in order to move synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) Explain how epinephrine can cause intestinal blood vessels to constrict and cause skeletal muscle blood vessels to dilate.

: Epinephrine can bind to different isoforms of the adrenergic receptor. Epinephrine binds to the alpha receptor on the intestinal blood vessels and beta receptors on the skeletal muscle blood vessels (see Fig. 6.18). Section Title: Modulation of Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 139) Cancer is abnormal, uncontrolled cell division. What property of epithelial tissues makes them more prone to develop this condition?

: Epithelial tissues contain a population of dividing cells, which divide at a moderate rate. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 138) What is the approximate concentration of solute present in alien blood cells?

: Equivalent osmolality to a 0.11% solution of glucose Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) ________ secretions are discharged onto an epithelial surface.

: Exocrine Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 94) specialized immune cells that are confined to the CNS

: F Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) storage and release site for oxytocin

: F Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine 22) adrenal medulla

: F Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 132) The gaps between Schwann cells are called synapses.

: False, nodes of Ranvier Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Indicate true or false. If FALSE, substitute a word or phrase for the boldfaced word(s) that will make the statement TRUE. 131) Schwann cells are the primary type of glial cell associated with the central nervous system.

: False, peripheral nervous system Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 136) In spatial summation the same stimulus is repeated until a threshold level of depolarization is reached.

: False, temporal summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) A given hormone generally has the same effect on different target tissues. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? Defend your answer.

: False. A target tissue's response is dependent upon the exact receptor involved, as well as a variety of other factors. For example, insulin causes skeletal muscle to increase its rate of transport of glucose into the cell, but in the liver insulin affects the activity of enzymes not directly related to glucose transport. Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 116) Proteins must first be enzymatically degraded to single amino acids before entering the capillaries of the hepatic portal system. Is this true or false? What is the significance of this? Is absorption of carbohydrates and lipids restricted to monomers? Explain.

: False. Absorption of small peptides allows peptides to provoke food allergies. The transporters for peptides are also responsible for absorption of some drugs. Carbohydrates are digested to monosaccharides because there are no transporters for larger carbohydrates. Lipids are absorbed as cholesterol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides, primarily by simple diffusion because they are lipophilic. Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 122) True or False? Lipids contain substantially more oxygen than carbohydrate molecules. Based on your answer, what does that suggest about lipid solubility in water?

: False. Lipids contain much less oxygen than carbohydrates. Oxygen often participates in hydrogen bonding. With less oxygen, lipids are not able to hydrogen bond with water molecules and therefore are relatively insoluble in aqueous environments. Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 192) "A refractory period occurs following all types of potentials." Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? What structures are actually refractory? Why or why not?

: False. The refractory period occurs after action potentials and is a distinguishing characteristic, and results from properties of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Graded potentials do not involve channels that have refractory periods. Two stimuli that reach a dendrite at nearly the same time will increase the graded potential produced, whereas if two suprathreshold depolarizations reach the trigger zone at nearly the same time, the first will cause an action potential and the second will be ignored, because of the refractory period. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 183) Compare and contrast fast and slow synaptic potentials, including detailed mechanisms used and what kinds of cells they occur in.

: Fast synaptic potentials begin quickly and last only a few milliseconds; this category includes EPSPs and IPSPs. Slow synaptic potentials take longer to begin and last longer commonly involve G-protein coupled receptors; this type of response is important in growth, development, and long-term memory. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 116) Explain the role of experience in the immune system. Given the importance of experience, is a person's immune response determined by the genes or the environment? Explain.

: Fetal development of the immune system involves elimination of lymphocytes that can bind to self cells. Secondary exposures to a given antigen result in a faster and more vigorous immune response due the persistence of memory cells that were created following the first exposure. But the immune response is ultimately genetic because lymphocytes recognize antigens as a result of having specific complementary membrane receptors, and these receptors are proteins whose amino acid sequence and thus 3-D shape are determined by the DNA. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) ________ is characterized by a thickened alveolar membrane, slowing respiratory gas exchange.

: Fibrotic lung disease Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) Explain the difference between Fick's law of diffusion and the flux of a molecule.

: Fick's law of diffusion determines the rate of diffusion. The flux of a molecule is the rate of diffusion per unit surface area of membrane. Fick's: Rate of diffusion = concentration gradient × membrane permeability × surface area Flux = concentration gradient × membrane permeability Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Diagram the reactions and interactions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. What condition is the primary stimulus for its activation?

: Figure 20.10 diagrams these interactions. The primary stimulus is low blood pressure, detected in several ways. Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) Draw a map that shows the renal compensation for acidosis. Draw another map for alkalosis.

: Figure 20.17 shows compensations for both acidosis and alkalosis. Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) ________ are phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs.

: Fixed macrophages Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) ________ is intestinal gas produced by bacteria in the colon during the metabolism of undigestible carbohydrates.

: Flatus Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 123) Using the appropriate formula, what effect does changing the following vessel diameters have on blood flow? A. diameter = 8 mm, decreasing to 6 mm B. diameter = 8 mm, increasing to 12 mm C. diameter = 10 mm, decreasing to 5 mm D. diameter = 10 mm, increasing to 20 mm

: Flow ΔP/R and R 1/r4. A. Radius changes from 4 to 3, 44 = 256, 34 = 81, 256/81 = 3.16, so flow decreases by a factor of 3.16. B. Flow increases by a factor of 5.06. C. Flow decreases by a factor of 16. D. Flow increases by a factor of 16. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 81) Gossip, an undergraduate, has normal PCO2 levels, high H+ levels, low pH and bicarbonate levels. What type of disturbance is Gossip suffering from and what might cause this? If his PCO2 were elevated, would your answer change? Explain.

: Gossip is likely suffering from metabolic acidosis, since his PCO2 is normal. If his PCO2 was elevated, then he would likely be suffering from respiratory acidosis. Metabolic acidosis may be caused by ingestion of methanol, aspirin, and ethylene glycol. Respiratory acidosis can be caused by drugs or alcohol depression, increased resistance in asthma, impaired gas exchange in fibrosis or severe pneumonia, and muscle weakness in muscular dystrophy and other muscle diseases. The most common cause is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 221) Draw and label an action potential, in the form of a graph.

: Graph should be similar to Figure 8.9 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 222) Draw a graph showing change in membrane permeability (don't worry about including the units of permeability) to sodium and potassium during the course of an action potential. For reference, superimpose a graph of the action potential.

: Graph should resemble Figure 8.9 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 119) Sketch the graphs of plasma antibody concentration in a primary immune response and a secondary immune response. Explain the significance of the graphs.

: Graphs should resemble Figure 24.8 in the chapter. In a primary response, antibody is not detectable until several days after exposure to antigen, and peak antibody concentration is lower than it is in a secondary response. The secondary response shows a more immediate and steep increase in concentration. This more rapid and vigorous response indicates that the memory cells retained following the first exposure proliferate more readily. Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.12

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 225) Draw graphs showing the effects of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia on action potential production. Don't worry about exact millivolt values - the point is to show that you understand the effects of these conditions relative to normal.

: Graphs should resemble Figure 8.17 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) ________ is the extracellular component of connective tissues.

: Ground substance / Matrix Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 136) Some diseases, such as phenylketonuria, classical hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy are a result of enzyme malfunction. Each of these diseases is inherited. Explain how there might be a relationship among these observations.

: Inheritance is determined by the message coded into DNA; a mutation relays a faulty message, which disrupts protein synthesis, resulting in either a faulty protein or complete absence of the protein. Enzymes are proteins. When the instructions for the synthesis of their structure are changed, they may not be able to perform their function, producing a disease condition. If the disease is not fatal prior to puberty and does not render its victim unable to reproduce, the faulty DNA will be copied during gametogenesis and will appear in a predictable percentage of offspring. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 99) Compare and contrast innate and acquired immunity.

: Innate immunity is a nonspecific response to foreign invaders or tissue damage and acts as a second line of defense. Acquired (adaptive) immunity has two major methods of response, cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, both of which are specific to the pathogen. Cells of the adaptive immune system are responsible for immunological memory. Section Title: Innate Immunity: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) List the muscles of inspiration and expiration.

: Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoids. Expiration: internal intercostals, abdominal wall muscles. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 76) ________ are cytokines that make cells resistant to viruses.

: Interferons Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) ________ are mediators released from white blood cells that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense.

: Interleukins Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 100) Describe the roles of interleukins, kinins, and complement in immunity. How does interleukin-1 mediate the immune response?

: Interleukins mediate the inflammatory response, induce fever, stimulate cytokine and endocrine secretion, and promote other aspects of immune response. Kinins are inactive plasma proteins that are part of a cascade producing the end-product bradykinin. Bradykinin promotes inflammation and causes pain. Complement proteins are part of a cascade producing a membrane attack complex that can lyse pathogens. Complement proteins stimulate other aspects of the immune response as well. Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The nervous system has a role in preserving the "fitness" of the ________.

: Internal Environment Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 97) Distinguish between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure.

: Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity. Intrapleural pressure variation drives variation inside the alveoli, but is always lower than atmospheric pressure, where pressure inside the alveoli equilibrates with atmospheric pressure during the respiratory cycle. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 120) Shannon just finished finals and is heading home for winter break, excited for all the Holiday activities her family has planned. It was a really stressful week and she just wants to get home to her family and friends. The day after finals Shannon wakes up feeling very sick with a cold, sore throat and upset stomach, probably the flu. Her father says the stress from finals probably caught up with her and she just needs to rest. What do you think? Is Shannon's father right? Could stress have caused her to get sick? If not, why not? If so, what mechanisms were at play?

: It is possible that stress can be part of the problem. Increased stress causes a raise in the levels of cortisol in the blood and cortisol can actually decrease antibody production, lymphocyte proliferation, and reduce the activity of natural killer cells. If she had been exposed to some pathogen like the flu virus, it is possible that the effects of the sympathetic nervous system could have suppressed symptoms while elevated, but also reduced the effectiveness of the immune system, so when the sympathetic rush was over after finals, she started to noticed the signs of her infection. Section Title: Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Interactions Learning Outcome: 24.19

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) What is a nocebo effect?

: It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed. Section Title: The Science of Physiology Learning Outcome: 1.10

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 223) Draw a graph showing what would happen to resting membrane potential over time, if the sodium/potassium pump were not functioning. How would this affect a neuron's ability to produce action potentials? What does this imply about the quantity of ions that normally cross the membrane during the course of an action potential?

: It would be appropriate for the student to draw action potentials on the graph beginning at the point where the resting potential drifts up to threshold, and decreasing in frequency as the resting potential approaches. Very gradually, a cell's resting membrane potential would increase until it reached and stabilized there. At that point the ions would be in equilibrium, and no further net flow of charge would occur. There would be no effect on ability to generate action potentials initially, but with the disappearance of the differential distribution of sodium and potassium upon which the action potential depends, action potentials would gradually come to a stop. This points out the fact that during any single action potential, so few ions cross the membrane that there is no significant change in ion concentrations. Thousands of action potentials would be required before the absence of the sodium-potassium pumps would be noticeable. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 121) Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for each example listed. A. a person with a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg B. a person with a blood pressure of 130/95 mm Hg

: MAP = diastolic P + 1/3 (systolic P - diastolic P) A. MAP = 80 + 1/3 (40) = 93 mm Hg B. MAP = 95 + 1/3 (35) = 107 mm Hg Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 122) Arthur's peripheral resistance has increased by 10%. To prevent his mean arterial pressure from changing, what factor must change to compensate, and by how much?

: MAP CO × R Arthur's cardiac output will have to decline by 10%. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 114) You are a server in a restaurant, always interested in going the extra mile for your customers. Patrick, a regular customer in your section, has ordered sweet iced tea and has an appointment in 10 minutes, so he must drink quickly then leave. The kitchen staff makes only unsweetened tea, but there are sugar packets on the tables. What should you do for Patrick to provide the best sweet tea, and what general principle of diffusion does this illustrate? (Hint: Will sugar dissolve quickly in an iced drink?)

: Make sugar syrup for Patrick by heating a small amount of water with a generous amount of sugar. The sugar diffuses through the water as it dissolves, and this will occur much quicker in warm water (diffusion rate increases with increasing temperature). Then add the syrup to his iced tea and serve. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 120) Explain how enzymes can be useful in the diagnosis of disease, giving specific examples. Is the change in enzyme concentration a direct or indirect result of the disease?

: Many enzymes are normally present in the blood in a particular range of concentrations. Alterations in these concentrations can be associated with abnormal conditions. For example, elevation in the digestive enzyme amylase, produced by the pancreas, may indicate pancreatic disease. Elevation of enzymes that normally operate inside cells can indicate tissue damage, such as the elevation of creatine kinase following myocardial infarction. Low amounts of hexosamidase A can indicate Tay-Sachs disease. In the examples given, the amylase and hexosamidase enzyme changes are direct results of the disease, whereas enzymes elevated because of tissue damage are the result of cellular damage and not a direct change in the enzyme itself. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 104) Draw a concept map illustrating the immune response to bacterial infection.

: Map content should resemble Figure 24.12 in the chapter. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 105) Draw a concept map illustrating the immune response to a viral infection.

: Map content should resemble Figure 24.13 in the chapter. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 71) Make a map of the following terms: blood, Bowman's capsule, collecting duct, distal tubule, excretion, external environment, filtration, loop of Henle, lumen, osmosis, peritubular capillaries, proximal tubule, urine, water. Add terms as needed.

: Maps will vary. See Figure 19.2 and the "Overview of Kidney Function" section of the chapter. Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 119) Draw a map of the enteric nervous system response and include: stimuli, receptors, integrating centers, efferent path, and tissue response.

: Maps will vary. See Figure 21.11 in the chapter. Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 121) Make a map of the following terms: amino acid chief cell D cell ECL cell enteric sensory neuron enteric plexus G Cell gastrin H+ histamine parietal cell pepsin pepsinogen somatostatin vagus nerve Where appropriate, indicate stimulatory or inhibitory effect. Terms may be added as needed.

: Maps will vary. See Figure 21.16 in the chapter. Section Title: Integrated Function: The Gastric Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 212) What factors determine the maximum frequency of action potentials conducted by an axon?

: Maximum frequency is mostly dependent upon the duration of the absolute refractory period, which determines the upper limit. The diameter of the axon, amount of myelination present, and the magnitude of the Na+ and K+ gradients across the axonal membrane all affect action potential velocity may also play a secondary role. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 120) When the ions move across the cell membrane, an electrical potential change results. As you are probably aware, nerves trigger muscle movement. When you place your finger on a sharp object (such as a tack), you quickly draw your hand away and develop a sensation of pain. Which types of channels are operating under these conditions to allow nerve conduction and subsequent muscle movement?

: Mechanically gated (in sensory cell receptor potentials), voltage-gated (in nerve and muscle action potentials), and chemically gated (in neuromuscular synaptic transmission). Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) ________ cells enable the immune system to respond more quickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

: Memory Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.12

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 147) If a person who has not exercised regularly begins a consistent exercise routine, she will notice that her metabolism will seem to increase as her endurance improves. Why is this?

: Metabolism will increase with endurance because the number of mitochondria will increase with consistent exercise. The increase in mitochondria will improve endurance and increase metabolism of glucose because they will be metabolizing more glucose into ATP. Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 71) ________ are tiny droplets of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts.

: Micelles Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) ________ are fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system.

: Microglia Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) What are two benefits of having a portal system that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland? Are there any other endocrine axes connected by a portal system?

: One benefit of a portal system is that it ensures that the controlling hormones will be delivered directly to the target cells. Secondly, since the hormones go directly to their target cells without first passing through the general circulation they are not diluted. The hypothalamus can control the cells of the pituitary with much smaller amounts of releasing and inhibiting hormones than would be necessary if the hormones had to first go through the circulatory pathway before reaching the pituitary. This is the only endocrine portal system. Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 78) You are part of a research team designing a robot for competition. Your robot needs to be able to respond to painful stimuli like stepping on broken glass. What type of human control system will you model your robot's after and explain your reasons for choosing it.

: One should choose the nervous system and a simple neural reflex because of its ability to rapidly respond and remove the robot from potential harm. The response will be specific for the region in harm and the robot will get a sense of the intensity of pain via a change in the frequency of signaling. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) List the six types of epithelial cells associated with gastric glands. Briefly describe each one's role in the stomach.

: Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor; chief cells secrete pepsinogen; D cells secrete somatostatin; ECL cells secrete histamine; G cells secrete gastrin; mucous cells secrete mucus and bicarbonate. Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 115) There is a mixture of gases in dry air, with an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas for the examples below: A. 20.7% oxygen, 78.2% nitrogen, 0.4% carbon dioxide B. 45% oxygen, 41% nitrogen, 3% carbon dioxide, 11% hydrogen C. 79% oxygen, 15% nitrogen, 5% carbon dioxide, 1% argon

: Partial pressure = Patm × % gas in atmosphere. A. 157.32 mm Hg oxygen, 594.32 mm Hg nitrogen, 3.04 mm Hg carbon dioxide B. 342 mm Hg oxygen, 311.6 mm Hg nitrogen, 22.8 mm Hg carbon dioxide, 83.6 mm Hg hydrogen C. 600.4 mm Hg oxygen, 114 mm Hg nitrogen, 38 mm Hg carbon dioxide, 7.6 mm Hg argon Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 95) ________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids.

: Peripheral Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 64) Trace a drop of water through the urinary system, beginning with the plasma in the renal artery.

: Plasma in the renal artery flows into smaller branches, entering the arcuate arteries, which lead to the afferent arterioles, which in turn lead to the glomeruli. Water moves from glomeruli into the nephrons (PCT, loop of Henle, then DCT), into the collecting ducts, then renal calyces and into the renal pelvis, passes into a ureter, then to the urinary bladder; finally, it is expelled as urine through the urethra. Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 71) The cellular mechanisms for renal handling of H+ and HCO3- involve several membrane transporters; name three.

: Possible answers include: 1. apical Na+-H+ exchanger 2. basolateral Na+- HCO3- symport 3. H+- ATPase 4. H+- K+- ATPase 5. Na+- NH4+ antiport Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.15

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 133) If someone has a muscle cramp or spasm, a commonly discussed treatment is to consume a banana (or another food high in potassium). Why would this be a possible treatment for muscle cramps or spasms?

: Potassium is a cation that leaves the cell during an action potential or depolarization of a muscle or nerve cell, and the muscle or nerve cell needs to move potassium back into the cell to allow the cell to repolarize and relax. If there is a deficiency in potassium, muscle and nerve cells may take longer to repolarize and therefore relax, so increasing your dietary intake of potassium may help cells repolarize quicker. Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) Compare and contrast potential energy with kinetic energy.

: Potential energy is the energy an object has stored in its position, while kinetic energy is energy associated with a moving object/movement. Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) List and explain the factors that influence the presence of gases in liquids.

: Pressure, solubility, and temperature are three factors. This is discussed in "The Solubility of Gases in Liquids Depends on Pressure, Solubility, and Temperature" section of the chapter. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) ________ pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a reflex.

: Primary Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 122) Name the proenzymes that the pancreas secretes. Which one is involved in the activation of the other proenzymes? What are their active forms?

: Proenzymes include: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, procolipase, and prophospholipase. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin, which activates the other proenzymes. The active forms of the enzymes can be found in Figure 21.17 in the chapter. Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 120) Calculate the pulse pressure for each example listed. A. a person with a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg B. a person with a blood pressure of 130/95 mm Hg

: Pulse pressure is systolic P minus diastolic P. A. 40 mm Hg B. 35 mm Hg Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 186) Compare the flow rates (Q) of tubes one and two, assuming the following parameters: Tube one: ΔP = 30, r = 3, L = 20. Tube two: ΔP = 60, r = 4, L = 10.

: Q ΔP/(L/r4) ∙ Q1 30/(20/34) = 121. Q2 60/(10/44) = 1535. Flow rate in the second tube is about 12 times higher than that in the first tube. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 136) Refer to Table 5.1. How can you determine the osmolarity and tonicity of the alien blood and alien cells?

: Quantitative chemical analysis would determine osmolarity. To determine tonicity, drop the cells into various solutions and observe the cells' response under the microscope. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) The enzyme ________ and ________ ions are required for the synthesis of mRNA.

: RNA polymerase, magnesium or manganese Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) Norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________ and epinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________.

: vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 106) An increase in blood vessel diameter is known as ________.

: vasodilation Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 114) The amount of blood returning to the heart is the ________.

: venous return Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) The chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the ________.

: ventricles Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 108) The step in the cardiac cycle when blood is pushed into the arteries is called ________.

: ventricular ejection Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) The larynx contains the ________, connective tissue bands that tighten and vibrate to create sound when air moves past them.

: vocal cords Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 118) The potential difference across a membrane or other barrier is a measure of the ________ across the barrier.

: voltage Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle cells function over a ________ range of muscle lengths and exhibit a speed of contraction that is ________ than skeletal muscle.

: wider, slower Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 200) Define temporal and spatial summation. Where does the summation occur? Are these processes mutually exclusive, or can they occur at the same time in a typical multipolar neuron? What key property of neurons do these forms of summation demonstrate?

: See Figs. 8.24 and 8.25 in the chapter. Temporal summation is the addition of graded potentials that overlap in time; that is, a second potential arrives before the first one from that source has finished. Spatial summation occurs when there is simultaneous arrival of graded potentials originating from more than one synaptic input. Summation occurs at the trigger zone. Typically a multipolar neuron has many active synapses at a given time, with multiple potentials being produced at each. Summation demonstrates postsynaptic integration. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 124) Draw a cell that secretes HCl into the lumen of the stomach, selecting transporters from the following list (you may not need them all): chloride channel CFTR channel GLUT4 H+-K+-ATPase Cl- - HCO3- Antiport Cl- - HCO3- Symport Na+-K+-ATPase Label the cell showing the lumen, interstitial fluid, the basolateral membrane, and the apical membrane.

: See Figure 21.5 in the chapter. Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 117) Draw a cell that secretes bicarbonate into the lumen of the pancreas, selecting transporters from the following list (you may not need them all): chloride channel CFTR channel GLUT4 H+-K+-ATPase Cl- - HCO3- Antiport Cl- - HCO3- Symport K+ leak channel leaky junctions Na+-K+-ATPase Label the cell showing the lumen, interstitial fluid, the basolateral membrane, and the apical membrane.

: See Figure 21.5 in the chapter. Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 112) What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion? What are the enzymes involved; where are they located; and what reactions do they catalyze?

: See Figure 21.8 in the chapter. Amylases are secreted into the mouth and small intestine, and disaccharidases are located on the intestinal brush border. Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 120) Diagram peptide absorption from the lumen into the portal vein. Be sure to include transporters and label the lumen, portal vein, apical membrane, and basolateral membrane.

: See Figure 21.8d in the chapter. Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) Draw and label a typical antibody molecule. Be sure to include the light chain, heavy chain, Fab, Fc, and the hinge region. Identify the antigen-binding site and disulfide bonds.

: See Figure 24.9b in the chapter. Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.13

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 140) Create a map that integrates the following terms: alternative splicing, constitutive, interference, mRNA, post-translation modification, regulated, repression, induction, translation, and tRNA. Add terms as needed.

: See Figure 4.18 through 4.21 in the chapter. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 141) Draw a graph of the free energy of a molecule as a function of time for an exergonic reaction and endergonic reaction. Label on the graph "activation energy" and "net free energy change." How would these reactions be altered by the presence of an enzyme for this reaction?

: See Figure 4.3 in the chapter. The activation energy would be reduced which would increase the rate of these reactions. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 142) Graph the effects of changing pH on enzyme activity. In humans, what is the pH for optimal activity of most enzymes?

: See Figure 4.6 in the chapter. The optimal pH for most enzymes is 7.4. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 107) Draw a membrane channel protein from two different perspectives, clearly indicating the pore in each.

: See Figure 5.10 in the chapter. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 108) How is a carrier protein like a ship canal?

: See Figure 5.13 in the chapter. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 110) Explain the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis.

: See Figure 5.24 in the chapter. Section Title: Vesicular Transport Learning Outcome: 5.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) Explain the purpose of having both the reversible GLUT transporters as well as the SGLT transporters in the body.

: See Figure 5.26 in the chapter. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 125) Explain the steps that occur in a pancreatic beta cell so that insulin is secreted.

: See Figure 5.38b in the chapter. Section Title: Integrated Membrane Processes: Insulin Secretion Learning Outcome: 5.14

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 70) Compare and contrast hormones, neurotransmitters, and neurohormones.

: See Figure 6.1 and the "Long-Distance Communication May Be Electrical or Chemical" section in the chapter. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 226) In the graphs below, identify normokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia .

: See Figure 8.17 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 179) Draw a motor neuron, being sure to include and label the following parts: axon(s), dendrite(s), cell body, axon collateral(s), axon terminal(s), myelin sheath, and other components as applicable.

: See Figure 8.2 in the chapter Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 80) How does decreased blood pressure affect the following: granular cells, glomerulus, cardiovascular control center, hypothalamus? Indicate if decreased blood pressure directly affects the organ or tissue above or acts through a reflex pathway. If it acts through a reflex pathway, name the reflex.

: See Table 20.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Integrated Control of Volume and Osmolarity Learning Outcome: 20.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 118) Compare and contrast gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP, motilin, and glucagon-like peptide 1. In your answer, include the following details for each term: secreted by, target(s), effects, and stimulus for release.

: See Table 21.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 111) Explain the five rules for diffusion and the two rules for simple diffusion across a membrane.

: See Table 5.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 73) Compare and contrast neural, neuroendocrine, and endocrine reflex pathways.

: See Table 6.3 in the chapter. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 112) Write the five rules for osmolarity and tonicity. Are the relative osmolarity and tonicity of an extracellular solution compared to intracellular fluid always the same? If they are, explain why. If they are not, give specific examples of when they are different.

: See Tables 5.7 and 5.8 in the chapter. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 187) What is a channelopathy, and what are some examples?

: See the first "Clinical Focus" box in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) ________ are short segments of intestine that alternately contract and relax. They are responsible for ________.

: Segmental contractions; mixing Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 126) Cody has always carefully controlled her caloric intake, and is lean. During her unplanned pregnancy, she continued to eat the same, hoping that taking prenatal vitamins and minerals would ensure that her fetus would grow normally. Her only complication during pregnancy was persistent constipation and consequent hemorrhoids. She gained only the minimum weight suggested by her doctor, and delivered a healthy, full-term infant; her pre-pregnancy weight was rapidly reestablished. Propose an explanation for how she managed to gain enough weight, did not violate the law of conservation of mass, and for her only complication. What does this suggest about "eating for two" that some pregnant women do?

: She must have inefficiently absorbed calories prior to her pregnancy, losing many potential calories in her feces. When she became pregnant, one of her physiological changes included an increase in nutrient (and thus calorie) absorption. This would also contribute to her constipation, as her feces retained less water than normal and thus were more difficult to eliminate. It is not possible for her to have gained more weight than she ate; no one can violate the law of conservation of mass. Most obstetricians recommend only a slight increase in calories during pregnancy for this reason, and women who indulge in overeating too often are likely to gain unnecessary body fat and may produce a fetus that is larger than it should be. Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) ________ is a process by which an extracellular signal molecule, called the ________, activates a membrane receptor that in turn alters intracellular molecules, called the ________, to create a response.

: Signal transduction, first messenger, second messenger Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) You are walking to school one day when you notice an alien spaceship that has crashed in a nearby field. You and some other physiology students collect samples from the beings inside of the spaceship. First, you collect a liquid sample of what appears to be alien blood so that you can test for the concentration of solutes inside the alien blood cells. You then extract some of these cells, place them in various concentrations of glucose in water, then look at them under the microscope. Below is what happens to the cells when they are placed in various concentrations of glucose: Percent Glucose in Water Condition of Alien Blood Cells 0.02% cells lyse 0.05% cells lyse 0.10% cells lyse 0.12% cells crenate (shrivel up) 0.20% cells crenate Table 5.1 135) Refer to Table 5.1. From cells located in another part of the alien's body, you find that the protein-to-lipid ratio of the cell membrane is about 20% protein, 78% lipid, and 2% carbohydrate. Assuming the aliens use their cells as Earthlings do, and have the same terrestrial physiology, what is the most likely function of these cells?

: Similar to the myelin membrane around nerve cells-good insulators. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 125) If the dissociation constant of a protein is less than one (Kd < 1), what can you conclude about the affinity of the protein for the ligand?

: Since Kd < 1, you know that [P][L] < [PL]. Therefore, at equilibrium, there is a higher concentration of protein-ligand complex suggesting that the protein has a relatively high binding affinity for the ligand. Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 150) What type of epithelium would one expect to compose the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs? Defend your answer.

: Since gases must diffuse across the alveoli and associated capillaries you would expect to find exchange epithelia, composed of very thin cells (simple squamous epithelium). Thicker types of epithelial cells would slow the process of gas diffusion to and from the blood. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) Describe the phases of a normal sleep cycle.

: Sleep is composed of four different stages and during sleep one repeatedly cycles from one stage to another. Stage 4 is slow-wave in deep sleep that can be identified by low-frequency high-amplitude EEG delta waves. This stage occurs more during the beginning of sleep. Stage 3 is characterized by a lower amplitude but higher frequency EEG wave pattern. Stage 2 is characterized by an even lower amplitude and even higher frequency EEG wave pattern. This cycle lasts for longer durations as a typical 8 hour sleep progresses. Stage 1 is REM: Rapid eye movement is characterized by dreaming and low amplitude high frequency EEG waves. Most motor neurons (e.g., except eye and breathing motor neurons) are inhibited while dreaming is occurring. REM occurs for longer time periods during later parts of the sleep cycle. The EEG pattern is most similar to the alpha pattern found when one is awake. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

: adrenal Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

: adrenal cortex Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

: adrenal medulla Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.

: aldosterone, cortisol Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

: alkalosis Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 122) The ________ principle states that the properties of the action potential are independent of the relative strength of the depolarizing stimulus.

: all-or-none Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are ________ and ________.

: alpha, beta Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) The enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides is ________.

: amylase Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) Ions with a negative charge are called ________.

: anions Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

: antagonists Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) During the synthesis of proteins, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because the tRNA molecules that bring them to the ribosome have a(n) ________ that is complementary to a specific codon in the mRNA.

: anticodon Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) Substances that can trigger an immune response are known as ________.

: antigens Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 91) The inferior point of the heart is called the ________.

: apex Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Channel proteins that allow water to pass are called ________.

: aquaporins Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 103) Abnormal patterns of cardiac activity are known as ________.

: arrhythmias Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Blood pressure is highest in the ________ and decreases continuously as blood flows through the circulatory system, due to ________.

: arteries, the energy lost as a result of the resistance to flow offered by the vessels. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) The smallest unit of an element is a(n) ________.

: atom Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) The chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins are the ________.

: atria Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 95) The opening between each atrium and its ventricle is guarded by the ________, which connects the ventricular side to collagenous tendons, called ________. ________ muscles provide stability for these tendons.

: atrioventricular valve, chordae tendineae; Papillary Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) When an organ or gland shrinks due to lack of use, that condition is referred to as ________.

: atrophy Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 109) Listening to the heart through the chest wall is called ________.

: auscultation Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) If the signal molecule acts on the cell that secreted it, the chemical is called a(n) ________.

: autocrine Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS.

: autonomic ganglia Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Autonomic neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________.

: axon Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) Receptors that monitor blood pressure are called ________.

: baroreceptors Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) The superior portion of the heart where the major blood vessels enter and exit is the ________.

: base Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 104) A resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute is identified as ________.

: bradycardia Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) Because of their smooth muscle component, the structures of the lower respiratory system that can most alter airway resistance are the ________.

: bronchioles Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its dissociation products.

: buffer system Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) In smooth muscle cells, Ca2+ binds to ________ which activates the enzyme ________ to phosphorylate myosin and increase force.

: calmodulin, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) Too little oxygen in cells is often accompanied by too much ________, which is called ________.

: carbon dioxide, hypercapnia Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2O and CO2 to H2CO3 is called ________.

: carbonic anhydrase Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 102) The period of time from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next is termed the ________.

: cardiac cycle Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) The membrane proteins that change shape and bind with specific molecules to transport them across the cell membrane are ________.

: carrier proteins Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) Ions with a positive charge are called ________.

: cations Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on ________ and ________.

: cell receptors, signal transduction pathways Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The ________ is a salty fluid continuously secreted into hollow cavities known as ________. This fluid is secreted into these cavities by the ________, a specialized tissue consisting of capillaries and transport epithelium.

: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ventricles; choroid plexus Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Extracellular fluid is a protective component of the CNS. The ________ fluid, found inside the pia mater, and the ________ fluid, found in ventricles between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane, make up the extracellular environment for neurons. They communicate across leaky junctions of the ________ membrane and the ________ cell layer that lines the ventricles.

: cerebrospinal, interstitial; pial, ependymal Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 125) At a(n) ________ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to affect the postsynaptic cell.

: chemical Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 91) In a chemical reaction, ________ between atoms are broken as atoms are rearranged in new combinations to form different chemical substances.

: chemical bonds Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The three types of gated channels are ________, ________, and ________.

: chemically gated channels, voltage-gated channels, mechanically gated channels Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 69) The ability of certain cells to mobilize in response to changes in their chemical environment is called ________.

: chemotaxis Section Title: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Ongoing diseases in which air flow during expiration is diminished are known as ________.

: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) After processing in the stomach, the gastric contents are referred to as ________.

: chyme Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) The walls of the ________ separate the two extracellular fluid compartments.

: circulatory system Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 130) Vitamins are precursors for ________. Name two vitamins that are required for metabolic reactions.

: coenzymes Vitamins required for metabolic reactions include the B vitamins such as folic acid, biotin, and pantothenic acid and vitamin C. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as ________, which is (higher/lower) in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.

: colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure, higher Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) The ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure is termed ________.

: compliance Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 79) A combination of two or more atoms that has physical and chemical properties that differ from the atoms that compose it is called a(n) ________.

: compound Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning proteins called ________ on two adjacent cells unite, creating a protein channel that is capable of opening and closing.

: connexins Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) Genes that are always being expressed in a cell involve promoters that are ________.

: constitutively active Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) When epinephrine combines with alpha adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle in intestinal blood vessels, the blood vessels ________; however, when epinephrine binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors on certain skeletal muscle blood vessels, the vessels ________.

: constrict, dilate Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) The most proximal arteries to branch from the aorta are the ________.

: coronary arteries Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) The term for reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle is ________.

: coronary ischemia Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Eighty percent of the nephrons in a kidney are contained within the ________, but the other 20%, called the ________ nephrons, dip down into the ________.

: cortex, juxtamedullary, medulla Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the ________.

: countercurrent exchange system Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) Metabolic intermediates use ________ bonds to transfer energy to the high-energy bonds of ATP, NADH, FADH2 or NADPH.

: covalent Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 85) Defects in ________ structure or function lead to the disease cystic fibrosis. What ion does this channel transport?

: cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (or CFTR chloride channel); it transports chloride. Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) The peptide bond formed between amino acids occurs as a consequence of ________.

: dehydration synthesis Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) The molecule DNA contains the five-carbon sugar ________.

: deoxyribose Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) Store-operated calcium channels open in response to ________.

: depleted intracellular stores of calcium Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) Loss of pericytes around retinal capillaries is a hallmark of the disease ________.

: diabetic retinopathy Section Title: Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) Cells are transformed into specialized units during ________.

: differentiation Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) Mean arterial pressure is (indirectly/directly) proportional to ________ and (indirectly/directly) proportional to ________.

: directly, cardiac output, directly, resistance of arterioles Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) Removal of excess water in urine is known as ________.

: diuresis Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) The output of the ________ group of inspiratory neurons controls the ________ muscle(s) by way of the ________ nerve.

: dorsal respiratory, diaphragm (or internal intercostal), phrenic (or intercostal) Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) The ________ group of neurons contains mostly inspiratory neurons. The ________ group of neurons controls muscles used for active expiration and some inspiratory muscles.

: dorsal respiratory; ventral respiratory Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 119) The sum of all of the electrical and chemical forces active across the membrane is known as the ________.

: driving force Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) The pressure created in the ventricles is called the ________ pressure because ________.

: driving, it is the force that drives blood through the blood vessels Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) The three sections of the small intestine, in order according to movement of its contents, are ________, ________, and ________.

: duodenum, jejunum, ileum Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) A signal molecule that is secreted into the external environment, instead of into the blood, is called a(n) ________.

: ectohormone or pheromone Section Title: Hormone Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is called ________.

: edema Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Lipid signal molecules that act in a paracrine fashion and combine with G-protein coupled receptors include ________ and ________.

: eicosanoids, sphingolipids Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) The ability of a lung to recoil, or recover from stretch, is called ________.

: elastance Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of ________.

: elastic recoil Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 126) In a(n) ________ synapse, there is a direct physical connection between cells.

: electrical Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 101) A tracing of the electrical activity of the heart, monitored by electrodes placed on the skin, is called a(n) ________.

: electrocardiogram Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) The measurement of brain activity is recorded by a procedure known as the ________.

: electroencephalogram (EEG) Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) A pump that helps maintain an electrical gradient, such as the Na+-K+-ATPase is a(n) ________ pump.

: electrogenic Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 93) List the following in order of increasing mass: atom, molecule, proton, neutron, electron.

: electron < proton = neutron < atom < molecule Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) A(n) ________ is a substance that consists entirely of atoms with the same atomic number.

: element Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Some have a congenital alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. If the job of alpha-1 antitrypsin is to inhibit trypsin and elastase, what condition are people with this genetic deficiency likely to develop?

: emphysema Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) In the disease ________, many symptoms are due to destruction of elastic fibers in the lung.

: emphysema Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

: emulsifying Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 111) The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.

: end-diastolic volume Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 112) The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill.

: end-systolic volume Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Chemical reactions that require an input of energy are said to be ________.

: endergonic Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) The study of hormones is known as the field of ________.

: endocrinology Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) Before nitric oxide was identified, its action was observed in ________ and it was given the name ________.

: endothelial cells (blood vessel lining), endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 85) The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called ________.

: endothelium Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) Short reflexes of the digestive system are integrated in the ________.

: enteric nervous system Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) The rates of chemical reactions that occur in the human body are controlled by a particular type of proteins called ________.

: enzymes Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 92) The reaction rates of many chemical reactions that occur in the body are controlled by special protein molecules called ________.

: enzymes Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) The membrane proteins that catalyze reactions that take place on the external or internal surface of the cell are ________.

: enzymes Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from beta2 receptors.

: epinephrine Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 88) During the fight-or-flight reaction, ________ is released from the adrenal medulla and binds to ________ receptors, found on the vascular smooth muscle of heart, liver, and skeletal muscle arterioles and results in (increased/decreased) blood flow to these organs; the same hormone binds to ________ receptors on other tissues, causing (increased/decreased) blood flow to these organs.

: epinephrine, β2, increased, α, decreased Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 173) Graded potentials that arrive at postsynaptic neurons are called ________ if they make that cell more likely to fire.

: excitatory Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) Chemical reactions that release energy are said to be ________.

: exergonic Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) AQP2 water pores are added to the cell membrane by ________ and withdrawn by ________ in a process known as ________.

: exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane recycling Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) The ________ is the portion of the mRNA that contains the coding sequence of the gene.

: exon Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) The ________ contains the coding sequence of the gene.

: exon Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a normal exhalation is called the ________.

: expiratory reserve volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 153) The duration of the action potential is ________ in contractile myocardium, ________ in autorhythmic contractile, and ________ in skeletal muscle.

: extended: 200+ msec, variable: generally 150+ msec, short: 1-2 msec Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) Long reflexes that originate completely outside the digestive system include ________ and ________, which are called ________ reflexes.

: feedforward reflexes, emotional reflexes, cephalic Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 100) A heart with cells contracting rapidly in a disorganized manner, with no effective pumping action, is said to be in ________.

: fibrillation Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) The percentage of total plasma volume that filters is called the ________.

: filtration fraction Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) Water gain during a day comes from either ________ or ________. How is water lost during a day?

: food, drink; metabolism Also see Figure 20.2 in the chapter. Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) The primary products of protein digestion are ________, ________, and ________.

: free amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) In annelids, simple reflexes occurring within a segment (i.e., without brain input) are possible because of ________; in vertebrates these reflexes are called ________.

: ganglia, spinal reflexes Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) Membrane protein pores that can be opened and closed are called ________ channels.

: gated (regulated) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called ________.

: glands Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) The carotid and aortic bodies contain specialized ________ cells, which can increase ventilation in response to changes in PO2, PCO2, or pH.

: glomus Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) Specialized ________ in the carotid and aortic bodies are activated by a decrease in PO2 and pH or an increase in PCO2. What do they trigger?

: glomus cells; they trigger a reflex increase in ventilation. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) Under normal circumstances, the only fuel source for the neurons of the brain is ________.

: glucose Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) Maltose is broken down by maltase into two molecules of ________.

: glucose Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) Glucose is phosphorylated to ________ with a phosphate from ________.

: glucose-6-phosphate, ATP Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) The only fuel source for neurons under normal circumstances is ________. Low blood levels of this is termed ________, which can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, and eventually death. In order to synthesize enough ATP to continually transport ions, the neurons also exhibit high rates of ________ consumption. To supply these needs about ________% of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain.

: glucose; hypoglycemia; oxygen; 15 Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) The excretion of glucose in the urine is called ________.

: glucosuria or glycosuria Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) The sex hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________.

: gonadotropins Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 120) The two types of electrical signals in neurons are ________.

: graded potentials and action potentials Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) The ________ of a hormone is an indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body.

: half-life Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) Most absorbed nutrients first enter the blood of the ________ system.

: hepatic portal Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Generally, PO2 in arterial blood is ________ than PO2 in venous blood.

: higher Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) PCO2 tends to be ________ in tissues than in systemic capillaries.

: higher Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) A powerful bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells is ________.

: histamine Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 89) The study of tissue structure and function is called ________.

: histology Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) To maintain ________, the body uses a combination of simple diffusion across small distances; wide spread distribution of molecules through the circulatory system and rapid, specific delivery of messages by the nervous system.

: homeostasis Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 134) The folding of proteins occurs via the formation of weak ________ and ________ bonds between amino acids. Much stronger covalent bonds like ________ bonds can occur between ________ amino acids.

: hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, cysteine Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 117) Solutions are formed with water and ________ molecules as solutes which dissolve in them.

: hydrophilic Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) Molecules that readily dissolve in water are called ________.

: hydrophilic (most are also polar) Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) Molecules that do not dissolve in water are called ________.

: hydrophobic (most are also nonpolar) Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) The term for chronically elevated blood pressure is ________.

: hypertension Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) An increase in the rate and depth of breathing is known as ________.

: hyperventilation Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) The trophic hormones reach the pituitary through the ________.

: hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The hormones of the anterior pituitary are controlled by trophic hormones from the ________.

: hypothalamus Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Too little oxygen in cells is called ________.

: hypoxia Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 154) Sympathetic stimulation to the pacemaker cells ________ heart rate by ________ ion flow through ________ and ________ channels.

: increases, increasing, If , calcium Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 174) Graded potentials that arrive at postsynaptic neurons are called ________ if they make that cell less likely to fire.

: inhibitory Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) The electron transport system is located in the ________ and includes enzymes and iron-containing proteins known as ________.

: inner mitochondrial membrane, cytochromes Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled on top of a normal inspiration is called the ________.

: inspiratory reserve volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) The ________ cells of the distal nephron are interspersed among the principal cells and contribute to acid-base regulation.

: intercalated Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) The gap junctions in cardiac muscle are part of specialized cell junctions that are localized to the ________.

: intercalated disks Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 96) Cell junctions in contractile cells are called ________, which consist of two components: ________ and ________.

: intercalated disks, desmosomes, gap junctions Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) Slow waves originate in modified smooth muscle cells called ________.

: interstitial cells of Cajal Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) Abnormal fat and amino acid metabolism may lead to the condition called ________.

: ketoacidosis Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) A certain molecule that participates in more than one biochemical pathway and acts as a branch point for channeling substrate in one direction or another is called a ________.

: key intermediate Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin in what is called the ________.

: latch state Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Fear and excitement may affect the pace and depth of respiration by stimulation of portions of the ________.

: limbic system Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) Fat digestion is carried out by the enzyme ________, which breaks down triglyceride into ________.

: lipase, two fatty acids and one monoglyceride Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) Bile is produced in the ________ and stored in the ________.

: liver, gallbladder Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) Digestive reflexes originating in the CNS are called ________.

: long reflexes Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) Generally, PCO2 in arterial blood is ________ than PCO2 in venous blood.

: lower Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) The ________ consist of light, spongy tissue whose volume is occupied mostly by air-filled spaces.

: lungs Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) The largest collection of ________ tissue in the body is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

: lymphoid Section Title: Immune Functions of the GI Tract Learning Outcome: 21.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 80) A molecule of ________ consists of all the codons needed to produce a specific polypeptide chain at the ribosome.

: mRNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________.

: macula densa, renin Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The three sections of the brain stem are ________, ________, and ________.

: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) The high ________ osmolarity allows urine to be concentrated.

: medullary interstitial Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 172) Graded potentials that increase the likelihood of an action potential bring the ________ closer to threshold.

: membrane potential Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) Diffusion rate is indirectly proportional to ________.

: membrane thickness Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 53) This type of membrane protein extends all the way through the cell membrane into both the extra- and intracellular fluids: ________.

: membrane-spanning Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) The ________ lie between and around the glomerular capillaries.

: mesangial cells Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 177) Receptors that work through second messenger systems are called ________ receptors.

: metabotropic Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) The ________ is a "housekeeping function" that sweeps food remnants and bacteria out of the upper GI tract and into the large intestine.

: migrating motor complex Section Title: Motility Learning Outcome: 21.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 89) Protein folding can take place spontaneously or with ________.

: molecular chaperones Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) When two or more atoms are chemically linked, the smallest unit of the resulting material is referred to as a(n) ________.

: molecule Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) Inappropriate relaxation of the ________ muscles during sleep contributes to ________, a sleep disorder associated with snoring.

: mouth and throat (larynx, pharynx, and tongue), obstructive sleep apnea Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a ________.

: mucociliary escalator Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 93) The muscle layer of the heart wall is the ________.

: myocardium Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) A(n) ________ contraction describes the opening of stretch-activated channels in smooth muscle cells in response to a distortion of the cell membrane that is commonly observed in ________.

: myogenic, blood vessels Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) Most long-distance communication between cells takes place through the ________ and ________ systems with their combination of chemical and electrical signals.

: nervous, endocrine Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) All molecules secreted by nerve cells (neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, and neurohormones) are known as ________.

: neurocrines Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) Chemical signals released into the blood by neurons are called ________.

: neurohormones Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

: neurohypophysis Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 127) A ________ is a compound that influences a postsynaptic cell's response to a neurotransmitter.

: neuromodulator Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

: nicotinic, muscarinic Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) A few gases are known to act as signal molecules, including ________, ________, and ________.

: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 99) The cells responsible for establishing the rate of a cardiac contraction are the ________.

: nodal cells Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 117) The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells on an axon are called ________.

: nodes of Ranvier Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

: norepinephrine Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) ________.

: nuclear envelope or double membrane Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through ________.

: nuclear pores Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 116) When a nitrogenous base is bonded to a pentose sugar and a phosphate, a ________ is formed.

: nucleotide Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) The center of an atom is called the ________.

: nucleus Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) Membrane protein pores that are essentially always open are called ________ or ________ channels.

: open, leak (either order) Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called ________.

: opsonization Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as ________.

: orthostatic hypotension Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) The availability of ________ determines if pyruvate continues into the citric acid cycle.

: oxygen Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 115) The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, expressed in moles per liter of solution.

: pH Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.7

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 149) What is the pH of a 0.005 M HCl solution? Assume complete dissociation.

: pH = 2.3. If pH = - log [H+] and HCl is a strong acid, we can assume complete dissociation will occur in solution. Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) Capillary exchange involving movement between the endothelial cells is called the ________ pathway.

: paracellular Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) A chemical that is secreted by a cell to act on cells in its immediate vicinity is called a(n) ________.

: paracrine Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS.

: parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases is known as ________.

: partial pressure Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) The heart is enclosed in the ________.

: pericardial membrane Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 94) The heart is encased in a tough membranous sac called the ________. The heart is composed mostly of ________ muscle tissue, called the ________.

: pericardium, cardiac, myocardium Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) Cerebral capillaries are surrounded by ________ and glial cells and have tight junctions that create the ________.

: pericytes, blood-brain barrier Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) The term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called ________.

: permissive Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) The signal molecule produced by one animal that may affect the behavior of another animal of the same species is the ________.

: pheromone or ectohormone Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 118) The ________ molecules which form the bilayer region of the cell membrane exhibit hydrophilic properties on the outer surface and hydrophobic properties on the inner surface.

: phospholipid Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) In the process of ________ a phosphate group is attached to a molecule.

: phosphorylation Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) The fluid substance of blood is called ________.

: plasma Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) The opposing layers of pleural membrane are held together by a thin film of ________.

: pleural fluid Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The specialized cells found in the capsule epithelium are called ________. These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called ________.

: podocytes; foot processes Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) A circulatory route that has two sets of capillaries is known as a ________.

: portal system Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) Two areas of the brain missing the blood-brain barrier are the ________ and ________.

: posterior pituitary, the (vomiting center of the) medulla Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy.

: potential Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) Energy released by electrons moving through the electron transport system is stored as ________ by H+ ions concentrated in the ________.

: potential energy, intermembrane space Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) The structures that regulate blood flow into single capillaries within a tissue are ________.

: precapillary sphincters Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 71) Air flows into lungs because of ________ created by ________.

: pressure gradients, pumps Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) Transcription factors are proteins whose binding to the ________ region for a gene can ________ (increase) or ________ (decrease) expression of that gene.

: promoter, induce, repress Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Many second messenger systems activate ________, enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein. The phosphorylation of proteins sets off a series of intracellular events that lead to the ultimate cellular response.

: protein kinases Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) The ________ circuit carries blood to and from the alveoli of the lungs.

: pulmonary Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) In ________, fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces of the lungs, slowing gas exchange.

: pulmonary edema Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) The ________ directs blood from the ________ of the heart to the lungs. Backflow of blood to the heart is prevented by ________. Blood from the lungs returns to the heart via ________.

: pulmonary trunk, right ventricle; pulmonary valves; pulmonary veins Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) The rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as a ________.

: pulse Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) Ribosomes are composed of protein and ________.

: rRNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that is sensitive to a particular stimulus (variable) and a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

: receptor; effector Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) The membrane proteins that bind to a ligand and act in the body's chemical signaling system are ________.

: receptors Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 124) The period of time during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the initial stimulus is the ________.

: relative refractory period Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) The ________ branch off the ________ and supply blood to the kidneys.

: renal arteries, abdominal aorta Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is the ________.

: renal threshold Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) The ________ carry blood from the kidneys back to the ________.

: renal veins, inferior vena cava Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration is called the ________.

: residual volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) At rest, nerve cells have an unequal distribution of ions on either side of the cell membrane, producing the ________.

: resting membrane potential Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 171) A change in the conditions in the axon terminal can cause a change in the environment of the cell body as a result of ________.

: retrograde transport Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) A chemical reaction that can proceed in both directions is called a ________.

: reversible reaction Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) The molecule RNA contains the five-carbon sugar ________.

: ribose Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 80) Nucleoli function in the production of ________.

: ribosomes / rRNA Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 97) The ________ are calcium channels in cardiac contractile cells. Opening them causes ________.

: ryanodine receptors; calcium-induced calcium release Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Carrier proteins operating at their maximum rate are said to be ________.

: saturated Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) An intracellular signal molecule that translates a signal from a neurotransmitter or hormone into an intracellular response is called a ________.

: second messenger Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) A ________ is a problem with one of the tissues producing trophic hormones.

: secondary pathology Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.

: selectively permeable Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 92) The ________ is a wall that separates the two sides of the heart.

: septum Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) Electrons travel around the center of the atom at high speed forming a(n) ________.

: shell (or orbital) Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) The secretion of the hormone insulin in response to changes in blood glucose level is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

: simple endocrine Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) RNA is usually ________ -stranded.

: single Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) In vertebrates, the CNS is protected by bony cases, the brain inside the ________, while the spinal cord runs through a canal inside the ________.

: skull, vertebrae (spine) Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) Two types of RNA block translation of mRNA. They are ________ RNA and ________ RNA.

: small interfering, micro Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) Digestion is essentially completed in the ________.

: small intestine Section Title: Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The principal ions in the ECF are ________.

: sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) A(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute.

: solution Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 129) The addition of several stimuli arriving from different locations on the same cell to produce an action potential is called ________.

: spatial summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) The ability of a carrier molecule to transport only one specific molecule or a group of closely related molecules is called ________.

: specificity Section Title: Transport Processes Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) A ________ is an instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath.

: spirometer Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) The primary complex carbohydrate ingested and digested by people is ________.

: starch Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 110) Narrowing of the opening of a heart valve is referred to as ________.

: stenosis Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) The membrane proteins that provide for support of the cell membrane and allow for cells to connect to each other are ________.

: structural proteins Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 175) For ________ to occur, a second potential must arrive before a previous one has been completed.

: summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 176) When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and ________ occurs.

: summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Diffusion rate is directly proportional to ________ and ________.

: surface area, concentration gradient Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 54) The substance produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension is called ________.

: surfactant Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) Neural control of GFR is mediated by ________ that innervate ________ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing ________.

: sympathetic neurons, alpha, vasoconstriction Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The term for two hormones that have additive effects is ________.

: synergists Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) The ________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the alveoli of the lungs.

: systemic Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 107) The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is termed ________.

: systole Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) Amino acids are carried to the ribosomes to be incorporated into polypeptide chains by ________.

: tRNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 105) A resting heart rate above 100 beats per minute is identified as ________.

: tachycardia Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) Peripheral cells sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.

: targets Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 128) The addition of stimuli arriving in rapid succession to produce an action potential is called ________.

: temporal summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 98) The AV node delays the transmission of action potentials slightly to allow ________.

: the atria to complete their contraction before ventricular contraction begins Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) Three tissues-________, ________, and ________-do NOT have traditional capillaries. Instead, they have modified vessels called ________ that are (wider/narrower) than a capillary.

: the bone marrow, the liver, the spleen; sinusoids, wider Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) The primary function of the alveoli is ________.

: the exchange of gases between themselves and the blood Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) The cardiovascular system is made up of ________, ________, and ________.

: the heart, blood vessels, blood (Answers can be in any order.) Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Venous return to the heart is aided by ________ and the ________.

: the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) What is the half-life of a signal?

: the time required for a signal to lose half its activity Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 121) The minimum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an excitable membrane and generate an action potential is known as the ________.

: threshold Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) The pyrimidines found in DNA are ________ and ________.

: thymine, cytosine Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) The volume of air moved in a single respiration is called the ________.

: tidal volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) The primary function of the cardiovascular system is ________.

: to transport material to and from all parts of the body Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) A physiological parameter which is regulated in an up-down fashion by signals that are always present but change in intensity is said to be under ________.

: tonic control Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) mRNA is created in a process called ________. It then leaves the ________ and enters the cytosol to direct ________, the assembly of amino acids into protein.

: transcription; nucleus, translation Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Capillary exchange involving movement through the cells is called ________ transport.

: transendothelial Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a ________.

: trophic hormone Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) When fluid flow through the distal tubule increases as a result of increased GFR, the macula densa cells send a chemical message to the neighboring afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole constricts, increasing resistance and decreasing GFR. This type of autoregulation involving both the kidney tubule and the arteriole is known as ________.

: tubuloglomerular feedback Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) The endothelium of the blood vessels and its adjacent connective tissue make up the ________, which is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue called ________.

: tunica intima or intima, tunica media Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) The cells of the lung that produce the substance that lowers surface tension are ________

: type II alveolar cells Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) If the concentration of an endocrine ligand decreases, the target cell may insert more receptors into the cell membrane in an attempt to keep its response at a normal level, in a process known as ________.

: up-regulation Section Title: Modulation of Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) Urine is carried to the external environment by the ________.

: urethra Section Title: Micturition Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) After it is formed, urine is temporarily stored in the ________.

: urinary bladder Section Title: Micturition Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output.

: vagus nerve Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) ________ are swellings that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

: varicosities Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) The ________ are the long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla.

: vasa recta Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the type of cell junction with the best description. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all A. gap junction B. tight junction C. anchoring junction 71) simplest cell-cell junction

Answer: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. proton(s) B. neutron(s) C. electron(s) 38) An ion has gained or lost ________.

Answer: C Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) occipital lobe

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 133) An influx of Na+ ions depolarizes the membrane of an axon.

: True Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) Explain the term resting membrane potential difference.

: See "The Resting Membrane Potential" section of the chapter. Section Title: Epithelial Transport Learning Outcome: 5.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

: adenophyophysis Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 135) If the graded potential increases in amplitude, then the frequency of the action potentials fired also increases.

: True Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 189) Name two ways a cell changes its membrane permeability to ions. (Hint: One way is relatively slow.)

: 1. opens or closes existing channels 2. inserts or removes membrane channels Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) A typical residual volume (in milliliters) for a healthy, 70 kg male is ________.

: 1200 mL Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) The most important factor affecting the pH of plasma is the concentration of A) lactic acid. B) ketone bodies. C) organic acids. D) carbon dioxide. E) hydrochloric acid.

: D Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 75) Assume the following: The total area of cell membrane in a single fat cell is 104 mm2, there is one insulin receptor per 1 mm2 of membrane, and 1 mm2 of cell membrane contains 106 phospholipid molecules. (1) How many insulin receptors are in a fat cell? (2) How many phospholipids molecules are in a fat cell? (3) How many phospholipid molecules are there for each insulin receptor? (4) What general principle of hormone action does your answer support?

: 1. 1 receptor/1 mm2 × 104 mm2/cell = 104 receptors per cell. 2. 104 mm2/cell × 106 phospholipids/mm2 = 1010 phospholipid molecules per cell. 3. (1010 phospholipids/cell) / (104 receptors/cell) = 106 phospholipid molecules per insulin receptor. 4. Hormones exert their effects at very low concentrations (therefore it is not surprising that the hormone receptors, through which the hormones act, are also in low concentration). Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 115) List the four basic processes of the digestive system, and describe each.

: 1. Digestion is the chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller units. 2. Absorption is the active or passive transfer of substances from the lumen of the GI tract to the extracellular fluid. 3. Motility is the movement of material in the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction. 4. Secretion refers to both transepithelial transfer of water and ions from the ECF to digestive tract lumen and the release of substances synthesized by GI epithelial cells. Section Title: Digestive Function and Processes Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Describe the classic steps for identifying an endocrine gland. Are these steps practical for identifying the sources of all the hormones we know of today? Explain.

: 1. Remove the suspected gland, and observe the animal. 2. Restore the gland or administer a gland extract, and observe the animal. 3. Add a gland or gland extract to a normal animal, and observe the animal for excessive response. 4. Purify gland extracts and isolate the substance. There are many hormones that are secreted from cells that are not part of a discrete gland and therefore not removable without causing problems beyond loss of the hormone. Section Title: Hormone Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 69) The following statement contains three parts that are either TRUE or FALSE. You must address ALL THREE parts of the statement explaining either why it is TRUE or why it is FALSE. Neurohormones from the anterior pituitary are called "trophic" because their release is stimulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

: 1. The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland; it does not release neurohormones because its cells are not neurons. 2. The word trophic is used incorrectly; the term refers to a hormone that causes another gland to release hormone. 3. Anterior pituitary hormones are in fact triggered by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 68) Describe GFR autoregulation, and explain why it is important.

: 1. The myogenic response is the ability of the vascular smooth muscle to constrict or dilate to keep pressure and flow constant, thereby keeping GFR constant. Vasoconstriction is more effective at this than vasodilation. 2. Tubuloglomerular feedback involves production of a paracrine, in response to increased GFR, which constricts the afferent arteriole to decrease GFR. Autoregulation helps protect the filtration barriers from high blood pressures that could damage them. Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 103) Summarize the four gas laws.

: 1. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases (Dalton's law). 2. Gases, singly or in a mixture, move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. 3. If the volume of a container of gas changes, the pressure of the gas will change in an inverse manner (Boyle's law). 4. The pressure and volume of a container of gas are directly related to the temperature of the gas and the number of molecules in the container: PV = nRT (the ideal gas law). Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 125) What are the five ways that cells regulate flow of molecules through their metabolic pathways?

: 1. by controlling the enzyme concentration 2. by producing modulators (allosteric and covalent) 3. by using two different enzymes to catalyze reversible reaction 4. by isolating enzymes within intracellular organelles (compartments) 5. by maintaining an optimum ratio of ATP to ADP Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 72) What are the two ways of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

: 1. convert HCO3- into carbon dioxide, then back into HCO3- 2. through the metabolism of glutamine (see Fig. 20.17) Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) Name the three portal systems in the body.

: 1. hepatic portal system 2. renal portal system 3. hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) List and summarize the forces that influence filtration across the walls of glomerular capillaries.

: 1. hydrostatic pressure 2. colloid osmotic pressure 3. hydrostatic fluid pressure See the "Filtration Occurs Because of Hydrostatic Pressure in Capillaries" section of the chapter. Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.8

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 227) Draw graphs showing the effect on action potentials in a cell following effective doses of each of the listed neurotoxins. Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by an electrical stimulus applied to it, so that any abnormality is due to the toxin. Precise values for voltage and duration are not important, just a general trend in how the action potential may be different from normal. 1. puffer fish poison (blocks voltage-gated sodium channel activation) 2. tetraethylammonium (blocks voltage-gated potassium channels) 3. ouabain (blocks sodium-potassium pumps) 4. sea anemone toxin (blocks voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation)

: 1. no action potential; membrane potential would show a stimulus pulse that reaches threshold, however 2. prolonged action potential, as repolarization is slowed in absence of potassium efflux; peak may be higher as well 3. normal action potential 4. prolonged action potential, as sodium influx lasts longer; peak may be higher as well Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 83) Diabetes mellitus produces many homeostatic imbalances, including acidosis. The pH imbalance is due to ketoacidosis, which results from excessive accumulation of by-products of fat metabolism, as the body cannot meet energy needs from carbohydrate metabolism. Sally is a teenaged diabetic who sometimes rebels by not taking her insulin. Her body is beginning to develop ketoacidosis as a result. Create a chart to indicate and explain how her blood pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 react, by indicating "increase," "decrease," or "no change." 1. ketoacidosis has just developed 2. respiratory compensation occurs 3. renal compensation occurs

: 1. pH decreases by definition, HCO3- decreases as the carbonic acid reaction shifts to the right, PCO2 is unchanged because the excess is expelled by the lungs due to the higher gradient. 2. pH increases and HCO3- decreases as exhaled CO2 drives the carbonic acid reaction to the right, and PCO2 decreases as it is exhaled. 3. pH increases as H+ is excreted, HCO3- increases as it is reabsorbed, and increases as respiration returns to normal. Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 130) Name the two factors that influence the membrane potential.

: 1. the concentration gradients of ions across the membrane 2. the membrane permeability to those ions Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 97) Name two ways the selectivity of a channel is determined.

: 1. the diameter of the central pore 2. the electrical charge of the amino acids that line the channel Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 65) List and describe the three filtration barriers that substances leaving the plasma must pass through before entering the tubule lumen.

: 1. the glomerular capillary endothelium 2. a basal lamina 3. the epithelium of Bowman's capsule See the "The Renal Corpuscle Contains Three Filtration Barriers" section of the chapter. Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 67) Reabsorption involves what two methods of transport? Describe each. What determines which route a solute will take?

: 1. transepithelial transport: substances cross both apical and basolateral membranes of the tubule epithelial cell. 2. paracellular pathway: substances pass through the junction between two adjacent cells. The permeability of the epithelial junction and the electrochemical gradient for the solute determines which route it will take. Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.11

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 76) A man's leg was crushed between a car bumper and a wall. His physicians believe their patient has suffered kidney damage from myoglobin blocking glomerular pores. Tests showed the following results: plasma creatinine: 30 mg/100 mL plasma 24 hour urine specimen: volume = 1 liter urine creatinine 30 mg/mL urine A. How many mg of creatinine are in the urine specimen? How much creatinine appears in the urine per hour? B. What is the patient's creatinine clearance in mL/min? C. What is the patient's GFR? D. Is this a normal GFR? Did the patient sustain kidney damage?

: A. 1000 mL urine × 30 mg creatinine/mL urine = 30,000 mg creatinine in the specimen. 30,000 mg/24 hr = 1250 mg creatinine. B. Creatinine clearance = excretion rate of creatinine/plasma concentration creatinine. clearance = 1250 mg creatinine/hr × 1 hr/60 min/30 mg creatinine/100 mL plasma = 20.8 mg creatinine/min/0.3 mg creatinine/mL plasma = 69.4 mL plasma/min C. GFR approximately equal to clearance rate for creatinine, or approximately 70 mL/min. D. A more typical value for GFR is 125 mL/min, so 70 mL/min represents a severe decline. Thus, kidney damage has most likely occurred. Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.14

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 114) Cindy is taking 14 breaths per minute. Her vital capacity is 3000 mL, her total lung capacity is 4000 mL, and her tidal volume is 450 mL per breath. Calculate the following: A. Cindy's total pulmonary ventilation (minute volume) B. Cindy's alveolar ventilation rate

: A. 14 breaths/min × 450 mL/breath = 6300 mL/min B. Alveolar vent = 14 breaths/min × (450 mL/ breath - 150 mL dead space) = 14 breaths/min × 300 mL/breath = 4200 mL/min Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 143) You mix one liter of 300 mOsM NaCl with two liters 450 mOsM glucose. A. What is the osmolarity of the new solution? B. What is the final osmolarity of the NaCl in the new solution? C. What is the final osmolarity of glucose in the new solution? D. What is the tonicity of this new solution compared to a red blood cell with 300 mOsM nonpenetrating solute?

: A. 300 mOsM NaCl × 1 L = 300 mOsmoles NaCl. 450 mOsM glucose × 2 L = 900 mOsmoles glucose. Total solutes = 900 mOsmoles + 300 mOsmoles = 1200 mOsmoles. Total volume = 1 L + 2 L = 3 L. 1200 mOsmoles/3 L = 400 mOsM solution. B. 300 mOsmoles/3 L = 100 mOsM NaCl. C. 900 mOsmoles/3 L = 300 mOsM glucose. D. Solution is hyperosmotic. Glucose is a penetrating solute, so glucose diffuses into the cell, raising the osmolarity, causing water to diffuse into the cell. The cell swells. Thus, the solution is hypotonic. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.2

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 190) Miguel is a 25-year-old jogger with a target heart rate of 125 bpm. His resting pulse is 70 bpm. His blood volume is approximately 6.8 liters. At rest, his cardiac output is 6.3 liters/min. A. What must his stroke volume be? B. What might his EDV and ESV be? C. During his workout, his heart rate increases to 125 bpm and his cardiac output to 12,500 mL/min. Do his SV, EDV, and ESV change with exercise?

: A. 90 mL CO = SV * HR; SV=CO/HR = 6.3 L/min/ 70 bpm. B. Combination where EDV minus ESV = 90 mL Average values are ESV = 44-60 mL, EDV = 134-150 mL. C. Yes, the SV changes to 100 mL; EDV probably increases proportionately, to 149-167 mL. Thus the ESV would be 49-67 mL. One would assume an increase in venous return would lead to atrial stretching and an increased EDV. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 139) A patient is given an intravenous infusion of glucose solution that has a concentration of 25 grams of glucose per liter. If the infusion is given at a rate of 4 milliliters per minute, what is the mass flow of glucose into the body?

: 25 g glucose/1000 mL solution × 4 mL solution/min = 0.1 g glucose/min Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 187) Using the appropriate equations, predict the effects in each scenario. A. Vessels X and Y have the same diameter. X is 5 cm long and Y is 10 cm long. Which has the faster velocity of flow for the same fluid? B. A blood vessel has a radius of 4 cm. Vasoconstriction reduces the radius to 1 cm. In order to maintain the same flow, by what factor must pressure increase? C. The blood vessel in B above dilates from 1 cm to 4 cm. Does the flow rate increase or decrease? D. A new subdivision is built between your house and the water storage tower. If the water company makes no adjustments, will the water pressure at your house change? If so, in which direction? Why?

: A. Assuming the same driving pressure, the velocity is the same. Length is not a factor (v = Q/A). B. 256. Q ΔP/R, so ΔP R. As R 1/r4, ΔP 1/r4. As Q does not change, ΔP1 × r14 = ΔP2 × r24. r14 = 44 = 256. C. increase D. Your water pressure would decline, owing its diversion to the new subdivision houses. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 125) One way to determine the total energy in calories of a food is to burn it in a device called a bomb calorimeter. The heat produced during combustion minus the heat added to begin the combustion is the total calories in the food. The typical human digestive tract does not absorb all of the calories in food; thus it is not 100% efficient. Furthermore, calories in undigestible organic compounds may not be absorbed at all, and thus can be considered to be zero calorie relative to human nutrition. Artificial sweeteners and fats are designed to produce desired sensation in the mouth without being absorbed. These are organic compounds that would release heat in a bomb calorimeter, thus they technically have calories. A. What does this suggest about the accuracy of the bomb calorimeter in determining available food calories for humans? What would be the results of bomb calorimetry of human feces? B. What is it about a particular food substance that may prevent absorption of its calories? C. What happens to the "zero-calorie" molecules as they pass through the digestive tract? What are the potential effects on defecation?

: A. Bomb calorimetry is not 100% accurate, because it does not take into account that some calories are not absorbed. Human feces would be determined to contain some calories. B. In order for nutrients in a food to be usable by the body, they must be chemically digested and absorbed. Digestive enzymes exhibit specificity, so they do not digest molecules that are different in structure from their substrate. If an artificial food additive is undigestible, this simply means that the body lacks the appropriate enzyme. C. Gut bacteria may be able to digest and absorb these compounds. Extra organic solute present in the gut may cause retention of water and production of bacterial gas as the bacteria digest the substance in question. This can lead to distention, discomfort, and diarrhea. Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 113) Explain and distinguish between the following: A. chemical reaction equilibrium B. chemical equilibrium C. osmotic equilibrium

: A. Chemical reaction equilibrium is achieved in reversible reactions when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. At this state there is no net change in the concentration of reactants and products in the system. This does not mean that concentrations are equal. B. Chemical equilibrium occurs when the concentration of a particular solute in one location equals that in another. Typically the locations compared are intracellular vs. extracellular. C. Osmotic equilibrium occurs when total solute concentration is the same, though chemical disequilibrium may exist. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 119) Consider the two chemical reactions. Identify each statement following as true or false, and clarify as needed. A + B → C C → A + B A. The enzyme catalyzing the formation of C must be different from that catalyzing the breakdown of C. B. The enzyme catalyzing the formation of C must be the same as that catalyzing the breakdown of C. C. Only one of the reactions could occur in a given cell or system. D. Both reactions must be occurring in an equilibrium situation. E. Equilibrium is always achieved in a chemical reaction. F. Equilibrium can be prevented from occurring by constantly removing the product of either reaction. G. An equilibrium, once established, cannot be disturbed.

: A. False. There may be more than one enzyme for the reactions listed, but a given enzyme is often capable of performing a reaction in both directions. B. False. The enzyme for both reactions could be the same, but often a particular enzyme is more likely to perform the forward reaction while a different enzyme is more likely to perform the reverse. C. False. If the reactions are at equilibrium, both are occurring at the same time. If they are not at equilibrium, it is possible that the reaction is occurring only in one direction. In addition, cells can have different enzymes for each reaction direction that can be differentially controlled (i.e., one active and the other inactive). D. True. By definition, a reaction is at equilibrium when both directions are occurring such that there is no net change in amounts of substrates and products. E. False. Equilibrium is not necessarily established, especially in a cell where a product is immediately removed from the system for use elsewhere, such as the product ATP, or if a given enzyme does not perform the reverse reaction. F. True. Any change in amounts of enzyme, substrate, or product will disturb equilibrium, and if these things constantly change, equilibrium cannot be established. G. False. Equilibrium can be disturbed by changing the amount of enzyme, substrate, or product, or by altering the enzyme's efficacy by changing temperature or pH. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 128) Red blood cells with an internal osmolarity of 300 mOsM are placed in the following solutions. Designate each solution according to its osmolarity and tonicity, and explain what happens to the cells and why. A. 200 mOsM NaCl B. 400 mOsM urea C. 100 mOsM urea plus 200 mOsM NaCl D. 300 mOsM urea E. 300 mOsM NaCl F. 200 mOsM urea plus 300 mOsM NaCl G. 400 mOsM NaCl

: A. Hyposmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells. By Rule 5 in Table 5.8 in the chapter, hyposmotic solutions are always hypotonic, because the intracellular solutes are mainly nonpenetrating (Rule 1) thus there will be a net flow of water into the cell. B. Hyperosmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells. Urea is a penetrating solute, so some urea will move into the cell down its concentration gradient. This will increase the osmolarity inside the cell, causing a net flow of water into the cell. C. Isosmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells. Urea is a penetrating solute, so there will be a net movement of urea into the cell, raising the osmolarity and causing a net flow of water into the cell. D. Isosmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells. Urea will penetrate the cell, raising the osmolarity and causing a net flow of water into the cell. E. Isosmotic, isotonic. No change in cell size. Sodium and chloride are nonpenetrating solutes, so there will be no net ion flow across the membrane. Because there is no osmotic pressure, there will also be no net flow of water. F. Hyperosmotic, isotonic. No change in cell size at equilibrium. Initially water leaves the cell due to the higher osmolarity outside the cell. Then, because there is a concentration gradient for urea, urea will enter the cell, increasing its osmolarity, and bringing some water into the cell. The nonpenetrating solute concentrations in cell and solution initially are equal, therefore there will be no net movement of water at equilibrium. G. Hyperosmotic, hypertonic. The cell shrinks. There are no penetrating solutes, and water exits due to the higher osmolarity. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 188) A person has a total blood volume of 5 L. Of this total, 4 liters is contained in the systemic circulation and 1 L in the pulmonary circulation. If the person has a cardiac output of 5 L/min: A. how long will it take for a drop of blood leaving the left ventricle to return to the heart? B. how long will it take a drop of blood to go from the right ventricle to the left ventricle?

: A. SV = 5 L/min, volume = 4 L, which would be distributed in 4/5 min = 48 seconds. B. Volume in the pulmonary circuit = 1 L, which would require 1/5 min, or 12 seconds to return to the left atrium from the right ventricle. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) You are walking to class, pondering the intricacies of physiology, when you trip over an uneven place in the sidewalk, and fall. Unhurt but embarrassed and angry, you jump up and glance around to see if anyone is watching. From your knowledge of neuroanatomy and function, explain how the following areas of the brain might be involved in this scenario: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. limbic system

: A. The cerebrum is involved in conscious perception and voluntary motor control. Various sensory areas of the cortex will detect the mis-step, falling, and landing on the ground. Motor areas will initiate standing up and brushing yourself off. B. The cerebellum receives a copy of the motor output from the cerebrum that controls spinal motor neurons, and also sensory input. The cerebellum compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement. Obviously the cerebellum was unable to prevent you from falling; however, your return to an upright position may be executed smoothly thanks to this brain area. C. The limbic system is involved in emotion. This is where your fear, anger, or embarrassment at falling will arise. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 147) A. Distinguish between the mass of a molecule and the mass of a mole, using NaCl in your example. B. Calculate the mass of a mole of NaCl in g, using the mass of one Da (amu). C. Calculate the mass of a dozen NaCl molecules, a dozen donuts, and a mole of donuts, assuming a 30 gram donut.

: A. The mass of a molecule is determined by the mass of its component atoms. From the periodic table, the mass of Na is 23 amu and of Cl is nearly 36 amu, so the mass of one molecule of NaCl is 59 Da. A mole is like a dozen, i.e., it is a particular number of items, specifically 6.02 × 1023. B. A mole of NaCl = 59 Da × 6.02 × 1023 = 3.55 × 1025 Da. 1 Da = 1.66 × 10-27 kg, so 3.55 × 1025 Da × 1.66 × 10-27 kg/Da × 1000 g/kg = 59 g. C. A dozen NaCl molecules: 12 × 59 Da × 1.66 × 10-27 kg/Da × 1000 g/kg = 1.2 × 10-21 g. A dozen donuts: 12 × 30 g = 360 g. A mole of donuts: 6.02 × 1023 × 30 g = 1.8 × 1025 g. Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) Trace the language pathway of signals from the eye (written words) or the ear (spoken words) to the motor cortex. Discuss the two regions of the cortex involved in this pathway. Describe their location and the communication problems that can occur if there is damage to either area.

: eye → visual cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex ear → auditory cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex Wernicke's area is located in the temporal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person cannot understand sensory input (spoken or visual). The resulting condition is receptive aphasia, nonsensical speech that the speaker is unaware of. Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person is unable to respond using normal syntax. The resulting condition, expressive aphasia, is difficult to deal with because people who have it understand sensory input and can respond, but their statements contain the right words in random order and they are unable to correct it. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.18

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 139) For the following strand of DNA, use the table below to provide: bases for the complementary mRNA and bases for the corresponding tRNA molecules and the associated amino acids. What do you notice about the relationship between the DNA and the anticodons? What do you notice about the genetic code for proline in the peptide? How would the loss of the first G or switching that G to a T affect the structure and function of this protein? DNA: GGC CTA CAA GCC GGA ACA GTT ACC GCG TAA CGA mRNA: tRNA:

: mRNA: CCG GAU GUU CGG CCU UGU CAA UGG CGC AUU GCU tRNA: GGC CUA CAA GCC GGA ACA GUU ACC GCG UAA CGA protein: pro asp val arg pro cys gln trp arg ile ala The DNA triplets and the tRNA anticodons are identical except that U (in tRNA) substitutes for T (in DNA). In this peptide, proline was specified by two different codons, CCG and CCU. 1 base lost: arg met phe gly leu val asn gly ala leu 1 base altered: thr asp val arg pro cys gln trp arg ile ala Loss of a base results in dramatic changes in the protein structure (1 less amino acid and a start codon at the second codon) which means the proteins is unlikely to be functional. However, a single base substitution would have a single amino acid different which make the proteins more likely to be functional although the function may still be altered. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 85) Because the suffix "itis" means ________, swelling of the lower extremities due to blockage of lymph flow is NOT called ________-itis; rather it is called ________.

: "inflammation of", elephant, elephantiasis Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 217) Create diagrams (of the cells) and graphs (of the potentials) to illustrate the two different situations described below in a multipolar neuron with a threshold voltage of 15 mV above resting potential. In each, indicate decrement of graded potentials (by drawing the same GP at different points as it spreads along the neuron), as well as summation. Situation 1: There are three simultaneously active synapses on the multipolar neuron, two producing EPSPs and one an IPSP. At least one of the EPSPs is larger than 15 mV at the synapse. The neuron does NOT generate an action potential. Situation 2: There are two simultaneously active synapses, one producing an EPSP and the other an IPSP. The neuron generates an action potential.

: (Note to instructor: It is best to have demonstrated this in class or on a handout at some time prior to the exam.) Diagrams and graphs should resemble those in Figure 8.7 in the chapter, except that the number of synaptic inputs shown will be greater (see Fig. 8.24), and a set of graphs should be drawn for each input. Diagrams of a multipolar neuron with the different synapses indicated should be produced. There should be a total of three to five synapses, depending on whether or not the student assumes the three synapses described for situation 1 are different from those for situation 2. The graph of summation should resemble Figure 8.24c,d. In situation 1, the student should choose amplitudes that sum to a value below +15 mV (the PSP that was 15 mV at the synapse is smaller when it reaches the trigger zone). In situation 2, the student should choose amplitudes that sum to a value equal to or above +15 mV. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) The Na+-K+-ATPase pumps (this number of) ________ Na+ ions ________ (into/out of) the cell and (this number of) ________ K+ ions ________ (into/out of) the cell.

: 3 Na+, out of, 2 K+, into Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 213) Compare and contrast the communication mechanisms between the nervous and endocrine systems. In other words, how do neurons and neurotransmitters signal to their postsynaptic cells, compared to the way endocrine glands and hormones communicate with their target cells?

: (Note to instructor: Students must have already completed the endocrine chapter(s) in order to answer this.) Neurotransmitters usually do not enter the cell, thus must combine with receptors on the membrane, using mechanisms similar to the amino acid-derivative hormones. Similarities include opening channels in the postsynaptic cell membrane, leading to depolarization of the neuron. In endocrine target cells, the arrival of the stimulus begins a different sequence of events, such as triggering an enzyme cascade, and second messenger systems. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 110) Susan's doctor has detected benign uterine fibroid tumors. Jane's doctor has detected early-stage malignant vaginal tumors. Sarah's doctor has detected late-stage malignant ovarian tumors. Which branch of the immune system would respond to these conditions? What would analysis of the nearby lymph nodes of these women reveal? What is the prognosis for each woman? Explain.

: (Note to instructor: Students must understand the difference between benign and malignant tumors, and that staging of tumors is related to prognosis. This question may be better for a comprehensive final exam or as an out-of-class assignment.) Uterine fibroid tumors are not cancer because they do not spread, hence the designation "benign." Nearby lymph nodes will contain no sign of uterine fibroids, and prognosis is independent of this condition because cancer is not indicated. No antigens are present, so there is no immune response. The other two women have cancer, and the cell-mediated immune response would be stimulated. Early-stage cancers are often completely treatable, and nearby lymph nodes may show no sign of the cancer; prognosis is good. Late-stage ovarian cancer has likely spread, and lymph nodes would contain ovarian cancer cells. Prognosis is poor in this case, because presence of cancer cells in lymph nodes often indicates that the cells have spread to other organs, as well. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood, but it also protects the brain from potentially therapeutic chemicals that may reduce the size of brain tumors by killing cancer cells, alleviate depression, and aid in patient recovery from stroke or spinal cord injury. Two methods are currently being rigorously researched to get these helpful chemicals past the blood-brain barrier. The two methods are termed "molecular Trojan Horse" and osmotic "blood-brain barrier disruption." Based on their names, hypothesize how these methods might allow chemicals to pass through the blood-brain barrier.

: (Note to instructor: You may have to explain enough of the legend of the Trojan Horse for this to be a fair question.) The molecular Trojan Horse method delivers specific substances to the brain by attaching them to a protein that is normally able to cross the barrier. The therapeutic chemicals are ferried across by piggybacking a substance that can cross the barrier. Once across the barrier, these substances can reach almost every neuron through the blood vessels that nourish the brain. The blood-brain barrier disruption method is a technique that uses a concentrated mannitol (sugar) solution. Because this solution is more concentrated than the endothelial cells of the capillaries that make up the blood-brain barrier, these cells will experience shrinkage (Chapter 5, hypertonicity). When these cells decrease in volume the tight junctions that exist between them are temporarily opened and chemicals in that area can pass through the blood-brain barrier. In actual patients who experimentally undergo this therapy, an infusion of this solution, via a catheter, temporarily opens the tight junction by osmotically disrupting the endothelial cells that make up the blood-brain barrier. Immediately after the mannitol solution, the patients receive the chemotherapy treatment intra-arterially through the same catheter. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 170) Products from the cell body of a neuron are transported to the axon terminals by ________.

: (anterograde) axoplasmic transport Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as ________.

: (extracellular) matrix Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) At rest, nerve cells have a voltage of ________ mV.

: -70 (Note to instructor: All nerve cells are different, so you may wish to accept a range of similar values instead of insisting on precisely this value.) Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 151) The resting membrane potential is ________ for skeletal muscle and ________ for contractile myocardium. It is ________ for autorhythmic myocardium.

: -70 mV, - 90 mV; an unstable pacemaker potential (usually starts at -60 mV) Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 140) A 70-year-old man weighs 145 pounds and has 48% of his body weight in the form of water. How many liters of water is that?

: 0.48 × × × 1 L = 31.64 L Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Name three pathological changes that adversely affect gas exchange.

: 1. a decrease in the amount of alveolar surface area available for gas exchange 2. an increase in the thickness of the alveolar membrane 3. an increase in the diffusion distance between the alveoli and the blood Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) What are the three ways CO2 is transported in blood? Approximately what percentage is transported by each way?

: 1. attached to hemoglobin, 23% 2. dissolved, 7% 3. as bicarbonate, 70% Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) How many milliequivalents are represented by a mole of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)?

: 1000 milliequivalents. This is calculated by taking the equivalent value of the molecule, which equals the molarity of the molecule (1 in this case) times the number of charges the molecule carries (in this case, the minus symbol indicates a charge of negative one, i.e., -1), so 1×1 = 1 equivalent. 1 equivalent = 1000 milliequivalents. Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 182) Compare and contrast action and graded potentials. Your answer should include a definition of each, types, characteristics, ionic basis, functions, and anything else necessary to answer the question.

: Action potentials are stereotyped changes in axon membrane potential that function in long-distance communication between neurons and their target cells. Graded potentials are variable membrane potential changes, usually in dendrites of multipolar neurons, that function in either short-distance communication or changing the probability of an action potential. Action potentials result from opening of voltage-regulated ion channels, which occurs at or above a threshold voltage. Graded potentials are not regenerative and result from the opening of ion channels in response to neurotransmitter or a specific stimulus such as sound or odor, in the case of sensory receptors. The rising phase results from influx of sodium, and the falling phase from efflux of potassium. Other characteristics include the after-hyperpolarization, all-or-none nature, conduction without decrement, independence of amplitude and duration from stimulus strength, refractory period, faster velocity in larger diameter or in myelinated axons. Graded potentials can be depolarizing, if the ion channel is a sodium channel, or hyperpolarizing in the case of potassium or chloride channels. Depolarizations increase the probability that threshold voltage will be attained and an action potential will result. Hyperpolarizations decrease the probability of a resulting action potential. Amplitude and duration are proportional to stimulus intensity, and graded potentials are conducted with decrement. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 203) In a laboratory situation, a nerve can be stimulated by applying voltage from a stimulator. If a stimulus was applied in the middle of a nerve roughly halfway between the cell bodies and the axon terminals, would resulting action potentials travel only from the stimulus point to the axon terminal? Why or why not? How is this similar to or different from the basic characteristics of an action potential discussed in this chapter? What does this tell you about the nature of the axon?

: Action potentials would travel in both directions from the stimulus point, simultaneously toward the cell bodies and toward the axon terminals. This is because the axon segments on each side of the stimulus point are presumably not refractory when the stimulus is delivered, thus there is nothing to prevent the action potentials from traveling in both directions. In normal transmission, the action potential begins where the axon starts, and travels only away from that point, not toward, because the membrane becomes refractory for a period of time after the action potential occurs. Thus, the axon is quite capable of transmitting action potentials in either direction, even though normally it is prevented from doing so. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) ________ is an increase in blood flow that accompanies an increase in metabolic activity.

: Active hyperemia Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 134) Which membrane transport process(es) is/are abnormal in people with cystic fibrosis? What is the consequence of the abnormal transport? Which organ systems are affected? How is this disease treated? How long do cystic fibrosis patients normally live? What are some of the possible causes of death related to this disease? What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?

: Active transport of chloride is impaired, in the airways, sweat glands, and pancreas. The affected epithelia are involved in production of sweat and mucus. Thus the respiratory, integumentary, and digestive systems are affected. Treatments include replacement of pancreatic digestive enzymes, which are blocked from secretion by the mucus buildup in secretory ducts, and respiratory therapies to loosen mucus in the airways and treat recurring infections. Gene therapy is being explored as well. Median survival is 37 years as of the publication date of the textbook. Causes of death can be related to malnutrition and respiratory illness. This is a genetic disease, in which the gene coding for the chloride transporter is abnormal. Section Title: Epithelial Transport Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) Distinguish between these statements, explaining what is correct or incorrect about each, and what requires clarification. Relate your answers to the energy hill concept from the previous chapter. A. Passive transport requires energy. B. Active transport requires energy. C. Vesicular transport requires energy.

: All forms of transport require energy, because something is being moved. A. Passive transport uses the thermal energy present in the living cell to move molecules in the energetically favorable downhill direction (with concentration gradients). B. Active transport uses the energy transferred by the ATP molecule, to move molecules in the energetically unfavorable uphill direction (against concentration gradients). C. Vesicular transport uses the energy of the ATP molecule also, to move large molecules or large quantities of molecules. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 157) The most common types of cancer in America include colon cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer. What do all of these cancers have in common and why are they so prevalent in our society?

: All of these structures have epithelial tissue that is reproducing at a rapid rate. Because they undergo mitosis so often if a failure of apoptosis occurs or if a mutation alters the DNA of one of the cells, the new copies of the existing cells will cause an increase in the cancerous cells at a much faster rate than in other tissues that divide at a much slower rate. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 190) If both Na+ and K+ channels are activated by depolarization, why do we see more Na+ flux during the rising phase of an action potential?

: Although both channels are activated by depolarization, the Na+ channels open quickly allowing rapid Na+ entry into the cell. The peak of Na+ permeability coincides with the peak of the action potential, while the K+ channels open more slowly and don't reach their peak ion permeability until the falling phase of the action potential. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) ________ are free phagocytes found in the lungs.

: Alveolar macrophages Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 178) Briefly explain the gross organization of the nervous system in either paragraph form or using a concept map. Be sure to discuss the central, peripheral, and enteric nervous system and the divisions and branches discussed in the text.

: Answers will vary.There are three divisions: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the enteric nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the integrating center for neural reflexes. The brain is also where thoughts and consciousness are formed. The PNS includes the afferent branch, which monitors the internal and external environment and sends signals to the CNS, and the efferent branch, which carries signals from the CNS to effector cells throughout the body. Within the efferent branch, there is the somatic motor division, which controls skeletal muscle, and the autonomic division. The autonomic division, or visceral nervous system, controls the smooth and cardiac muscles and exo- and endocrine glands. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 132) What would be the nutritional consequence of excessive antacid use?

: Antacids make the stomach pH higher than normal, which will interfere with protein digestion because the enzymes would not be as efficient. Section Title: Integrated Function: The Gastric Phase Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) ________ are molecules that bind to the receptor in such a way that they block the normal ligand from binding and turning the receptor on. As a result, the signal pathway remains inactive.

: Antagonists (or Competitive inhibitors) Section Title: Modulation of Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 106) Describe the various effects of antibodies in an immune response.

: Antibodies enhance phagocytosis through clumping and opsonization, neutralize bacterial toxins, activate complement, mediate inflammation, and activate immune cells. Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24. 14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Explain neural plasticity in the brain, in the context of recovery from injury.

: Areas of the brain involved in a body part that is removed, such as following a limb amputation, are taken over by ingrowth of synaptic connections from nearby areas, rather than the areas disappearing along with the limb.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) ________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

: Arteries Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 198) Explain the two reasons why graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cell. Why don't action potentials lose strength?

: As a depolarization wave moves through the cell, some of the positive charge is lost to the extracellular fluid through leak channels. Additionally there is cytoplasmic resistance. Action potentials do not lose strength because they are regenerated in each patch of membrane. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 77) Fred suffers from chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly. How can this be?

: As long as the ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbonic acid is 20:1, the pH of body fluids will remain normal. Since Fred's condition is chronic (long term) his body has compensated for the excess carbonic acid (the result of hypercapnea due to poor ventilation) by increasing the amount of bicarbonate to match the elevated level of acid. This process involves the kidneys where some of the excess carbon dioxide is converted into carbonic acid and the carbonic acid is allowed to dissociate. The hydrogen ions are secreted and the newly formed bicarbonate is conserved to maintain a proper buffering capacity. Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.16

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 196) If potassium channels in a neuron were blocked, would it be possible to produce an action potential? If so, describe the probable appearance of these components of a graph: threshold, rising phase, peak, falling phase, undershoot. If not, explain.

: Assuming sodium channels are functioning normally, there would still be an action potential. Threshold would be unaffected, because it is a property of sodium channels. A peak voltage will be reached when the sodium channels become inactivated; this voltage may be higher than normal since usually there is a partial canceling of the rising voltage as potassium exits. Without a potassium current, the falling phase would be much slower, being dependent on the sodium-potassium pump removing the sodium ions that came in. The undershoot would be absent because it is a result of potassium current. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 215) A lab technician has inadvertently substituted lithium for sodium in a solution of saline for use by students in neurophysiology labs. If a frog nerve was bathed in this solution, what would happen upon stimulation of the nerve?

: Assuming the specificity of the voltage-regulated sodium and potassium channels is absolute, the axons will be unable to generate action potentials. The sodium channels will open and close, but there will be no ionic current through them. The students will still see hyperpolarization, as the potassium efflux should be unaffected by lithium. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) ________ is characterized by an increased airway resistance and decreased ventilation.

: Asthma Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called A) proprioception. B) perception. C) cognition. D) lateralization. E) emotion.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) The inability to remember newly acquired information is called A) discombobulation. B) anterograde amnesia. C) short-term amnesia. D) implicit amnesia. E) retrograde amnesia.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 79) Mr. Gregory comes to the doctor with high blood pressure. Tests show that he also has elevated levels of renin in his blood and atherosclerotic plaques that have nearly blocked blood flow through his renal arteries. Mr. Gregory is puzzled. Explain to him how decreased blood flow in his renal arteries could cause renin secretion to increase. Map the pathways through which elevated renin causes high blood pressure for Mr. Gregory.

: Atherosclerotic plaques block blood flow, which decreases GFR and decreases pressure in the afferent arteriole. These are both stimuli for renin release. Renin secretion starts a cascade that produces angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor. Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure, and the medullary control center responds to Ag II by also increasing ADH, aldosterone secretion, and thirst, collectively increasing blood pressure even further. Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are A) NK cells. B) plasma cells. C) helper T cells. D) cytotoxic T cells. E) suppressor T cells.

: B Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B lymphocytes and may play a role in regulation of the humoral immune response are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

: B Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 88) In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM level for the mumps antigen. This would indicate A) the person has just recovered from mumps. B) the person is just coming down with mumps. C) the person is allergic to mumps. D) the person is immune to mumps. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) reacts to blood group antigens

: B Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 81) In an experimental situation focused on the development of a new vaccine, mice were injected with a viral antigen. Their plasma was removed in order to detect the presence of antibodies. This is an example of A) innate immunity. B) active immunization. C) passive immunization. D) natural immunity. E) autoimmunity.

: B Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) myelinated axons with very few cell bodies

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) Which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood? A) K+ B) H+ C) Ca2+ D) HCO3- E) Na+

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. A) oxygen B) glucose C) sodium D) potassium E) fatty acids

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) location of the sphincter that prevents premature emptying of the stomach

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) section where chyme is processed to remove water and electrolytes, leaving waste products of digestion

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) The subepithelial connective tissue of the GI tract, immediately beneath the epithelium, is the A) muscularis mucosae. B) lamina propria. C) submucosa. D) serosa. E) submucosal plexus.

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the cell type with its description. A. lymphocytes B. neutrophils C. monocytes D. eosinophils E. basophils 51) These are the most abundant leukocyte; they are formed in the bone marrow.

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the A) loop of Henle. B) proximal tubule. C) distal tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 54) An obstruction in a glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the A) renal artery. B) efferent arteriole. C) afferent arteriole. D) renal vein.

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney? A) vasa recta B) loop of Henle C) glomerulus D) renal corpuscle

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcome: 19.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80, A) exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole. B) reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. C) are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. D) exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole and reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 137) Explain how it is possible for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction in two different directions.

: Both the substrate and product have a 3-D shape complementary to the active site of the enzyme. In a synthesis reaction between two organic monomers, the enzyme holds the substrates in a position that greatly increases the likelihood of bond formation between them, and as the bond forms to produce a dimer, the affinity of the enzyme for the substrates increases. The dimer is also complementary to the active site of the enzyme, and if a dimer molecule happens to bind to the enzyme, becoming the substrate, the bond between the monomers becomes strained as the intermediate is formed and can break. If this happens, the reaction is a degradation and the products are the monomers. The tightest binding is between the enzyme and the intermediate form, different in structure compared to either the substrates or the product. Thus it is equally likely that the reaction will be a synthesis or a degradation, if no other factors are considered. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) Compare and contrast primary active transport and secondary active transport, noting any special differences.

: Both ultimately depend on the energy of ATP, but dependence is indirect in secondary, direct in primary. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 81) Brain cells are able to absorb glucose independent of insulin. What must be missing from brain cells compared to most other cell types? One of the risks of diabetes mellitus is diabetic coma, which results when insufficient glucose is available to the brain. Would you expect diabetic coma to be triggered when insulin is low or high? Explain. (Hint: Think about regulation of the number of glucose transporters in brain cells and how the hyperglycemia present prior to insulin treatment may affect transporters.)

: Brain cells lack the insulin receptors that stimulate glucose uptake, because an insulin-independent mechanism for glucose uptake is present. Brain cells will down-regulate their glucose transporters during periods of hyperglycemia. When insulin levels increase during treatment of type I diabetes, promoting lower concentrations of glucose in the blood, this can trigger diabetic coma because the brain cells have too few glucose transporters for the new, lower levels of blood glucose. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) ________ refers to the mass movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid as the result of ________ or ________ pressure gradients. If the direction of bulk flow is into the capillary, the fluid movement is called ________. If the direction of flow is out of the capillary, the fluid movement is known as ________.

: Bulk flow, hydrostatic, osmotic; absorption; filtration Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is A) to buffer stomach acid. B) to buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C) the prevention of pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. D) to buffer the urine. E) to increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation.

: C Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) When the pH of the extracellular fluid declines, A) the kidneys excrete more sodium ions. B) the kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions. C) the kidneys reabsorb more potassium ions. D) the pH of the urine increases. E) the kidneys reabsorb less water.

: C Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) The specificity of an antibody is determined by A) the fixed segment. B) the antigenic determinants. C) the variable region. D) the size of the antibody. E) the antibody class.

: C Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and are involved in allergic reactions are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

: C Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) Cells that help to regulate the immune response are A) B lymphocytes. B) plasma cells. C) helper T cells. D) cytotoxic T cells. E) NK cells.

: C Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the immunoglobulin to its description. A. IgA B. IgM C. IgG D. IgD E. IgE 90) crosses the placenta

: C Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 82) In an experimental situation, a virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies for the viral antigen. These antibodies are then removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to help combat the same viral disease. This is an example of A) innate immunity. B) active immunization. C) passive immunization. D) natural immunity. E) autoimmunity.

: C Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) The cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the A) B lymphocytes. B) plasma cells. C) T lymphocytes. D) suppressor T lymphocytes.

: C Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the A) ventricle. B) neural tube. C) neural plate. D) ependyma. E) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 7) The peripheral nervous system develops from the A) neural plate. B) neural tube. C) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The pons develops from the A) forebrain. B) midbrain. C) hindbrain.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 101) Explain clonal expansion and the roles and interactions of effector cells, memory cells, naive lymphocytes, and plasma cells.

: Clonal expansion is the increase in population of a lymphocyte of a particular antigen specificity, as a result of exposure to that antigen. Lymphocytes produced during clonal expansion differentiate either into effector cells, which produce the immune response and die within a few days, or memory cells, which persist for years and continue to reproduce. Naive lymphocytes are those present at birth, with antigen specificity already determined, but in small numbers because they have not yet been exposed to the antigen and undergone clonal expansion. Plasma cells are the effector B lymphocytes, which become specialized for producing and secreting large amounts of antibody. Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) ________ are groups of lymphocytes with a specific ligand in common.

: Clones Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 83) ________ is a protein cofactor that is secreted by the pancreas and that allows lipases to access fats inside the bile coating.

: Colipase Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 113) The mucosa of the majority of the digestive tract contains simple columnar epithelium, while the esophagus and the anus have stratified squamous epithelium. Why is this the case? What purpose does each type of epithelium serve in the digestive tract?

: Columnar epithelium is primarily responsible for secreting and absorbing materials across its membranes whereas stratified squamous epithelium is primarily present for protection of the tissues beneath it. Since the stomach and intestines secrete enzymes and other chemicals important for digesting food and since they absorb nutrients and water, they have simple columnar epithelium. Since the esophagus is carrying undigested food from the mouth to the stomach and not absorbing anything, it makes sense that it would have stratified squamous epithelium to protect the tissues beneath it from the ingested food particles. Since the anus is primarily a passageway for feces to leave the body and it would not be beneficial for the feces to come into contact with the tissue beneath it, stratified squamous epithelium also makes sense in the anus. Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 131) Essential nutrients are those that our cells require but cannot make, and thus they must be present in the diet. Only some amino acids and some fatty acids are essential. What does that suggest about extreme diets that eliminate fats or proteins? What does that suggest about our carbohydrate intake? Describe the typical American diet, in terms of relative amounts of ingested carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. Propose some explanations for why one of those is predominant.

: Complete elimination of proteins or fats would eventually be fatal. Carbohydrates need not be consumed at all, from the standpoint of essential nutrients. In reality, however, a carbohydrate-free diet would cause metabolic problems because of consequences of manufacturing glucose from lipids and proteins, as described in Chapter 22 in the text. About half of the typical dietary intake is carbohydrate, with most of the remainder in the form of fats and proteins. Carbohydrates are the primary molecule in plant products, which makes up most of what we eat because of abundance and price. Section Title: Digestive Function and Processes Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) List and explain the factors that influence gas diffusion in the lungs.

: Concentration gradient, surface area, membrane thickness, and diffusion distance are the four factors. Increasing the concentration gradient and surface area will increase the rate of diffusion across the lungs while increasing membrane thickness and diffusion distance will decrease the rate of diffusion in the lungs. This is discussed in the "Diffusion and Solubility of Gases" section of the chapter. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) One hypothalamic hormone triggers a pituitary hormone to cause release of an adrenal hormone. Fill in the names of the hormones below. If a tumor in the adrenal cortex resulted in hypercortisolism, how would this affect the relative levels of hormone produced from each source? What type of reflex pathway is involved? Hormone Source Tumor effects ________________________ Hypothalamus increase decrease ________________________ Anterior pituitary increase decrease ________________________ Adrenal cortex increase decrease

: Corticotropin-releasing hormone, decrease Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, decrease Cortisol, increase This type of relationship is called long-loop negative feedback. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) Distinguish between the following terms: cotransport; antiport; symport.

: Cotransport is the moving of more than one kind of molecule at one time. Antiport is cotransport of two or more solutes in opposite directions across the membrane. Symport is cotransport of two or more solutes in the same direction across the membrane. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 188) What causes a graded potential to degrade?

: Current leakage across the membrane and resistance of the cytoplasm are two factors. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Symptoms of low plasma pH may include A) CNS depression. B) confusion and disorientation. C) numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches. D) CNS depression and confusion and disorientation. E) CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches.

: D Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) When the pH of body fluids begins to fall, proteins will A) release a hydrogen from the carboxyl group. B) release a hydrogen from the amino group. C) bind a hydrogen at the carboxyl group. D) bind a hydrogen at the amino group. E) cause none of these actions.

: D Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 69) In response to binding a neurotransmitter, a postsynaptic cell can A) only open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials. B) only close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses. C) only regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell. D) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell. E) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials, close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses, and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell.

: E Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 100) cells that myelinate several axons

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The collection of axons that carries information between the central nervous system and the peripheral effectors is called the A) axon hillock. B) varicosity. C) axon. D) dendrite. E) nerve.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Glial cells A) only provide structural and metabolic support. B) only guide neurons during growth and repair. C) only help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid. D) provide structural and metabolic support and help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Neurotransmitter is stored and released from A) axon terminals only. B) axon varicosities only. C) dendritic spines only. D) cell bodies only. E) axon terminals and axon varicosities.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 97) cells in the CNS that form myelin

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) During childhood, growth and development of the brain PRIMARILY occurs by increasing A) neuron numbers only. B) neuron size only. C) number of dendrites and synapses only. D) neuron numbers and neuron size. E) neuron size and number of dendrites and synapses.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 139) These CNS glial cells may be a source of treatment for neural degenerative disorders. A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) site of vasopressin synthesis

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) thyroid

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) somatotropin.

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) Which of the following molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion? A) lipids B) steroids C) water D) lipids and water E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by A) salivary glands into the mouth only. B) gastric glands into the stomach only. C) the pancreas into the intestine only. D) salivary glands into the mouth and gastric glands into the stomach. E) salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

: E Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 111) transporter for cholesterol absorption

: E Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) Intestinal crypts A) only increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. B) only carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. C) only produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. D) only function in the absorption of nutrients. E) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine and produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.

: E Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.2

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 21 The Digestive System 1) Mechanical digestion refers to A) the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. B) the input of food into the digestive tract. C) the enzymatic breakdown of food. D) the absorption of nutrients in the gut. E) the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.

: E Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) An enzyme that will digest proteins into peptides is A) lipase. B) amylase. C) nuclease. D) maltase. E) trypsin.

: E Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) The channelopathy known as QT syndrome is a result of mutation in ________ channels. A) sodium B) potassium C) calcium D) chloride E) sodium, potassium, or calcium

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 105) Ginger was a happy, healthy 17-year-old girl. One day while sitting at the kitchen table with her family, she looked up with an odd expression, complained that her head hurt, dropped her fork, and fell off her chair as she lost consciousness. Her father caught her before her head hit the floor. Ginger regained consciousness at the hospital, where it was determined that she had suffered from a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker, and can ultimately rupture, depriving of blood the areas it normally supplies. Sometimes permanent brain damage results. Ginger seems to have all of her normal functions and cognitive abilities, except she cannot see. What areas did the ruptured blood vessel possibly supply with blood? If instead of blindness she could see normally but control of eye movement was abnormal, what areas may have been damaged by loss of blood?

: For blindness, damaged areas may include the optic nerves or the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. For loss of normal eye movement, damage to the midbrain or the oculomotor or trochlear nerves may be responsible. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 113) The rule that states "Within limits, the heart pumps all of the blood that returns to it" is known as the ________.

: Frank-Starling Law of the Heart Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 74) Fred weighs 100 kg. Assume his total blood volume is 7%, his heart pumps his total blood volume within 90 seconds, and his renal blood flow is 20% of his cardiac output. Calculate the volume of blood that flows through Fred's kidneys each minute.

: Fred's blood volume = 100 kg × 0.07 = 7 L = 7000 mL. At least two thirds of this volume must circulate per minute = 7000 mL × 0.67 = 4690 mL/min minimum cardiac output (CO); values up to 5000 mL/min would still be within a normal range; 4690 × 20% = 938 mL/min; 5000 × 20% = 1000 mL/min, thus blood flow to Fred's kidneys approximates 938-1000 ml/min. Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Name two functions of cholecystokinin.

: Functions include stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, bicarbonate secretion, gallbladder contraction, sense of satiety, and inhibition of gastric emptying. See Table 21.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) The ________ link membrane receptors to either ion channels or to membrane enzymes located on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.

: G proteins Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 74) Nobel Prizes were awarded to the discoverers of G proteins, the G protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system, and nitric oxide. Summarize each of these, and explain the importance of these discoveries to our understanding of signal pathways.

: G proteins are coupled to hundreds of different receptors on cells. These are receptors that bind ligands such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and molecules important in sensory systems. Activated G proteins open ion channels or alter enzyme activity. The G protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system was the first signal transduction pathway discovered, and therefore paved the way for our understanding of signal transduction. cAMP is the second messenger in many signaling systems. Nitric oxide functions as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and paracrine important in cardiovascular regulation. Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 138) Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) binds to the enzyme glycogen synthase (GS), increasing the probability of enzyme-substrate binding. G6P is an example of a(n) ________. Based on its name, what do you think is the role of GS?

: G6P is an example of an allosteric modulator of GS. GS is required for the synthesis of glycogen. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The amount of filtrate entering the proximal tubules of the kidneys each minute is the ________.

: GFR or glomerular filtration rate Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) List and briefly describe the action of peptides in the GI tract.

: Generally, GI peptides stimulate or inhibit motility and secretion. The peptides classified as hormones include gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, GIP, motilin, and glucagon-like peptide I. Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 75) "Glucose, glucose, every where, nor any speck to utilize" is a phrase made up by one of the authors working on this test question. Similar to the irony of not being able to prevent dehydration by drinking seawater, people with untreated diabetes mellitus are unable to prevent starvation despite the large amount of glucose surrounding their cells; as if that isn't bad enough, dehydration is also a problem. Explain why there is glucose in the urine of such people, why glucose is not present in the urine of normal people, and why diabetics become dehydrated.

: Glucose is in the urine simply because the plasma concentration exceeds the number of glucose transporters in the kidney tubules, because plasma glucose is unusually high. Normal individuals are able to reabsorb all the glucose in the filtrate because plasma glucose concentrations are normally low (normal body cells absorb glucose, diabetic cells do not). Glucose in the filtrate raises the osmolarity of the filtrate, which decreases the relative osmotic gradient for reabsorption of water; thus more water is lost in the urine leading to dehydration. Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 63) Patrick's urine sample reveals a high concentration of glucose. Is glucose normally present in urine? Suggest two possible mechanisms to explain why the kidney would excrete excess glucose, and what abnormality may underlie those conditions.

: Glucose transporters may be saturated, preventing complete reabsorption of glucose (filtration exceeds reabsorption). This can happen with extremely high glucose ingestion or with untreated diabetes mellitus. A genetic defect resulting in an insufficient number of glucose transporters is another possibility. Section Title: Reabsorption Learning Outcome: 19.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) ________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates.

: Glycocalyx Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 72) Your roommate Sally has just found out her mother has high cholesterol. Knowing that health problems often run in families, Sally has decided to eliminate cholesterol from her diet. Her goal is to have no cholesterol in her body. She has asked you for advice on achieving this goal. Is her goal realistic? Explain. What information should you give her to help her establish a more realistic goal? Assuming she could banish cholesterol from her body, what would be the endocrine consequences?

: Her goal is not realistic. If Sally avoids eating animal products, she can easily eliminate cholesterol from her diet. She cannot, however, eliminate cholesterol from her blood because it is produced by her own liver. Furthermore, such a goal is incompatible with life, as cholesterol is a structural component of cell membranes. Cholesterol is also the precursor to the steroid hormones, which are essential for normal health. Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 109) What property of some cell membranes is associated with impermeability to water molecules?

: Higher concentrations of cholesterol in the cell membrane reduce membrane permeability to water. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 72) A professor gave the following analogy of kidney function to his freshman biology class: "Imagine your desk is a disorganized mess, containing things worth keeping and things you should throw out. Instead of picking through each item one by one and considering if it is to keep or toss, you sweep your arm across your desktop in one smooth motion, knocking the entire contents of the desk into your large trash can. Then you pull the items you want to keep out of the trash can and place them back on your desk." In what ways is this analogy accurate? In what ways is it inaccurate? Some students in his class argue that the kidneys are inefficient and poorly designed. How should the professor respond? What modern medical device may he cite in his response?

: His analogy is accurate in that the glomerulus does dump contents into the nephron that the body needs and will take back. His analogy is inaccurate in that the entire contents of the plasma are not dumped, rather about 1/5 of the volume enters the nephron. While one could easily imagine a more efficient way to remove waste from the blood, the kidneys can only use the tools they have, namely various membrane transport processes and the physical laws governing movement of water and solutes. Kidney dialysis machines rely on diffusion through semipermeable membranes, mimicking part of normal kidney function. Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) Explain the concept of evolutionary conservation of hormone activity, and how recognition of that phenomenon has influenced hormone therapies.

: Hormone structure and function in some cases have changed little from primitive vertebrates through mammals. Evidence for this includes the similar response in humans to injected hormones from nonhuman sources. An example of the importance of this relationship is provided by the hormone insulin, which, from extracts of cow, pig, or sheep pancreas, successfully treated diabetes mellitus in humans. Prior to that, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was followed shortly by death. Section Title: Hormone Evolution Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) What normally stops hormone action, and why is this important?

: Hormones are degraded by enzymes and eliminated in the urine. This disposal of hormones is essential to the ability to regulate their action and prevent them from being too effective. For example, if insulin were not closely regulated, too much glucose could be removed from the blood, depriving brain cells of their only fuel source and causing brain damage, coma, and/or death. Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 75) You are a physiologist on a space flight to a distant planet. You discover intelligent humanoid aliens inhabiting the planet, and they willingly submit to your tests. You discover that the alien's kidney handles the sugar alcohol mannitol just like our kidneys handle inulin. You also test the alien for its renal handling of glucose. The data from that experiment are: Plasma level (constant over 24 hrs): 6 g/dL of mannitol and 2 g/dL of glucose; 24 hr. urine sample: volume of 2 L, containing 144 g mannitol and 52 g glucose. A. What is the alien's glomerular filtration rate? B. What is the alien's clearance rate for glucose? C. How does the alien kidney handle glucose?

: Human kidneys filter inulin, a polysaccharide from dahlia roots, but do not reabsorb or secrete it. Thus, 100% of the inulin in a urine sample is filtered inulin. For this reason, the inulin excretion rate is the same as the glomerular filtration rate. A. The alien's GFR = excretion rate of mannitol/plasma concentration of mannitol = 144 g/day × 1 dL/6 g × 0.1 L/1 dL = 2.4 L/day. B. Using 2.4 L/day as GFR, the filtered load for glucose = plasma concentration of glucose × GFR = 2 g/dL × 2.4 L/day × 1 dL/0.1 L = 48 g glucose. C. There were 52 g of glucose produced in 24 hours. Since the clearance of glucose is greater than the filtered load, some glucose must have been secreted. Therefore the alien's kidney filters and secretes glucose. Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.14

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 70) Carl is suffering from hypothyroidism. What is hypothyroidism? How could his physician determine whether the malfunction is in the hypothalamus and pituitary or at the level of the gland itself?

: Hypothyroidism results when the thyroid gland produces lower than normal amounts of thyroid hormones. The physician could order blood tests to determine the levels of T3, T4, and TSH in the blood. If the condition is due to disease of the thyroid gland, you would expect to see elevated levels of TSH because of a lack of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormones. If, on the other hand, the problem is due to problems at the level of the hypothalamus or pituitary, you would expect to see decreased levels of TSH. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 150) In the autorhythmic cells, the ________ channels open when the cell membrane potential is -60 mV. These channels are permeable to ________ and ________.

: If ; K+, Na+ Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 124) Place these organs in order of descending percentage of blood flow received at rest: bones and other connective, brain, digestive organs and liver, heart, kidneys, lungs, skeletal muscle, skin.

: Lungs (100%) > liver and digestive (27%) > skeletal muscle (21%) > kidneys (20%) > brain (14%) > bone and other (9%) > skin (5%) > heart (4%). Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 111) Tom has just been exposed to the measles virus, and he can't remember if he has had measles before. He asks you if there is any way he can tell if he has been previously exposed or if he is going to get sick. What would you tell him? Why won't he get sick from a second infection?

: If Tom has previously had the measles, there should be a significant amount of IgG antibody in his blood shortly after the most recent exposure, as a result of a secondary humoral immune response. If he has not previously had the disease and is in the early stages of a primary response, his blood might show an elevated level of IgM type antibodies. These are the first to be produced in a primary response and are ultimately replaced by IgG antibodies. IgG antibodies are able to mount a more vigorous and immediate response to subsequent exposures, preventing illness. Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 127) A condition known as lactose intolerance is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and diarrhea. The cause of the problem is an inability to digest the milk sugar, lactose. How would this cause the observed symptoms? Why is yogurt less likely to trigger the symptoms?

: If an individual cannot digest lactose, then the sugar will pass through to the large intestine in an undigested form. The presence of the extra sugar in the chyme increases the osmolarity of the chyme, resulting in less water being reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can metabolize the lactose, and in the process they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. The gas overstretches the intestine, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The combination of more fluid contents and increased peristalsis produces the symptom of diarrhea. The overexpansion of the intestine by gas causes the severe pain and abdominal cramping, and of course, the increase in intestinal gas release is directly related to increased gas production by the bacteria. Yogurt contains bacteria that digest the lactose prior to the consumption of the yogurt. Section Title: Digestion and Absorption Learning Outcome: 21.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 202) Polio is an uncommon disease in most developed countries, but prior to widespread use of the polio vaccine, it was very common. Polio is caused by a virus that infects somatic motor neurons and destroys them. From this information, would you expect a polio victim to lose sensation, motor control, other organ function, and/or cognitive function? Explain. While most victims of polio survive, some do not. What is the most likely cause of death?

: If only motor neurons are affected, the primary result should be paralysis or inability to control skeletal muscles. Because respiration involves skeletal muscles, some victims die of suffocation. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 146) Bovine insulin is composed of 30 amino acids. What is the minimum number of DNA triplets in the insulin gene, based on the amino acid length? What is the minimum number of DNA bases in the coding region? Explain how and why the actual number of triplets in the gene may differ.

: Ignoring stop and start codons, RNA splicing, and post-translational modification, a peptide of 30 amino acids is specified by 30 triplets. As a triplet is 3 bases in length, this means a minimum of 90 DNA bases (30 triplets × 3 bases per triplet) is present in the insulin gene. The actual number of triplets and bases is higher, because the gene starts and ends with start and stop sequences, some of the mRNA codons are excised prior to translation and peptide sequence, and furthermore post-translational modification of the peptide may remove additional amino acids. Thus the number of amino acids in the peptide is related to gene length but doesn't allow precise calculation of gene length. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 71) ________ are antibodies found in body fluids.

: Immunoglobulins Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.13

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 228) Draw graphs showing the effects on action potentials in a postsynaptic cell of effective doses for each of the listed toxins. Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by the stimuli applied to its inputs, so that any abnormality is due to the toxin. 1. curare (prevents receptor from binding neurotransmitter) 2. botulinum toxin (prevents neurotransmitter release)

: In both cases, action potential is prevented, because the postsynaptic potential is blocked. Membrane potential would remain at resting potential, because even a subthreshold postsynaptic potential fails to appear in the absence of neurotransmitter action. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 129) There are two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution a is 0.3 M glucose, and solution b is 0.15 M NaCl. Will there be a net flow of water across this membrane? Why or why not?

: In osmoles, solution a is 0.3 OsM and solution b is 0.3 OsM (because sodium and chloride dissociate into separate particles). The solutions are isosmotic, and there is no net water flow. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 130) There are two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution a is 0.2 M NaCl and solution b is 0.1 M CaCl2. Will there be a net flow of water across the membrane? Why or why not?

: In osmoles, solution a is 0.4 OsM and solution b is 0.3 OsM. Solution a is hyperosmotic, so there will be a net flow of water into solution a until equilibrium is established. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 123) Carbonic acid is generated by bubbling CO2 into a beaker of water. If it took 5 minutes for this reaction to reach equilibrium, how would the results differ if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was added to the beaker of water? Explain using the concept of the energy hill.

: In the presence of the enzyme, the reaction will occur much more rapidly thereby forming more carbonic acid. The enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction causing more product to be generated (i.e., carbonic acid). When the enzyme is present, the hill the ball must roll up before it can continue down the hill is lower than in the absence of the enzyme. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 123) The enteric nervous system and the brain have several similarities. What are they?

: See "The Enteric Nervous System Can Act Independently" section of the chapter. Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 114) Joey is 6 months old and requires a blood transfusion; his blood type is B. What type of blood may he receive? Is his age a factor in your answer? What would happen if he received a "wrong" blood type? If Joey were younger, is it possible that there is no "wrong" blood type? Why may it surprise a beginning physiology student, familiar with the basics of immunology, that a person could mount an immediate immune response to transfused blood? Explain all of your answers.

: Joey may receive type B or type O blood. Type O lacks antigens to stimulate an immune response, and type B blood will not trigger an immune response in a type B person. It is possible that if Joey were newborn, he could receive any type, because he may not yet have antibodies to foreign blood, however this would not be a reasonable risk to take. The transfusion of incompatible blood would result in a humoral immune attack on the transfused blood, and this could be fatal. A beginning student may logically believe that there are no antibodies to blood antigens in the blood of a person who has never received a transfusion. Antibodies develop in the first few months of life, however, because of the presence of similar antigens on gut bacteria and food. Section Title: Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 218) We have finally discovered life on Venus. NASA scientists are investigating a newly discovered life form: a single-celled organism found in the swampy canals. You have been contracted by NASA to perform an electrophysiology study. Using intracellular electrodes to measure the electrical charge inside the cell, you find it has a resting membrane potential of -45 mV when the outside fluid is arbitrarily set to 0 mV. Additionally, you have determined ion concentrations and listed them below. [ ] in mOsm/L Cell Swamp K+ 5 150 Na+ 15 175 Cl- 40 40 For fun, you have used new molecular biology techniques to insert protein channels into the cell membrane that allow only Na+ and Cl- to pass. Predict which ion(s) will move. Tell what direction it (they) will move and what force(s) is/are acting on it (them).

: K+ cannot move because, without potassium channels, the membrane is not permeable to it. Na+ will move into the cell because both its chemical and electrical gradients favor movement in. Cl- leaves the cell due to the electrical gradient (the negative resting potential repels it). Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 122) Cells of the intestine are very permeable to water while some cells of the kidney tubule are not at all permeable to water. Can you suggest some ways these two types of cells might be structurally different from each other?

: Kidney cells may have fewer open channels through which water can pass, and/or they may have more cholesterol in their membranes. Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) How do kidneys alter urine concentration?

: Kidneys alter urine concentration by varying the amounts of water and sodium reabsorbed in the distal nephron. Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) The turbulent flow of blood causes a noise called a ________ that can be heard through the stethoscope when taking blood pressure.

: Korotkoff sound Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) ________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.

: Kupffer cells Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) ________ are fixed macrophages located in the epithelia of the skin.

: Langerhans cells Section Title: Anatomy of the Immune System Learning Outcome: 24.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) Describe the signal molecule derivatives of arachidonic acid.

: Leukotrienes are secreted by certain types of white blood cells and play a role in asthma and anaphylaxis. Prostanoids, including prostaglandins and thromboxanes, have a variety of target tissues and effects. Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) ________ is any molecule that binds to another molecule.

: Ligand Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 63) Describe the four classes of membrane receptor molecules.

: Ligand-gated receptors are ion channels, integrins are linked to the cytoskeleton, receptor-enzymes activate intracellular enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors involve activation of G proteins. See Figure 6.3. Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 210) In multiple sclerosis, there is progressive and intermittent damage to the myelin sheath of central axons. One symptom is poor motor control of the affected area. Why does destruction of the myelin sheath affect motor control?

: Loss of myelin slows or stops impulse conduction, preventing descending tracts from regulating spinal motor neurons, and leading to loss of coordination and the ability to correct for gravity, movement, and so on. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 132) Diuretics cause the kidneys to produce large amounts of urine. Unfortunately, they can also cause the loss of large quantities of K+ in the urine. What effect might prolonged use of diuretics have on nerve or muscle cells?

: Low concentrations of potassium in the blood is a condition called hypokalemia. Interstitial fluids would similarly become low in K+. As the resting potential of nerve and muscle cells depends primarily on extracellular K+ concentration, the potential would be altered. Decreased extracellular K+ would increase the concentration gradient for movement of K+ out of the cells, which would gradually hyperpolarize the potential as positive ions exit and make the cells less excitable (farther from threshold). Section Title: The Resting Membrane Potential Learning Outcome: 5.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 69) Ruby is 77 years old and can no longer control her urination. What changed in the reflex pathway that used to control her urination?

: Micturition normally occurs when stretch receptors in the bladder wall are stimulated by distension due to the accumulation of urine. The stretch receptors project to an integration center in the spinal cord, which stimulates parasympathetic neurons of the bladder wall, which stimulates bladder contraction, forcing the internal urethral sphincter to open. At the same time, the spinal control center inhibits somatic motor neurons that control the external urethral sphincter, which relaxes in response, so that urine can flow out. The spinal reflex is normally overridden by descending control from the brain stem and cerebral cortex. The brain inhibits the parasympathetic output to the bladder and stimulates the somatic motor output to the external urethral sphincter, thus preventing urination until a convenient time. It is likely that Ruby's descending control is what is no longer working properly; thus she is not able to suppress the urge until she can get to a toilet. Section Title: Micturition Learning Outcome: 19.16

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 123) How are molarity and osmolarity different? What property of salts necessitates this distinction? How does this property affect the behavior of water?

: Molarity is the number of molecules per liter of solution, while osmolarity is the number of independent particles per liter. The ionization of salt in water illustrates the importance of this distinction: one mole of sodium chloride dissociates to produce a total of two moles of particles (one mole Na+ and one mole Cl-), or two osmoles. Osmosis is diffusion of water. A one molar solution of sodium chloride (two osmolar) produces higher osmotic pressure than a one molar solution of glucose, which does not dissociate. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 120) Explain the general chemical structure for monosaccharides and amino acids.

: Monosaccharides consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the ratio C:H:O of 1:2:1. Amino acids consist of a central carbon (CH), a carboxylic acid (COOH), an amine (NH2), and an organic side chain of variable structure (mainly a hydrocarbon chain, designated as R). Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) How are moods similar to or different from emotions?

: Moods last longer, and are relatively stable subjective feelings related to sense of well-being. Mood disorders such as depression are thought to be related to abnormal neurotransmitter action. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 92) How do most polar molecules move through a cell membrane? Explain why water, a polar molecule, is able to cross the nonpolar portion of a cell membrane.

: Most polar molecules must be assisted by a protein, because the molecule will not interact with the nonpolar phospholipid tails. Examples are facilitated diffusion and active transport. Because water is very small and electrically neutral, it is able to diffuse between the phospholipid tails. Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Give a brief synopsis of CNS control of movement.

: Motor output consists of somatic control of skeletal muscle. Simple somatic reflexes are controlled by centers in the brain and spinal cord. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle involves primary motor cortex and motor association areas, sensory areas, basal nuclei, and cerebellum. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) ________ generated in the ________ enter the electron transport system to generate 2.5 ATP molecules.

: NADH, mitochondria Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 152) The rising phase of the action potential is a result of ________ for skeletal muscle, ________ for contractile myocardium, and ________ for autorhythmic myocardium.

: Na+ entry, Na+ entry, calcium entry Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 145) Define and distinguish between necrosis and apoptosis, and give specific examples of each.

: Necrosis is cell death as a result of damage from toxins, physical trauma, or lack of oxygen; damaged cells release chemicals that may damage neighboring cells. An example is death of skin cells as a result of sunburn. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, which is an internally regulated process and does not involve neighboring cells unless they too are so programmed. An example is the loss of skin webbing between fingers and toes in a fetus. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) ________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit electrical signals from one cell to another.

: Neural tissue / Nervous tissue Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) What are NSAIDs, what is their function, and what are some drawbacks to their use?

: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, prevent inflammation. They have side effects such as bleeding in the stomach. Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.6

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 144) Nurse Cameron has been asked to mix an isotonic intravenous solution for an emergency room patient who has lost a lot of blood. The available solutes include glucose (m.w. 180), NaCl (m.w. 58.5), and urea (m.w. 60). How should she make up 10 L of IV solution with an osmolarity of 290 mOsm (isosmotic), making sure that it will also be isotonic?

: Nurse Cameron should make her solution contain only nonpenetrating solutes, i.e., she should use NaCl but not glucose or urea. 10 L (0.290 Osmoles/L) (1 mole NaCl/2 Osmoles) (58.5 g/1 mole NaCl) = 84.8 g NaCl. She should add 84.8 g NaCl to about 9.5 L distilled water, mix until dissolved, adjust the pH if necessary to 7.4, then add more water to a final volume of 10 L. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 70) Sylvia is suffering from severe edema in her arms and legs. Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that will increase the volume of urine produced). Why might this help to alleviate Sylvia's problem?

: One simple answer is that a diuretic reduces the free fluid in the body. A more complex explanation is that increasing the volume of urine produced would decrease the total blood volume of the body. This in turn would lead to a decreased blood hydraulic pressure. Edema is frequently the result of hydraulic pressure of the blood exceeding the opposing forces at the capillaries in the affected area. Depending on the actual cause of the edema, decreasing the blood hydraulic pressure would decrease edema formation and possibly cause some of the fluid to move from the interstitial space back to the blood. Diuresis would also increase the concentration of the proteins in the plasma, contributing to the fluid's movement out of the tissues and into the blood. Section Title: Overview of Kidney Function Learning Outcome: 19.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 121) Based on the facts about chemical equilibria in animal systems, indicate for each summary reaction below if it is reversible or irreversible (don't worry about balancing the reactions). Explain the lack of reversibility. In what kind of system would the reaction(s) you selected as irreversible be reversible? Explain. A. C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O B. ADP + Pi → ATP C. H2O + CO2 → H2CO3

: Only A is irreversible in animal systems. The products are rapidly removed from the system as soon as they are formed, so they are not recombined. This reaction is reversible in plants, which form and store glucose for food, but also need to use some of the glucose to make ATP. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 117) Explain how these statements differ, and identify which one(s) is/are correct. Explain what is wrong with each incorrect statement. A. A chemical reaction is at equilibrium when there is no further change in substrates. B. A chemical reaction is at equilibrium when the amounts of substrates and product no longer change. C. A chemical reaction stops when it reaches equilibrium. D. A chemical reaction is at equilibrium when the amount of substrate equals the amount of product.

: Only B is correct as written. A could be corrected by clarifying that it is concentration or amount of substrate that ceases to change; individual molecules can form or break at any given time, but the overall amount will not change because synthesis will be balanced by degradation. C is incorrect because the reactions continue as long as conditions such as presence of catalysts, favorable temperature, and presence of substrates are maintained. As a given enzyme can both synthesize and degrade, both processes will continue even at equilibrium. D is incorrect because at equilibrium there is no net change in amounts, but it is not necessary for concentrations of substrates and products to be the same as each other. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 74) What are oropharynx receptors, which hormone do they suppress, and how is it known that they exist? If a person stranded on a desert island drank seawater to try to quench his thirst, how would this affect the oropharynx receptors?

: Oropharynx receptors inhibit the sense of thirst when they come in contact with cool water. They also inhibit secretion of vasopressin (ADH). They have not been identified anatomically, but presence of even a small amount of cold water in the throat is known to satisfy thirst even if the water is not absorbed and thus does not actually alleviate dehydration. Presence of receptors that inhibit the thirst sensation are the best guess as to how this works. Presumably drinking seawater would temporarily reduce the sense of thirst by the same proposed mechanism. Section Title: Behavioral Mechanisms in Salt and Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 124) Define osmolarity and tonicity. How are they similar? How are they different?

: Osmolarity refers to the concentration of individual particles in solution. Tonicity refers to the behavior of a cell in a solution. They are similar in that both are related to particles in solution. They are different in that osmolarity depends only on the total concentration of particles in solution, whereas tonicity depends on nature of the particles (i.e., are they penetrating or nonpenetrating) as well as on the concentration of the different particles. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Explain how the body can be in a state of osmotic equilibrium and chemical disequilibrium.

: Osmotic equilibrium occurs because water moves freely between most cells and the extracellular fluid. Water will continue to move across membranes into more highly concentrated compartments until the concentrations (solute/volume) are equal, hence osmotic equilibrium. Osmotic equilibrium does not take into account what particles are present in each compartment, just the total number. The key is that water moves freely but the solutes do not. Na+ and Cl- are more highly concentrated in the ECF while K+ and many anions are more highly concentrated inside the cell. Each ion is in chemical disequilibrium because it is not evenly distributed between the two compartments. Although the compartments are chemically different (chemical disequilibrium), when all solutes in one compartment are compared to all the solutes in another compartment they have the same total concentrations of solutes (are in osmotic equilibrium). Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 116) Briefly describe oxidation-reduction reactions. What does it mean for a molecule to be reduced or oxidized? Identify and explain the mnemonic device provided in the text for oxidation and reduction reactions. See if you can make one up yourself.

: Oxidation-reduction reactions occur when electrons are transferred from one molecule to another. The molecule that is oxidized in the reaction loses electrons while the reduced molecule gains electrons. OIL RIG (oxidation is loss, reduction is gain) is the mnemonic provided in the textbook. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) Describe the four types of enzymatic reactions.

: Oxidation-reduction reactions transfer electrons or protons between substrates. Hydrolysis-dehydration reactions form or break a chemical bond between organic substrates by removing or adding a water molecule. Transfer reactions (Addition-subtraction-exchange reactions) add, remove, or exchange a functional group (phosphate or amino groups) among the substrates. Ligation reactions join molecules using the energy from an ATP molecule. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 131) Once the promoter region of a gene is activated, ________ unwinds the DNA of the downstream gene and begins the process of ________. What is the molecule generated by this process? How does the cell control the amount of this molecule released from the nucleus?

: RNA polymerase, transcription The RNA polymerase transcribes a single stranded mRNA. The cell can decrease mRNA by controlling the activity of the promoter with transcription factors if the gene is not constitutively expressed. Decreases in an inducer or increases in a repressor would reduce the amount of mRNA available for release. In addition, the amount of mRNA released is also affected by the availability of interfering RNA (siRNA or miRNA). Increases in interfering RNA that can inactivate or destroy mRNA would reduce the amount of mRNA released from the nucleus. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 77) Receptors in cell signaling are not to be confused with receptors that activate a reflex arc. Explain the difference, using specific examples.

: Receptor molecules are proteins on or in cells that bind to ligands. This binding triggers a response within a cell, to the signaling chemical. For example, this is how a hormone exerts its effect on a target cell. Receptors in a reflex arc are not protein molecules but rather are entire cells, parts of cells, or multicellular structures. These receptors cause a signal to be sent to an integrating center, which may or may not then initiate a response usually involving many cells. For example, a blood pressure receptor detects a decrease in pressure, and sends a neural signal to cardiovascular integrating centers to trigger a vascular response to increase pressure. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) Angela is a student who listens attentively in class and recopies and elaborates on her notes from several textbooks the minute she gets home from school. She studies with a group that explains concepts to each other, and they write on a big blackboard while they work. She makes flashcards out of the few vocabulary terms she has a hard time keeping straight, and goes through those between classes and in spare moments. What kind(s) of memory are being developed by Angela, and by which methods?

: Recopying notes and asking questions about what she has learned helps consolidate the information into long-term memory. Flashcards help to develop associative learning skills, but probably in short-term memory; putting those words to use contributes to long-term storage. Explicit or declarative memory is created with the study group. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) What are short reflexes? What types of behaviors do they regulate? What are long reflexes? Give examples of each.

: Reflexes controlled by the enteric nervous system are short reflexes. They regulate motility, secretion, and growth. Long reflexes are digestive reflexes that are integrated in the CNS. Long reflexes include feedforward reflexes and emotional reflexes. Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 133) How is the single-stranded mRNA that leaves the nucleus translated into proteins?

: Ribosomes have two subunits (large and small) that are composed of proteins and rRNA. The small subunits binds to the mRNA followed by the large subunit which sandwiches the mRNA. The tRNA (contains the anticodon and associated amino acid) binds to the complementary mRNA. A second tRNA arrives for the next codon and, via dehydration synthesis, a peptide bond is formed between amino acids, which releases the first tRNA from the mRNA and allows the next tRNA to bind. This process continues until the stop codon is reached. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 82) Diabetes mellitus produces many homeostatic imbalances, including acidosis. The pH imbalance is due to ketoacidosis, which results from excessive accumulation of by-products of fat metabolism, as the body cannot meet energy needs from carbohydrate metabolism. Sally is a teenaged diabetic who sometimes rebels by not taking her insulin. Her mother takes her to the hospital because her breathing has become deep and gasping. Explain Sally's breathing pattern. What other compensatory responses may occur, and would they occur earlier or later than the respiratory response?

: Sally's respiratory system is responding to her ketoacidosis. By hyperventilating, she removes more CO2 from her blood, which shifts the carbonic acid equation to the right, removing free H+ and raising pH. Chemical buffering in the blood occurs immediately after the initial pH disturbance, as this is an ongoing process. The kidneys buffer more slowly, so they are effective later. Section Title: Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcome: 20.18

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 216) Explain the differences in axon regeneration in the CNS and PNS, and the implications for recovery from injury. What experiments might scientists try based on these differences?

: Schwann cells, present in the PNS but not the CNS, facilitate regrowth of severed axons. This means that people do not recover as well from CNS injury compared to PNS injury. It is possible that there is something fundamentally different in CNS axons compared to PNS axons that accounts for this effect. To test for this, Schwann cells could be transplanted into the spinal cord or brain and CNS axons observed for regrowth. Such experiments have been done, and it is the case that CNS axons are capable of regrowth in the presence of Schwann cells. Identification of chemical or physical factors in the Schwann cells would advance this field of research. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) List and explain two ways hormones affect their targets.

: Second messenger systems activated by peptide hormones modify existing proteins or activate gene transcription to synthesize new proteins. Steroid hormones activate gene transcription to synthesize new proteins, and like peptide hormones, some steroids have nongenomic responses. Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) Explain the process of secondary active transport and how it uses ATP.

: Secondary active transport uses the energy released from moving one molecule down its concentration gradient to push other molecules against their concentration gradient. ATP is used to create the chemical disequilibrium (or concentration gradient) for the first molecule. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 113) Zoonotic diseases are transmissable from animals to humans. These include ringworm, a fungus which infects pets and people, plague, a bacterial disease resulting from a flea bite to mammals including humans, and rabies, a viral disease of the central nervous system that affects all mammals and is almost always fatal. On the other hand, the feline immunodeficiency virus has no effect on humans and human immunodeficiency virus has no effect on cats, though each may be deadly to its normal host. Speculate on what may prevent cross-species infection in some cases and allow it in others.

: Some pathogens require conditions that are species specific. In the case of viral infections, it may be that some species lack certain cell-surface markers that viruses bind to before they invade. In the case of a virus such as rabies, the virus may bind to a cell marker that is present in all mammalian neural tissue. Some pathogens may require specific chemical environments. The existence of zoonotic diseases underscores the common features of humans and nonhuman animals. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 80) Blood glucose levels are kept fairly steady in healthy people through the action of the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake by cells, whereas glucagon increases blood glucose by promoting release of glucose from cells. Describe these hormone actions as simple reflex pathways, identifying the stimulus, integrating center, efferent pathway, and response.

: Stimulus: increased blood glucose. Integrating center: endocrine cell (in pancreas). Efferent pathway: insulin secretion. Response: increased cellular uptake of glucose. Feedback: negative. Stimulus: decreased blood glucose. Integrating center: endocrine cell (in pancreas). Efferent pathway: glucagon secretion. Response: release of glucose from cells. Feedback: negative. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 135) Define substrate and product. Are these definitions relative or absolute, and why?

: Substrates are chemicals that bind to the enzyme and are altered (bonds formed and/or broken), producing a product. A product is the result of enzyme action on substrates. These terms are relative because chemical reactions are reversible. Example: if two monomers bind to the enzyme and form a dimer, the monomers are the substrates and the dimer is the product. If instead the dimer binds to the enzyme and splits to form two monomers, the monomers are the products and the dimer is the substrate. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 107) Sherry is not able to produce surfactant. In order to inhale a normal tidal volume, does her intrapleural pressure have to be higher or lower than for a healthy individual? Explain.

: Surfactant is necessary to reduce surface tension sufficient to prevent small or collapsed alveoli. Sherry needs to inhale more forcefully to get the same tidal volume, so lower intrapleural pressure would help. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 98) What is surfactant? Why is it important?

: Surfactant, made by the type II alveolar cells, reduces the surface tension in the fluid in the alveoli, thereby facilitating inflation and inhibiting collapse of the alveoli. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 211) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the better known diseases resulting from demyelination of axons (in MS, only CNS axons are affected). Some of the earliest symptoms of the disease are difficulty in focusing the eyes, such as in reading, and difficulty in maintaining balance, and frequently not being able to make adjustments in posture to avoid falling. How do these symptoms "fit" with what you know about nerve impulses, myelin sheaths, and the location of gated ion channels in the membranes of axons?

: Symptoms listed all involve loss of motor control. The CNS axons involved in initiating and controlling movement are generally myelinated, thus loss of myelination slows or eliminates conduction of action potentials in these cells. Early on, many signals arrive normally at spinal motor neurons to produce movement, but enough signals are missing to cause noticeable alterations in motor control. In other words, loss of myelin slows or stops impulse conduction and leads to loss of coordination and the ability to correct for gravity, movement, and so on. Gated ion channels should be intact at the nodes of Ranvier, but missing elsewhere along the axon. Nodes are generally far enough apart that without myelin, sufficient positive current from one active node does not arrive at the next node to bring it to threshold as quickly as normal or at all, and impulse conduction slows or stops. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 208) How do the following relate to nervous system development and/or healing? Synaptic plasticity, neuroglia, neurotrophic factors.

: Synaptic plasticity is the changeability of synapses, necessary for development and continued learning in the nervous system. Neuroglia play an important role in healing of damaged neural tissue. Schwann cells in the PNS facilitate regrowth of severed axons. CNS glia seal off and scar a damaged region. Neurotrophic factors are important in maintaining active synapses. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) List the three types of hormone interactions and provide an example of each.

: Synergism, permissiveness, and antagonism. An example of synergism is epinephrine's ability to potentiate the effects of glucagon in elevating blood glucose levels. Reproductive hormones along with adequate thyroid hormone have a permissive effect on the reproductive system because both are required for normal development. Glucagon and insulin are antagonistic hormones because they have opposing physiological actions on blood glucose levels. Section Title: Hormone Interactions Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 134) The absolute refractory period is important in unidirectional propagation of action potentials.

: True Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of lobules called ________, which secrete ________.

: acini, digestive enzymes Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 89) The purines found in DNA are ________ and ________.

: adenine, guanine Section Title: Molecules and Bonds Learning Outcome: 2.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 71) Candace is a normal-looking 15-year-old girl but has never had a menstrual period, though she has other signs of puberty such as breasts and pubic and axillary hair. During a pelvic exam her physician determines that she has no uterus. Blood tests reveal that she has elevated amounts of testosterone in her blood, similar to that expected in young adult males. Name two typical sources of testosterone. Given the lack of a uterus, what is the likely source of testosterone in this case? What may be wrong with her? (Hint: Consider general principles of hormone secretion and action.) Why is there no uterus? What genetic test may confirm this suspicion?

: Testosterone is produced by adrenal glands and testes. The presence of elevated testosterone combined with absence of a uterus suggests that she has testes rather than ovaries. The lack of masculinization indicates that her tissues do not respond to the testosterone that is present. There is no uterus because she is genetically male. This can be confirmed by examining her chromosomes. Such individuals have "androgen insensitivity syndrome." Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 195) Discuss the membrane permeabilities of major ions and how they contribute to the overall resting membrane potential of neurons.

: The average resting membrane potential is -70 mV. It is primarily determined by the concentration gradient of K+ and the membrane permeabilities of K+, Na+, and Cl-. The equilibrium potential for K+ predicted by the Nernst equation is -90 mV. The resting membrane potential is more permeable to K than Na. However, because the cell's resting potential is more positive than -90mV there must be another contributing ion, and it is the Na+ leak channels that allow positive Na+ ions into the cell which cause the resting potential to be slightly more positive. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) What function(s) is/are associated with the basal ganglia? Huntington's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, causing neural degeneration, and resulting in abnormal muscle movements and cognitive decline. What may cause the cognitive decline? Effective treatment for Huntington's has been elusive, but recently it was shown that a cause of neuron degeneration may be calcium overload. What potential type of treatment does this suggest?

: The basal ganglia are involved in motor control. It is possible that basal ganglia play a role in cognition as well as in motor control, or that the cerebral cortex is also affected by Huntington's. Calcium channel blockers may be developed as treatments for this disease. Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 119) Compare/contrast the chemical bonds between adjacent monomers in DNA, and between two strands of DNA.

: The bonds holding monomers together are covalent bonds, between sugar and phosphate molecules. The bonds holding neighboring strands together at the complementary bases are hydrogen bonds. Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.6

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 142) Based on what you know about the characteristics of membrane transport, explain the results shown on the graph. Each mixture consists of equal parts of glucose and fructose at the indicated concentration.

: The cell has two separate membrane transport molecules, one specific for glucose and the other for fructose. The transporters become saturated somewhere between the concentrations of 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM, thus any higher concentration of these sugars produces no further increase in transport. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) Compare and contrast the four basic methods of cell-to-cell communication.

: The cells can: 1. transfer signal molecules to adjacent cells through gap junctions 2. use contact-dependent signals, which rely on interactions between cell surface molecules on different cells 3. use locally acting chemicals, called paracrines, autocrines, or neuromodulators 4. use long-distance means, which rely on combinations of electrical and chemical signals Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 197) Explain why the voltage-gated Na+ channels can close while the cell is depolarized even though the depolarization was the initial stimulus for the channel opening. Include a discussion on refractory periods and explain why action potentials travel in only one direction.

: The channels have two gates: activation and inactivation gates. (See Fig. 8.10.) At rest, the activation gate is closed and the inactivation gate is open. Upon depolarization both gates move: the activation gate opens allowing Na+ to enter the cell and the inactivation gate (with a delay of 0.5 msec) closes stopping the influx of Na+. At this point during the action potential, the peak has been reached and repolarization occurs due to the K+ ions leaving the cell. During this time, even if another wave of depolarization occurred, the Na+ channels cannot be opened because the activation gate is already open and the inactivation gate is closed. This is the absolute refractory period, when another action potential absolutely cannot occur because the Na+ channels have not reset to their original positions. The relative refractory period occurs after some of the Na+ channels have reset, but a higher than normal depolarizing graded potential is necessary to cause another action potential. Refractory periods also explain why action potentials cannot move backward. (See Fig. 8.15.) The part of the axon experiencing the action potential has open Na+ channels. An increase in Na+ inside the cell causes depolarization and perpetuates the action potential toward the axon terminal due to local current flow. The area of the axon toward the trigger zone, where the action potential (AP) occurred a moment earlier, is in the absolute refractory period and will not experience another action potential even with a depolarization. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 145) Carbon dioxide and water readily combine to form carbonic acid. The change in pH as the acid dissociates can be demonstrated with an indicator dye that changes color at a particular pH. Following this lab in which the color of the solution was observed to change, one lab group forgot to dump the beakers at the end of the lab period. The next day would you expect the beakers to look the same as they did after being bubbled with CO2? If not, explain in terms of reversible reactions and equilibrium disturbance.

: The next day, the solutions had changed back to their original color (before being bubbled with CO2). The carbon dioxide dissipated over night, driving the reaction back in the reverse direction, because the amount of substrate changed. This caused the pH to increase again, above the level required to maintain the color change. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 73) Thyroid hormone secretion decreases with age. Treatment with thyroid-releasing hormone is less effective in younger patients, while treatment with thyroid hormone is more effective in younger patients. What name is given to the condition of decreased thyroid hormone secretion? What related hormones are likely to decrease as well? Propose an explanation for the loss of responsiveness to the releasing hormone. Propose an explanation for the increased responsiveness to treatment with thyroid hormone (consider both how hormones affect target cells and how hormone action is halted).

: The condition is hypothyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-releasing hormone likely also decrease. Decreased responsiveness to injected releasing hormone may indicate a loss of hormone receptors in the anterior pituitary. Increased responsiveness to injected thyroid hormone may indicate up-regulation of hormone receptors in the target tissues, or it may indicate decreased metabolism of the circulating hormone. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 84) The graph below has had its labels removed. One axis is plasma osmolarity. The other axis is EITHER plasma vasopressin concentration OR plasma aldosterone concentration. Write the correct label on each axis of the graph, and explain how you came to that conclusion.

: The dependent variable is typically used for the y-axis, and the independent variable for the x-axis. Plasma osmolarity is the independent variable, and it regulates the secretion of hormones. As osmolarity increases, vasopressin secretion increases to promote water retention, but aldosterone secretion is inhibited to promote sodium loss. Therefore vasopressin concentration is the correct label for the y-axis. See Figure 20.6 in the chapter. Section Title: Water Balance Learning Outcome: 20.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 94) Which single muscle contributes most to normal, resting inspiration? Which single muscle contributes most to normal, resting expiration?

: The diaphragm muscle provides most of the force for inspiration. Normal expiration is primarily a result of the diaphragm relaxing, and expiratory muscles do not contribute. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 93) Describe the embryonic development of the nervous system.

: The earliest neural structure is the neural plate, a flat sheet of tissue located on the dorsal surface of the embryo, clearly visible at day 20 post-fertilization. The edges of the plate fold and cells of the neural crest migrate toward the midline, until a hollow neural tube is formed from the plate by about day 23. The lumen will become the fluid-filled central cavities of the CNS. The lumen is lined with ependymal cells and neural stem cells. Cells of the neural crest will continue to migrate, forming the structures of the PNS. The rest of the tube will become the CNS. By 4 weeks, three discrete swellings will form in the anterior end of the tube: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The remainder of the tube becomes the spinal cord. By 6 weeks, the cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata are distinct. By 11 weeks the cerebrum is noticeably enlarged. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 169) List the four types of autorhythmic cells that drive the heartbeat. Draw a sketch of the heart and indicate the location of each type of cell.

: The four areas for the autorhythmic cells are SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, and Purkinje Fibers. See Figure 14.14 in the chapter. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 102) Explain the roles and interactions of each of the following in immunity: B lymphocytes, antibodies, immunoglobulins, T lymphocytes, MHC, HLA.

: The immune system consists of two main classes of cells: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. The effector B lymphocytes, plasma cells, are specialized for producing large amounts of a protein known as an antibody. Antibodies bind to specific antigens, leading to the destruction of the antigens and pathogens bearing the antigens. Immunoglobulins are just antibodies, categorized according to specific details of their structure and function. T lymphocytes are specialized for destroying cells that bear antigen within a self molecule known as MHC. MHC stands for major histocompatibility complex, which is a group of cell surface proteins essential for triggering the immune response. HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen, and is just an alternative name for MHC. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 114) What is the induced-fit model? List the types of bonds involved and classify them as strong or weak.

: The interaction between a protein binding site and a ligand that are in close proximity results in a conformational change of the protein to fit more closely to the ligand. The bonds involved are hydrogen (weak), ionic (strong), and van der Waals (weak). Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 99) Premature babies frequently need to be put on a respirator to help them breathe. Why does this become a necessary treatment for many premature babies?

: The lungs are one of the last organs to develop during pregnancy and the type II alveolar cells are particularly late in developing. Since the type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant, premature babies may not make enough surfactant to reduce the resistance to breathing and may need positive pressure oxygen to be given along with surfactant to help them breathe on their own. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 132) Once the mRNA for a particular gene has been transcribed, how is the mRNA that will be released from the nucleus processed?

: The mRNA that is initially transcribed contains regions that are not part of the protein that will be translated. These noncoding regions of mRNA (introns) are removed from the mRNA by splicing. The mRNA then only contains the coding sequences (exons) that can be released from the nucleus to be translated by the ribosome. Due to alternative splicing, the structure of the protein can be different which leads to isoforms of a protein. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 181) Why is it necessary for fast axonal transport to go both forward and backward?

: The organelles and cellular components transported to the axon terminal must also be returned to the cell body for recycling. Fast retrograde recycling may also be used for nerve growth factor transport to the cell body. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 73) "Water, water, every where, nor any drop to drink" is a phrase from the Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. This poem describes an ocean ship unable to sail to land and running out of its supply of fresh water; sailors have long known that drinking seawater cannot prevent death from dehydration. What would result if the sailors attempted to alleviate their dehydration by drinking seawater? Justify your answer by describing kidney physiology. Why wouldn't reflexes, in response to dehydration, fully compensate? What does this illustrate about the force allowing kidneys to retain water under more normal conditions?

: The osmolarity of seawater is higher than that of the kidney medulla, thus the osmotic gradient that normally allows net reabsorption of water does not exist. Seawater osmolarity is largely a result of permeant ions such as sodium and chloride, so ingested seawater raises plasma osmolarity when it is absorbed. When the kidneys form a filtrate of this high-osmolarity solution, the descending limb fails to reabsorb water because the kidney medulla has a lower osmolarity than the filtrate (opposite of normal), along its entire length, and in fact the medulla would lose water as it moved into the descending limb. While ions would be reabsorbed by the ascending limb as usual, it is not enough to drive sufficient water reabsorption. Reflexes such as secretion of water-preserving hormones are ineffective because, ultimately, water reabsorption depends only on osmosis, and the normal osmotic gradient has been disrupted. Section Title: Sodium Balance and ECF Volume Learning Outcome: 20.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 91) Explain why the composition of the phospholipid bilayer determines how readily water passes through it.

: The phospholipid bilayer is a fluid mosaic and, depending on the function of the cell, contains various ratios of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Water molecules slip between the spaces between the fatty acid tails. Membranes with higher levels of cholesterol are less permeable to water because cholesterol fills these spaces. Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 96) Describe the pleura and explain its role in respiration.

: The pleura is a double-walled sac that surrounds each lung. One wall clings to the lung surface, the other to the wall of the thoracic cavity. The pleura secretes and contains pleural fluid, which is a lubricant. Pleural fluid also keeps the wall of the lung in close proximity to the wall of the thoracic cavity, which is critical in the process of pulmonary ventilation. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 126) After coming off a ribosome, several things can happen to the newly synthesized protein. Name three.

: The possible answers include the post-translational modifications: 1. folded into three-dimensional shapes 2. cross-linkages (disulfide bonds) between different regions of its amino acid chain 3. be cleaved into fragments 4. attach other molecules or groups (e.g., methylation) 5. assemble with other peptides (subunits) into polymeric proteins Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) How does the embryological origin of the two distinct parts of the pituitary gland relate to the control of secretion and the types of hormones produced?

: The posterior pituitary is an extension of the brain, specifically of the hypothalamus. This part of the pituitary secretes hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus, in response to signals from the hypothalamus. The hormones secreted are neurohormones. The anterior pituitary is an outgrowth from the roof of the mouth that fuses to the posterior pituitary during fetal development. This part of the pituitary is true glandular epithelium, and the secretion of its hormones is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. In either case, then, the types of hormones and the regulation of their secretion is predictable based on the type of tissue involved. Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 62) A person with cirrhosis of the liver has lower than normal levels of plasma proteins and a higher than normal GFR. Explain why a decrease in plasma protein concentration would cause an increase in GFR.

: The primary driving force for GFR is blood pressure, opposed by fluid pressure in Bowman's capsule and osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins. If a person has fewer plasma proteins due to liver disease, the plasma will have a lower osmotic pressure. With less osmotic pressure opposing the GFR, GFR will increase. Section Title: Filtration Learning Outcome: 19.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) In 1848, a railroad foreman named Phineas Gage was injured in an explosion, when a tamping iron penetrated his skull and caused brain damage; surprisingly, he survived. The rod was 1.25" in diameter and 3.5' long. After the accident he was able to speak, get himself up and down from a cart, and climb a flight of stairs to see the local physicians. Years later, the doctors reported that he physically recovered, but the balance between his intellectual facilities and animal propensities was destroyed. He was no longer mild-mannered, kind, and respectful; he grew obstinate, ill-tempered, and showed little self-restraint. Based on this story, what area(s) of the brain (and/or systems) do you think he injured and why?

: The regions damaged by the iron rod were the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. Based on what we have learned, we can hypothesize that the limbic system was most likely injured since it acts as the link between higher cognitive functions and primitive emotional responses. The limbic system contains the cingulate gyrus, which plays a role in emotions, and the amygdala, which is involved in emotion and memory. Since we can tell from the story that he definitely exhibited different emotions, we can hypothesize that these areas were injured. Based on the fact that he physically recovered, we can assume that the somatosensory cortex, mid- and hindbrain areas were unaffected. Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 95) List and briefly describe the seven categories of soluble proteins.

: The seven categories: enzymes, membrane transporters, signal molecules, receptors, binding proteins, regulatory proteins, and immunoglobulins. See the "Protein Interactions" section of the chapter. Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) Capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic or fibrous tissue reinforcement. Instead, their walls consist of ________, supported on a cellular matrix called ________.

: a flat layer of endothelium, the basal lamina. Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 79) The fight-or-flight reaction prepares an animal to respond to a threatening situation, by either fighting or running away. One aspect of this response is changes in blood flow such that the skeletal muscles and heart receive higher blood flow (vessels dilate) while digestive organs receive less (vessels constrict). Which signal molecule(s) is/are involved in this response, and how do they produce these changes in blood vessels? Explain how this example illustrates one or more of the following concepts: multiple ligands for one receptor, multiple receptors for one ligand, agonists and antagonists.

: The signal molecules are norepinephrine and epinephrine. Both of these chemicals bind to the same adrenergic receptors (multiple ligands) and have the same effect on their receptors, so they are agonists. When alpha-adrenergic receptors are activated in digestive organs, blood vessels constrict. When beta-adrenergic receptors are activated in skeletal and cardiac muscles, blood vessels dilate (multiple receptors). Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 109) The retrovirus HIV frequently undergoes mutations, making it difficult for scientists to develop a single effective vaccine. When flu vaccines are administered, patients are told that they are only protected from one strain of the flu and are still as susceptible to other strains as unvaccinated people. Explain why.

: The specificity of vaccines to a particular antigen is critical in order to mount an appropriate immune response. In order to function effectively, both plasma cells and activated T cells must recognize a particular pathogen. Since HIV frequently mutates, several forms of the virus may be present and therefore a single drug may target one form but not another. The flu vaccine is developed early in the flu season after the virus affecting the first victims is characterized. If a person is infected with a different strain or with a mutated vaccine-related strain, the vaccine is ineffective. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 131) Define the term transport maximum and describe a way cells can increase their transport capacity.

: The transport maximum occurs when all carrier binding sites are filled with substrate. At this point adding more substrate will no longer increase the rate of transport. In order to increase the capacity and raise the maximum rate of transport, some cells can increase the number of carrier proteins in the membrane. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 191) What is the trigger zone? Where is the trigger zone found in efferent, afferent, and interneurons? Do the terms trigger zone and axon hillock have the same meaning? Explain.

: The trigger zone is an area of the neuron that contains a high membrane concentration of voltage-gated Na+ channels and is near an area that lacks these. In order for action potentials to occur, graded potentials reaching the trigger zone must depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage. In efferent and interneurons, the trigger zone is the axon hillock (also called the initial segment). In afferent neurons, the trigger zone is located where the dendrites join the axon (immediately adjacent to the receptor), rather than at the axon hillock. The axon hillock is an anatomical region, whereas the trigger zone is defined by its function rather than its location. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) Insulin increases glucose transport across the cell membrane of an adipocyte but not across the membrane of a liver cell. How can one hormone have two different effects?

: The two types of cells differ either in the receptors on their cell membranes or in the signal transduction that occurs after binding of insulin. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 130) In some severe cases, a person suffering from stomach ulcers may have surgery to cut the branches of the vagus nerve that innervates the stomach. How would this help the problem?

: The vagus nerve carries neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. These neurons control gastric secretions, notably the secretion of acid and enzymes. Severing these branches would eliminate neural stimulation from the central nervous system, thus eliminating the release of gastric fluids in response to anxiety and other higher-order stimuli when there is no food in the stomach. Normal digestive function would still occur, governed by various hormones and intramural neural reflexes. Section Title: Regulation of GI Function Learning Outcome: 21.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 185) How many liters of blood are distributed between the pulmonary and systemic circuits in a "typical" person? Assume 20% of the blood is in the lungs at any moment. If the cardiac output is 5 L/min, how long will it take a drop of blood to flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle?

: There are about 5 liters of blood in a 70 kg man. If 20% of the blood is in the lungs, then 5 × 0.2 = 1 liter of blood in the lungs. 1 L × 1 min/5 L × 60 sec/1 min × 1 min/60 sec = 12 seconds. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 133) You and your lab partners in a human anatomy course have just removed the intestines from an adult cadaver, and cut away connective tissues as necessary to uncoil the intestines into a straight line that could be measured. Your professor told you that the intestinal tract of an adult of this size and gender is typically about 13 ft. Your measurement is 22 ft. One of the lab partners insists that everything is smaller in preserved cadavers due to dehydration. Address this suggestion, and propose some other explanations for the difference.

: There is no doubt of some individual variation, so the measurement is expected to be at least a little different. Most of the difference is due to loss of living muscle tone, which normally keeps the tract contracted. While it is true that preserved tissues may shrink from dehydration, this is more than compensated by the loss of muscle tone. Section Title: Anatomy of the Digestive System Learning Outcome: 21.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) Explain why transporting epithelial cells are said to be polarized. What does it mean when a nerve cell is said to be polarized?

: Transport epithelia have cells that are polarized with respect to distribution of transport proteins in the apical and basolateral membranes, i.e., different types of transporters in the two membranes. Nerve cells are electrically polarized, meaning that the inside of the membrane is charged relative to the outside. Section Title: Epithelial Transport Learning Outcome: 5.11

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 147) Analysis of a single DNA strand yielded this information on amounts of some nucleotides: 43 units of cytosine and 51 units of adenine. What amounts would you expect of guanine and thymine in that strand? What amounts would you expect of all bases in the complementary strand?

: There is no way to determine the amounts of guanine and thymine in the analyzed strand based on the amounts of cytosine and adenine; the guanine and thymine would have to be determined directly. In the other strand, the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine in the analyzed strand, and the amount of thymine equals the amount of adenine in the analyzed strand, because of the way the bases pair to hold the strands together. Once the amounts of guanine and thymine in the first strand are determined, the amounts of cytosine and adenine can be determined in the complementary strand. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) What general action is shared by about half of the medical drugs currently in use?

: These drugs act on membrane receptor proteins. Section Title: Signal Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 113) Define and describe the role of up-regulation and down-regulation of proteins.

: These terms refer to the net change in the amount of a functional protein present in a cell in response to a signal. Up-regulation is an increase in the amount of the protein, whereas down-regulation is a decrease. Section Title: Protein Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) Discuss the functions of the blood-brain barrier. What cellular characteristics contribute to its effectiveness?

: This is discussed in the "Anatomy of the Central Nervous System" section of the chapter. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) In your own words restate and explain Cannon's four postulates for maintaining homeostasis.

: This is discussed in the "Cannon's Postulates Describe Regulated Variables and Control Systems" section of the chapter. Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) Design a flow chart or concept map to summarize the information in the text under the heading "Cell-to-Cell Communication." This chart should make clear the four basic methods of cell-to-cell communication, and the relevance of and distinction between paracrine, autocrine, neurocrine, and cytokine chemicals.

: This is discussed in the "Cell-to-Cell Communication" section in the chapter. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication Learning Outcome: 6.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 186) Write out the Nernst and GHK equations, and explain the significance of each. Define equilibrium potential.

: This is discussed in the "Electrical Signals in Neurons" section of the chapter. The Nernst equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for individual ions, while the GHK equation calculates the predicted resting membrane potential of a cell. The equilibrium potential is the voltage at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the membrane, because the force of the concentration gradient is exactly balanced by the force of the electrical gradient. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 104) Compare and contrast penetrating solutes and non-penetrating solutes.

: This is discussed in the "Osmosis and Tonicity" section of the chapter. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 95) Briefly explain the difference between open channels and gated channels.

: This is discussed in the "Protein-Mediated Transport" section of the chapter. Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport Learning Outcome: 5.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 126) Indicate the relative osmolarities of the following solutions. Solution a: 2 osmolar NaCl Solution b: 1 molar NaCl Solution c: 900 milliosmolar glucose A. a is ________ osmotic to b. D. a is ________ osmotic to c. B. b is ________ osmotic to a. E. b is ________ osmotic to c. C. c is ________ osmotic to a. F. c is ________ osmotic to b.

: This is easier to answer if all three solutions are described in equivalent terms. Solution b is 2 osmolar, because of the dissociation of sodium and chloride. Solution c is 0.9 osmolar. A. iso D. hyper B. iso E. hyper C. hypo F. hypo Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) Evaluate the validity of this statement: "The extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments have a stable solute composition that is in equilibrium."

: This statement is only partially true. The two compartments have stable solute compositions, but they are not in equilibrium. We use the term dynamic disequilibrium to describe this relationship. Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity Learning Outcome: 5.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) ________ exists when the immune system does NOT respond to a particular antigen.

: Tolerance Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.17

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Define tonic control and give a physiological example.

: Tonic control regulates physiological parameters in an up-down fashion. An example is the neural regulation of blood vessel diameter (see Fig. 6.15). Section Title: Homeostatic Reflex Pathways Learning Outcome: 6.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 118) The rejection of a transplanted organ by the immune system of the recipient is a result of a cell-mediated immune response, rather than antibody-mediated response. What does this indicate about the nature of the transplanted cells? From the perspective of the T cell, are the cells of the transplanted organ significantly different from virus-infected or cancerous self cells?

: Transplanted cells contain surface molecules recognized as self, as well as some recognized as non-self. As far as the T cell is concerned, the transplanted organ consists of altered self cells that are no different from those related to viruses or cancer. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.15

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 115) The HIV blood test detects anti-HIV antibodies. Why do viruses stimulate antibody production? How effective are antibodies against viruses, as compared to bacteria? How are viral infections normally eliminated in the body? Why does a person's immune response fail to eliminate life-long viral infections such as HIV and herpes? Explain all of your answers.

: Viruses have antigens, thus they stimulate the humoral immune response as well as the cell-mediated response. Antibodies are less effective against viruses because viruses "hide" inside cells, and antibodies do not enter cells. Viral infections can be eliminated by the cell-mediated response, which destroys virus-infected self cells. Life-long virus infections are possible because some viruses persist inside of cells without altering them in a way that stimulates immune attack. Section Title: Immune Response Pathways Learning Outcome: 24.16

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 104) Your best friend, Fred, was injured when he fell several meters from a cliff, but his vital signs are stable and all lacerations have been repaired. His physician is in the process of determining what neural damage he has sustained. What may be damaged if Fred is unable to walk normally? (Hint: Consider various types of factors that influence motor output, as well as the structures immediately responsible for movement.)

: Walking normally will depend upon sensory as well as motor control structures. Damage to leg nerves and muscles could impair walking, as could damage to spinal cord areas that control the muscles, and spinal cord areas that mediate relevant sensation from legs and feet. Damage to the spinal tract to and from the brain could interfere with brain influences on walking. Motor control areas in the brain that could be damaged include the cerebellum, pons, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Also, damage to any area containing tracts to and from motor control areas could prevent normal signals from influencing motor output. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 93) Water can cross a cell membrane by a variety of means. List at least three. Do water molecules cross a membrane through the same molecules as other solutes? Explain. Are all cells equally permeable to water? Explain.

: Water can cross through the phospholipid molecules, through special water channels called aquaporins, and through open or leak channels (pores) that also transport ions. Water can move through pores as a solvation shell around ions or independent of ions, because the watery interstitial fluid is continuous with the watery cytosol when pores are open. Some cells are more permeable to water, especially those with less cholesterol in the membranes and those with a high density of pores. Section Title: Diffusion Learning Outcome: 5.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 138) Describe what happens to NaCl when placed in water.

: Water molecules break the ionic bonds holding Na+ and Cl- together. Each sodium ion becomes surrounded by polar water molecules, with the electronegative ends of water molecules interacting with the ion. Each chloride ion also becomes surrounded by polar water molecules, but in this case it is the electropositive ends of the water molecules that bind to the ion. A consequence is that sodium and chloride ions can function relatively independently of each other when in solution. Section Title: Noncovalent Interactions Learning Outcome: 2.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 75) Food items are occasionally shown to offer protective effects to those who eat them. Garlic, for example, may improve heart health. The pungency of garlic is due to sulfur-containing compounds. Explain how these compounds are good candidates for garlic's heart benefits.

: When sulfur compounds are metabolized, hydrogen sulfide may be produced. This gas has recently been shown to be a signal molecule that relaxes blood vessels. Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 78) Mary, a nursing student, has been caring for burn patients. She notices that they consistently show elevated levels of potassium in their urine and wonders why. What would you tell her?

: When tissues are burned, cells are destroyed and the contents of their cytoplasm leak into the interstitial fluid and then move into the plasma. Since potassium ion is normally found within the cell, damage to a large number of cells would release relatively large amounts of potassium into the blood. The elevated potassium levels would stimulate the cells of the adrenal cortex that produce aldosterone. The elevated levels of aldosterone would promote sodium retention and potassium secretion by the kidneys, thus accounting for the elevated levels of potassium in the patient's urine. Section Title: Potassium Balance Learning Outcome: 20.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 129) Eric has had trouble sleeping the last two nights and is currently experiencing heart burn which he attributes to the stress of being in finals week and eating too much pizza. His lab partner in Physiology class tells him he should take some diphenhydramine (Benadryl) before he goes to bed because that will help him sleep and his upset stomach. Is this a good suggestion or not.

: While longstanding heartburn or insomnia may both be symptoms of more severe underlying conditions that require a visit to a health professional, his lab partner is correct. Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine that is found in many over-the-counter sleep medications and it will block the effects of histamine in the stomach preventing acid production. Section Title: Secretion Learning Outcome: 21.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) What is an orphan receptor?

: a receptor that has no known ligand Section Title: Novel Signal Molecules Learning Outcome: 6.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) Venules are similar to capillaries: they have ________ epithelium and little ________. They are distinguished from capillaries by ________.

: a thin exchange, connective tissue (Fig. 15.2); their convergent pattern of flow Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 123) The time during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation regardless of the stimulus strength is the ________.

: absolute refractory period Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.

: acetylcholine Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 201) Your study partner has concluded that a single action potential, once initiated, spreads down the length of an axon, non-decrementally; similarly, a single graded potential spreads down the length of a dendrite, but with decrement. Is she completely correct? Explain. How can the mechanism of decremental and non-decremental conduction help her sort this out? How is the process different in myelinated vs. unmyelinated neurons? How may the dominoes analogy help her to understand signal propagation?

: While she is correct about graded potentials, she is incorrect about action potentials. A GP is initiated at a synapse, for example, and spreads in all directions but loses strength as the ions diffuse; no additional ions are crossing the membrane to boost this signal. An AP is initiated at a trigger zone, then a second, identical AP is triggered in the next patch of membrane as more ions enter the cell; thus, there was no decrement of the AP. Between membrane patches, the signal is decremental for the same reasons that GPs decrease with spread, but sufficient to stimulate the next AP. In myelinated axons, the subsequent APs are farther apart than in unmyelinated axons. A row of dominoes, if spaced appropriately, can be felled by pushing on just the first one. That domino falls and does not spread to the end of the row, but it causes its neighboring, identical domino to fall, and so on. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 144) Carbon dioxide and water readily combine to form carbonic acid. The change in pH as the acid dissociates can be demonstrated with an indicator dye that changes color at a particular pH. In your physiology lab, you perform this experiment in two beakers containing room-temperature water and indicator, labeled Resting and Exercise based upon the status of the student who exhaled through a straw into the solution. The Resting student had been sitting at the table for 30 minutes before exhaling while the Exercise student had just finished sprinting up the stairs to class late. A stopwatch was used to measure how long it took for the solutions to change color. The following data were generated by the students. Explain why the time required for the color to change was different between groups, using the word substrate in your answer. Student Time for reaction (seconds): Resting Time for reaction (seconds): Exercising 1 123 20 2 114 23 3 136 17

: With each breath, CO2 is present in the exhaled air. The students who exercised exhibited an elevated rate of CO2 generation by the metabolic cycle. Thus, the substrate concentration was higher for the Exercising student than the Resting student, which is why the time for the solution to change color was less. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 194) Explain the kiss-and-run model of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and how it differs from the classic model.

: With the kiss-and-run model the synaptic vesicles fuse to the presynaptic membrane at a fusion complex. When the neurotransmitter is released through the fusion complex into the synaptic cleft the vesicles then pull away from the complex and re-enter the vesicle pool in the cytoplasm. With the classical model the vesicle becomes incorporated into or becomes part of the cell membrane. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) If a diabetes mellitus patient continually has high blood glucose, what is likely to happen to the nervous system, and what are the possible outcomes?

: With too much glucose present, the blood-brain barrier cells may remove glucose transporters from the patient's membranes. If blood glucose drops due to insulin therapy, the brain neurons may be unable to obtain sufficient glucose to function or remain alive. This can lead to a comatose state or even death. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 204) Dr. Zoydburger has discovered a toxin produced in the venom of a poisonous marine invertebrate. Tests on lab mammals indicate that this toxin prevents sodium channel inactivation. How would this affect the action potentials produced in the neurons of a poisoned mammal?

: Without sodium channel inactivation, the action potential would not repolarize as quickly, thus any function dependent upon the action potential would be prolonged, including neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic response. Also, the refractory period would not exist, thus action potentials would travel back up the axon, and down again, repeatedly. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 220) If an axon has an absolute refractory period of 2 msec, what is the maximum frequency of action potential (AP) production in that neuron?

: X AP/2 msec × 1000 msec/1 sec = 500 APs per second. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 214) You and your lab partner have prepared a frog nerve for gathering data on action potentials. You connect an electronic stimulator to the nerve and ask your partner to gradually increase the voltage until you see an action potential. Your partner says that the voltage knob is stuck, that is, it will not increase the voltage. Is there another way to trigger action potentials using this stimulator? If so, what do you tell your partner to do?

: Your lab partner can increase the stimulus frequency instead. A higher frequency of stimuli can result in temporal summation of graded potentials such that the lower voltages sum to threshold. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 205) Your study partner in your physiology class insists that axons conduct graded potentials, and that they play a vital role in production of the action potential. Do you agree or disagree? Defend your answer.

: Your study partner is correct. This is easiest to explain in the context of the myelinated axon. Voltage-regulated ion channels, which produce the action potential, are located only at nodes of Ranvier. This means that the intervening regions do not generate action potentials. After an action potential is produced at one node, the ions diffuse from this node to the next in a decremental manner, but produce sufficient depolarization at the next node to produce an action potential there. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is called ________ and may cause the loss of neurological function commonly called ________.

: a cerebral hemorrhage, a stroke Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3


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