Physiological Psychology: Chapter 1
How many chromosomes are found in cells of the human body?
46
How many genes are shared between children and their parents?
50%
Approximately ______ different genetic combinations can be created through sexual reproduction of any two people.
60 trillion
Who first localized the speech control center in the human brain?
Broca
Which scientific discovery provided support for localization?
Broca's autopsy of a patient who lost the ability to speak
Which of the following statements reflects genetics' influences on behavior?
Even hereditary behaviors show a good deal of diversity, even within families.
What do researchers think occurs with genes during aging?
Existing genes change their functioning.
What does genetic predisposition mean?
Gene makeup can indicate a higher likelihood of an individual experiencing certain conditions.
What function does the noncoding DNA segment HACNS1 have?
It promotes thumb movement.
Joy's mother is heterozygous for a dominant allele for brown hair and her father is homozygous for a recessive allele for brown hair. Joy has two siblings. What will Joy and her siblings have?
Keysha and her siblings will all have the same phenotype.
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the materialistic monist view of the mind-brain problem?
The brain and the mind are both physical.
What has been discovered about Huntington's disease?
The disease has been localized to a specific chromosome.
Which of the following statements is true about the case of Phineas Gage?
This helped support localization.
Which scientists are known for reporting that DNA is structured in a double helix?
Watson and Crick
Which of the following statements is consistent with the vulnerability model as applied to mathematical ability?
Your ability to be successful in math classes can be expanded beyond genetic predispositions with good study habits.
Monists faced difficulty in finding support for their views regarding the mind and brain and how ______.
a physical brain could result in mental processes
DNA is made up of four building blocks called nucleotides:
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
Different versions of a gene are called ______.
alleles
According to Descartes, behavior was controlled by ______.
animal spirits
Psychologists consider emotions, thoughts, memories, and observable acts to be characterized as ______.
behaviors
The dualist view of the mind-brain problem includes the idea that the ______.
body is made of matter, whereas the mind is not
In the nature-versus-nurture debate, modern psychologists believe that ______.
both are important to understanding behavior
Modern research tells us that brain functions or characteristics are ______.
both localized and distributed
Researchers have used computers to model ______ that occur(s) in humans.
cognitive processes
Many neuroscientists view the mind as a(n) ______.
concept
A concern of modern nonmaterial neuroscientists is that ______.
consciousness will not be capable of explanation using material explanations
A direct function of genes is ______.
directing the building of proteins
A ______ gene will produce its effect regardless of which gene it is paired with.
dominant
Hermann von Helmholtz was important in developing the understanding that nerve cells communicate using ______.
electrical signals
What force did physiologists Galvani and Helmholtz show was responsible for animation of the body?
electricity
What term do scientists use to refer to the fertilized egg that is developing in the uterus during weeks 1-8?
embryo
Reaching conclusions about the brain by observation is the method for obtaining knowledge called ______.
empiricism
What type of approach did Helmholtz take in investigating how the nervous system works?
empiricist
Chemical reactions in the body can be modified by ______, which are coded by genes.
enzymes
The human characteristic that has been most investigated for its genetic basis is ______.
intelligence
The Y chromosome has ______ genes than the X chromosome.
fewer
Phineas Gage's changes in behavior following brain damage showed that the ______ is involved in planning behavior to fit with social expectations.
frontal lobe
Some of our noncoding DNA controls ______.
gene expression
The specific pattern of genes inherited at conception defines an individual's ______.
genotype
The DNA of chimpanzees ______.
has a different brain expression than humans
The nature-versus-nurture question deals with the relative influences of ______ and environment on shaping behavior.
heredity
Descartes used a ______ model for the activity of the human brain.
hydraulic
The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to ______.
identify all the genes in our chromosomes
Aristotle, a monist, joined the body and soul in his attempt to explain ______.
memory, emotions, and reasoning
Some genes are found in the ______.
mitochondria
A(n) ______ can be in the form of a theory or a simplified organism, simulation, or system for scientific study.
model
A(n) ______ is a proposed mechanism to explain how something, usually more complex than the proposed mechanism, works.
model
Through their experiments, Fritsch and Hitzig showed that ______.
movement could be produced by providing electrical current to the brain
A behavioral neuroscientist might investigate the ______.
neurotransmitter systems responsible for drug addiction
An organism's complexity is ______ the number of its genes.
not correlated with
Males are more likely than females to have a deficiency in red-green color vision because ______.
of only receiving one X chromosome
The mind-brain problem was first debated by ______.
philosophers in the fifth century BCE
Which theory of brain function involved measuring the bumps on the skull as a means to determine a person's individual characteristics?
phrenology
Which theory was consistent with the idea of localization?
phrenology
According to Descartes, the ______ was where the mind interacted with the body.
pineal gland
Most behavioral characteristics and psychological disorders are ______.
polygenic
About 97% of our DNA does not encode ______.
proteins
Genes provide the instructions for making ______.
proteins
Descartes' hydraulic model of brain function was an important step in modern understanding of the brain because it was first to ______.
provide a physical explanation for behavior.
Which of the following terms can be used interchangeably with "behavioral neuroscience?"
psychobiology
A ______ allele will produce its effects only when it is paired with a similar allele on the other chromosome.
recessive
Which of the following conclusions was reached from autopsy observations on the brain of a man who had an inability to speak?
speech is localized on the left side of the brain
What was the inspiration for Descartes' model of brain function?
statues in the gardens at St. Germain
A monist believes in ______.
the brain and mind as the same substance
The mind-brain question is concerned with ______.
the nature of the mind and its relation to the brain
The "double helix" refers to ______.
the twisted ladder-like structure of DNA
In addition to studying the role of electricity in the functioning of nerve cells, Helmholtz also studied ______.
vision and hearing
______ shows how nature and nurture interact to produce a characteristic or disorder.
vulnerability
Descartes chose the pineal gland as the "seat of the soul" because it ______.
was the only part of the brain not split into hemispheres
