Physiology Final Exam

With high-intensity resistance training, very old adults demonstrate relatively similar levels of hypertrophy compared with young adults. True False

True

Very old adults demonstrate the same absolute increase in muscular strength as younger adults. True False

False

"A series of physiological responses that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a change in environmental conditions, which minimize any change in homeostasis:" a) acclimatization b) adaptation c) physiological gain d) responsiveness

a) acclimatization

Why does exercising above one's lactate threshold limit endurance performance? a. As lactate production increases FFA availability declines. This accelerates glycogen utilization leading to glycogen depletion and reduced fat metabolism through Kreb's cycle b. The farther above the lactate threshold, the less oxygen is available for aerobic metabolism, reducing oxidative metabolism of ATP resulting in muscle fatigue. c. The farther above the lactate threshold, the greater the reliance on fat metabolism, leading to a depletion of glycogen and muscle fatigue. d. The farther above the lactate threshold the greater the reliance on glycolysis. Therefore, there is a reduction in Kreb's cycle flux, reducing the resynthesis of oxaloacetate, resulting in reduced oxidative ATP production leading to muscle fatigue.

a. As lactate production increases FFA availability declines. This accelerates glycogen utilization leading to glycogen depletion and reduced fat metabolism through Kreb's cycle

The movement of heat by the circulation of fluid a. Convection b. Conduction c. Radiation d. Evaporation

a. Convection

The volume of gas that does not take part in gas exchange. a. Dead space ventilation b. Tidal volume c. Dead zone respiration d. Alveolar ventilation e. Conducting zone ventilation

a. Dead space ventilation

In order to prevent heat illness when one chooses to exercise in the heat, the first step should be: a. Hydration b. Exercise inside c. Exercise in the shade d. Lose weight

a. Hydration

Rank each one of the energy systems (glycolysis, PCr-ATP, Krebs/ETC) in order from shortest duration to longest duration for which they can maximally produce ATP. a. PCr-ATP, glycolysis, Krebs/ETC b. Glycolysis, PCr-ATP, Krebs/ETC c. PCr-ATP, Krebs/ETC, glycolysis d. Glycolysis, Krebs/ETC, PCr-ATP e. Krebs/ETC, PCr-ATP, glycolysis

a. PCr-ATP, glycolysis, Krebs/ETC

What causes fast-twitch muscle fibers to twitch fast? a. The characteristics of the motor nerve that innervates them. b. They are bigger than slow-twitch c. They have a lower mitochondrial density. d. They have the isoform of ATPas that hydrolyzes ADP

a. The characteristics of the motor nerve that innervates them.

With prolonged exposure to altitude, the primary response by the body in order to maximize O2 delivery to the tissues is: a. an increase in total hemoglobin content of blood b. a shift to anaerobic metabolism as demonstrated by the similar oxygen consumptions for a given task. c. an augmented ventilation. d. a decline in total blood volume.

a. an increase in total hemoglobin content of blood

In which position would an individuals triceps be able to produce the most force? a. arms straight down (eccentric) b. half contracted upwards (isometric) c. fully contracted upwards (concentric)

a. arms straight down

Even with hyperventilation, PaO2 is typically decreased during exposure to altitude or hypoxia due to a: a. smaller differences between PAO2 and PvO2 b. reduced blood volume c. increased metabolism d. greater a-v O2

a. smaller differences between PAO2 and PvO2

What was the primary driver of ventilation during exercise? a. Blood pressure because it goes up similar to ventilation. b. An increase in muscle metabolism as indicated by an increasing venous PCO2 c. Arterial PCO2 because arterial CO2 is directly linked to arterial pH, which is an important driver of pulmonary ventilation during exercise. d. Heart rate, because it goes up right along with ventilation.

b. An increase in muscle metabolism as indicated by an increasing venous PCO2

If we exercise in a humid environment, which mode of heat dissipation would be most affected? a. Radiation b. Evaporation c. Countercurrent heat exchange d. Conduction e. Convection

b. Evaporation

What is the most likely cause of the shift in the ventilatory threshold in endurance trained individuals? a. The shift in the lactate threshold. b. Greater oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles c. Greater VEmax d. Higher VO2max.

b. Greater oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles

When one exercises at altitude, how does their heart rate compare to when they perform the same activity at sea level? a. Heart rate is higher because the reduced PaCO2 is sensed by the central chemoreceptors, reducing efferent vagal outflow from the hypothalamus in order to minimize respiratory alkalosis. b. Heart rate is higher because the air is less dense at altitude, reducing PaO2, and thus requiring greater Qc in order to deliver adequate O2 to the tissues c. Heart rate is lower because the air is less dense at altitude, making it easier to move through the air, thus reducing total work being done. d. Heart rate is lower because the reduced PaO2 is sensed by the arterial chemoreceptors, causing a slightly reduced heart rate in order to protect the myocardium from becoming ischemic.

b. Heart rate is higher because the air is less dense at altitude, reducing PaO2, and thus requiring greater Qc in order to deliver adequate O2 to the tissues

An elevation in body temperature above the hypothalamic set point a. Thermal threshold b. Hyperthermia c. Hypothermia d. Thermic Acclimatization

b. Hyperthermia

An increase in minute ventilation above normal seal level values a. Ventilatory threshold b. Hyperventilation c. Hypoxemia d. Hypoxia

b. Hyperventilation

Heat acclimatization causes which of the following biological responses? a. Shift from apocrine to eccrine sweating b. Increased blood volume c. Increased myocardial contractility d. Increased hemoglobin concentration e. Decreased sodium absorption

b. Increased blood volume

What happens to the ventilatory threshold with aerobic exercise training? a. It does not shift because it doesn't feel like it. b. It shifts to a higher exercise intensity because there is a greater reliance on oxidative metabolism, which allows for pH to be maintained until a higher exercise intensity. c. It shifts to a lower exercise intensity because epinephrine concentration is lower after training. d. It does not shift because it reflects anaerobic metabolism, which does not change with aerobic exercise training. e. It shifts to the right due to greater diffusion of oxygen in the lungs and greater affinity of hemoglobin for O2

b. It shifts to a higher exercise intensity because there is a greater reliance on oxidative metabolism, which allows for pH to be maintained until a higher exercise intensity.

Malik and John are identical twins attending Wheaton College and playing football. One plays inside linebacker while the other plays outside linebacker. During the summer between their junior and senior years, Malik lives in the family home in Miami Florida to get some of mom's cooking and workout to get ready for his final season of football. John decides to spend his vacation in Christchurch New Zealand to visit his aunt Olivia and workout with some rugby players to get ready for his final season of football. The brothers return to Wheaton in early August happy. Mlik weight about 5 lbs. more than John, but both have a body composition of 14% body fat. Both can bench press 30 lbs. more than in the spring. Both easily run a mile faster than required by their coaches for their position. The athletic training program has initiated new protocols in order to reduce the risk of players, particularly soccer and football players, suffering from heat illness. To this end they monitor fluid intake throughout practice, and measure body temperature periodically during practice. They also measure body weight before and after each practice. As a member of the athletic training staff, while not ignoring either, which brother are you more likely to keep a close eye on during practice? a. Malik b. John

b. John

Malik and John are identical twins attending Wheaton College and playing football. One plays inside linebacker while the other plays outside linebacker. During the summer between their junior and senior years, Malik lives in the family home in Miami Florida to get some of mom's cooking and workout to get ready for his final season of football. John decides to spend his vacation in Christchurch New Zealand to visit his aunt Olivia and workout with some rugby players to get ready for his final season of football. The brothers return to Wheaton in early August happy. Mlik weight about 5 lbs. more than John, but both have a body composition of 14% body fat. Both can bench press 30 lbs. more than in the spring. Both easily run a mile faster than required by their coaches for their position. The athletic training program has initiated new protocols in order to reduce the risk of players, particularly soccer and football players, suffering from heat illness. To this end they monitor fluid intake throughout practice, and measure body temperature periodically during practice. They also measure body weight before and after each practice. For which brother will it be more important to drink something other than water in order to rehydrate properly? a. Malik b. John

b. John

Which statement below best explains why the shift in metabollism that occurs while at altitude is advantageous? a. Both fat and carbohydrate metabolism increase because total metabolism is greater at altitude. b. Metabolism shifts toward greater utilization of carbohydrates because you get more ATP per liter of oxygen consumed with carbohydrate compared to fat. c. Metabolism shifts to greater fat utilization since you get more ATP per gram of fat compared to carbohydrate or protein. d. Metabolism remains unchanged due to counter-regulation of increased lactate by respiratory acidosis. This favors unloading within tissue beds.

b. Metabolism shifts toward greater utilization of carbohydrates because you get more ATP per liter of oxygen consumed with carbohydrate compared to fat.

Contracting skeletal muscles pushing blood toward the heart. a. Muscle metabolism b. Muscle pump c. Length-tension relationship d. Afterload e. Respiratory pump

b. Muscle pump

Physiological factors that provide input to the ventilatory centers in the brain that can influence ventilation includes which of the following? a. cerebral blood flow, pH, PaO2 b. Temperature, muscle metabolism, pH c. PAO2, PACO2, PaO2, PaCO2 d. pH, PACO2, temperature e. exercise intensity, PAO2, movement

b. Temperature, muscle metabolism, pH

On a hot day identical twins go out on a run together; one is heat acclimatized, the other is not. You can tell which twin is heat acclimatized because... a. The heat acclimatized twin drinks less water during the run. b. The heat acclimatized twin sweats more than the other twin c. The heat acclimatized twin will not be hyponatremic. d. The heat acclimatized twin is redder in the face following the run.

b. The heat acclimatized twin sweats more than the other twin

The term "fast-twitch" or "slow-twitch" is used to talk about what characteristic of the muscle fiber? a. Mitochondrial density b. The maximum rate at which they contract c. Which muscle are used to run fast or slow d. How quickly muscle soreness develops

b. The maximum rate at which they contract

A fit person agrees to help their unfit friend get in shape for the friend's wedding. When they go out running together on the shores of lake Michigan (12-minutes per mile), which person will have a higher heart rate? a. Fit person b. Unfit person c. Both will have same heart rate

b. Unfit person

The greatest rate of oxygen use by the body measured during severe dynamic exercise. a. VTmax b. VO2max c. SVmax d. HRmax e. VEmax

b. VO2max

The breakpoint at which pulmonary ventilation and carbon dioxide output begin to increase exponentially during an incremental exercise test. a. Carbonic threshold b. Ventilatory threshold c. Cholinergic threshold d. Lactate threshold e. Hypoxic threshold

b. Ventilatory threshold

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is: a. a pulmonary disease that manifests itself during prolonged hyperventilation. b. a constellation of symptoms that occurs shortly after arriving at altitude. c. a cardiovascular disease that manifests itself when PaCO2 decreases as a result of hyperventilation. d. getting nauseous when first arriving at altitude.

b. a constellation of symptoms that occurs shortly after arriving at altitude

In general, the higher the intensity of prolonged exercise above the lactate threshold, the greater the relative contribution of... a. PCr to produce ATP. b. glycolysis to produce ATP c. the Krebs cycle to produce ATP. d. the electron transport chain to produce ATP e. beta oxidation to produce ATP

b. glycolysis to produce ATP

Compared to type IIx muscle fibers, type I muscle fibers have a ___________ number of mitochondria, and predominantly rely on _______________ metabolism to produce ATP. a. lower, oxidative b. greater, oxidative c. greater, non-oxidative d. lower, non-oxidative

b. greater, oxidative

Three reasons why oxygen consumption remains elevated following exercise are: a. elevated pulmonary ventilation and heart rate, resynthesis of PCr stores and Krebs Cycle intermediates. b. lactate removal, restoration of muscle oxygen stores, elevated body temperature. c. resynthesis of PCr stores in muscle, depletion of metabolic CO2, elevated body temperature. d. elevated hormones, buffering of H+, elevated body temperature. e. elevated body temperature, maintenance of blood pressure, resynthesis of PCr stores.

b. lactate removal, restoration of muscle oxygen stores, elevated body temperature

As long as systemic blood pressure is maintained, local tissue blood flow is determined by: a. local blood pressure. b. local vascular resistance c. muscle pump. d. local blood volume.

b. local vascular resistance

When one initially arrives at altitude, the primary response is to hyperventilate. This helps minimize any decline in PaO2 by: a. increasing PvO2 b. minimizing the fall in PAO2 c. shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left. d. causing dehydration e. increasing PaO2

b. minimizing the fall in PAO2

When a person saunters (walking in a slow relaxed manner), they primarily recruit ________ motor units. When a person runs fast, they recruit _________ motor units. a. large, small b. small, all motor unit types c. large, all motor unit types d. slow, fast e. small, large

b. small, all motor unit types

If you were going to participate in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity next August, would it be beneficial to become heat acclimatized before you participate in that activity? a. No, because heat acclimatization only lasts for 8 to 12 hours, so unless your last acclimatization session is within 8 hours of the activity, no lasting benefit will be seen. b. yes, because heat acclimatization lowers the sweating threshold and increases sweat rate. c. Yes, because heat acclimatization improves VO2max and lactate threshold, so performance will inevitably improve. d. Yes, because heat acclimatization increases convective heat movement from the core to the skin. e. No, because heat acclimatization causes one to sweat more, removing electrolytes critical to muscle function

b. yes, because heat acclimatization lowers the sweating threshold and increases sweat rate.

During exercise, blood is shunted away from the kidney, liver, and GI tract. This shunting occurs as a result of: a. The increased muscle pump, reducing venous blood volume. b. Vasodilation in the exercising muscle sucks blood into the legs due to lower blood pressure in the exercising muscle. c. A shift in the balance between metabolism and vascular sympathetic activity toward greater sympathetic activity in the gut. d. Changes in the viscosity of the blood.

c. A shift in the balance between metabolism and vascular sympathetic activity toward greater sympathetic activity in the gut

Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea can stop breathing during their sleep for more than a minute at a time. During this time their drive to breathe increases until they can create enough pressure to overcome the resistance to airflow caused by the obstruction. What is the primary input to the respiratory centers that causes the sleeping individual to increase their drive to breathe? a. An increase in PAO2 b. A decrease in PACO2 c. An increase in PaCO2 d. An increase in temperature e. An increase in metabolism

c. An increase in PaCO2

Which factor below is the most influential in causing blood lactate concentration to be lower at moderate and high work rates in aerobically trained individuals? a. Because intramuscular Ca2+ levels are lower in trained individuals at these work rates. b. Because trained individuals have greater O2 delivery to muscles at these work rates. c. Because epinephrine levels are lower in trained individuals at these work rates. d. Because insulin levels are lower in trained individuals at these work rates.

c. Because epinephrine levels are lower in trained individuals at these work rates.

What are the effector organs and tissues that the brain targets in order to regulate body temperature? a. Blood vessels, digestive tract, sweat glands, thirst mechanism b. Blood vessels, thirst mechanism, endocrine glands, sweat glands c. Blood vessels, sweat glands, endocrine glands, skeletal muscle d. Blood vessels, thirst mechanism, skeletal muscle, sweat glands

c. Blood vessels, sweat glands, endocrine glands, skeletal muscle

Heat energy gets from the body core to the skin primarily via: a. Radiation b. Conduction c. Convection d. Countercurrent heat exchange e. Evaporation

c. Convection

Endurance training increases __________________ in type IIa fibers, making them function more like ______ fibers. a. the number of myosin; type IIx b. the speed of ATPase; type I c. number of mitochondria; type I d. the amount of actin; type Iix

c. number of mitochondria; type I

Melody Farrah is a 28 year-old nurse at a local free clinic. Though she doesn't have a particularly physically active lifestyle, she does her best to eat well, and never misses her yearly physical exam. She was intrigued when a local hospital recruited female volunteers for a study on the cardiovascular responses to exercise. Ms. Farrah met the study criteria (25-40 years old, no medications, normal BmI, normal blood pressure). She was selected for participation. Pre-exercise measurements wre taken. Ms. Farrah then walked on a motor-driven treadmill for 15 minutes at 4 km/hr, then for 15 more minutes at 6.5 km/hr. Her blood pressure, heart rate, minute ventilation, and body temperature were monitored continuously, and her arterial and venous PO2 and PCO2 were measured at the end of each 15-minutes period; What would happen to Ms. Farrah's minute ventilation at these same speeds after several months of endurance training? a. Her minute ventilation would increase in order to enhance the respiratory pump and venous return. b. Her minute ventilation would decrease because the oxidative capacity of her skeletal muscles will be higher, and thus a reduced pH signal to the central chemoreceptors. c. Her minute ventilation would decrease because there would be a greater Bohr shift, requiring less ventilation to deliver the same amount of oxygen. d. Her minute ventilation would increase because your motor cortex has learned to recruit more motor units within your pulmonary muscles.

c. Her minute ventilation would decrease because there would be a greater Bohr shift, requiring less ventilation to deliver the same amount of oxygen.

Endurance trained individuals have a lower VE during submaximal exercise. Which of the factors listed below is most likely to be a direct cause of the lower VE? a. Higher body temperature b. Lower PaCO2 c. Higher PaO2 d. Lower body temperature e. Lower PACO2

c. Higher PaO2

A decline in blood pH results in a(n) ________ in VE. a. Decrease b. No change c. Increase

c. Increase

Which choice below increase the muscular force produced by a skeletal muscle during movement? a. Increase the use of carbohydrate because fat metabolism takes much longer to generate ATP. b. Perform the movement as fast as possible. c. Increase the action potential frequency in each motor neuron recruited. d. Stop recruiting the small motor units and recruit the large motor units

c. Increase the action potential frequency in each motor neuron recruited.

What is the danger of hyperhydration (drinking too much water too quickly)? a. Increased acculumulation of fluid in the brain and limbs leading to periorbital or pitting limb edema. b. Increased accumulation of fluid in the kidney leading to renal failure and possible death. c. Increased accumulation of fluid in the brain causing cognitive impairment, seizure, and possibly death d. Dilution of electrolytes leading to muscle cramps, reduced cerebral perfusion, and possibly death.

c. Increased accumulation of fluid in the brain causing cognitive impairment, seizure, and possibly death

What happens to maximal ventilation (VEmax) after aerobic exercise training? a. It stays the same because maximal ventilation is not limiting factor for aerobic exercise. b. It increases due to greater alveolar volume that occurs with training. c. It increases due to greater recruitment of pulmonary muscles. d. It decreases to prevent exercise-incuced hypoxemia. e. It decreases because of the greater cardiac output moving through the pulmonary capillaries after training.

c. It increases due to greater recruitment of pulmonary muscles.

The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs each minute. a. Tidal volume b. Alveolar ventilation c. Minute ventilation d. Respiratory rate

c. Minute ventilation

If an individual is 28 years old and has a HR of 112 bpm, is this a maximal effort? a. Yes, because HR continued to rise throughout the test. b. Yes, because BP continued to rise throughout the test. c. No, because peak HR was too low. d. No, because peak BP was too low. e. Yes, because her ventilation continued to raise throughout the test.

c. No, because peak HR was too low.

The partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial tree. a. PO2 b. PbO2 c. PaO2 d. PAO2

c. PaO2

The forcing of blood from veins within the abdominal cavity into the veins in the thoracic cavity due to pressure oscillations during pulmonary ventilation. a. Cardiac output b. EDV c. Respiratory pump d. Muscle pump e. Venous return

c. Respiratory pump

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction of the left ventricle. a. Afterload b. Blood volume c. Stroke volume d. Pulmonary capillary blood flow e. Cardiac output

c. Stroke volume

When one trains at altitude, they typically have to train at lower absolute exercise intensities. Why? a. The absolute oxygen cost of the activity is greater at altitude compared to sea level. b. More blood flow is required for thermoregulation, so less is available for skeletal muscle. c. The oxygen cost of the activity represents a greater percentage of the individual's maximal oxygen consumption d. Both choice 1 and 3

c. The oxygen cost of the activity represents a greater percentage of the individual's maximal oxygen consumption

What factors cause the relative change in fat metabolism as exercise intensity increases? a. The LDH isoform in the muscle fibers recruited, a depletion of glycogen at higher exercise intensities, the greater efficiency of gluconeogenesis. b. The lack of oxygen availability at higher exercise intensities, the change in pH due to lactate accumulation, and the increased ventilatory work. c. The recruitment of type-II muscle fibers at higher exercise intensities, increases in epinephrine, and increases in lactic acid production d. Recruitment of type-II muscle fibers at higher exercise intensities, the preparation for EPOC, the decline in insulin levels as exercise intensity increases.

c. The recruitment of type-II muscle fibers at higher exercise intensities, increases in epinephrine, and increases in lactic acid production

What is the biggest danger of determining exercise intensity from age-predicted maximal heart rates? a. There may be error in measuring heart rate. b. You can't ensure that VO2 levels-off. c. There is a large amount of variability in age-related maximal heart rate, so there is a strong possibility of over- or under-estimating maximal heart rate. d. Work efficiency changes between low and high-intensity exercise, so you may underestimate VO2max.

c. There is a large amount of variability in age-related maximal heart rate, so there is a strong possibility of over- or under-estimating maximal heart rate

On the honeymoon, the bride and groom go running on the beach (12-minute per mile). They notice a snorkel lying on the sand. Thinking they might want to go snorkeling later that afternoon, they pick it up and resume running with the snorkel in their mouth. They notice almost immediately that they are breathing more deeply than before. Why has their tidal volume increased? a. The weight of the plastic snorkel increased the amount of work being done, so there was a corresponding increase in VE. b. The snorkel added resistance to breathing, therefore, the total work of breathing increases, which requires more blood flow to the respiratory muscles. c. There is increased dead space ventilation, so they must increase tidal volume to maintain alveolar volume. d. The snorkel increases circulating levels of epinephrine, which decreases pH, causing an increase in VE.

c. There is increased dead space ventilation, so they must increase tidal volume to maintain alveolar volume.

The rate at which blood flows back to the heart. a. VO2 b. Stroke volume c. Venous return d. Rate of contractility e. Heart rate f. Qc

c. Venous return

If you were going to participate in moderate to vigorous physical activity next August, would it be beneficial to improve your fitness? a. No, because increased fitness would improve your VO2max, which means you would exercise at a higher intensity, leading to greater metabolic heat production b. No, because fitness increases sweat rate, which would cause a greater loss of electrolytes. c. Yes, because you would begin to sweat earlier and sweat more, which would blunt the increase in body temperature. d. Yes, because you would sweat less, helping maintain plasma volume. e. No, because fitness has no effect on thermoregulation.

c. Yes, because you would begin to sweat earlier and sweat more, which would blunt the increase in body temperature

Acute mountain sickness is thought to be caused by: a. brain ischemia caused by the low PaO2 and blood flow associated with acute exposure to hypoxia. b. an exaggerated hyper ventilatory response which causes the pH in the brain to rapidly increase, drawing fluid out of the vascular space into the brain. c. an insufficient hyper ventilatory response which leads to fluid retention, resulting in the dilution of plasma proteins causing some of that fluid to move out of the vascular space into the soft tissues d. dehydration.

c. an insufficient hyper ventilatory response which leads to fluid retention, resulting in the dilution of plasma proteins causing some of that fluid to move out of the vascular space into the soft tissues

Temperature sensitive receptors that provide information to the central controller are located in: a. skin, medulla, and core b. muscle, core, and hypothalamus c. core, skin, and hypothalamus d. skin, muscle, and core

c. core, skin, and hypothalamus

In which position can the individual's biceps produce the most force? a. starting position (concentric) b. half-curled (isometric) c. fully-curled (eccentric)

c. fully-curled (eccentric)

The LDH isozyme that predominates in fast-twitch muscle favors the conversion of ________ to _______. a. lactate, pyruvate b. FFA, acetyl-CoA c. pyruvate, lactate d. acetyl-CoA, citrate e. pyruvate, acetyl-CoA

c. pyruvate, lactate

The central controller whithin the thermoregualtory pathway is: a. the pons b. the NTS c. the hypothalamus d. the medulla

c. the hypothalamus

An increase in [H+] within a local tissue would lead to: a. a decline in metabolism and vasoconstriction of local arterioles and precapillary sphincters. b. an increase in blood pressure. c. vasodilation of local arterioles and precapillary sphincters d. both choice 1 and 2

c. vasodilation of local arterioles and precapillary sphincters

The most important mode of heat transfer from the body to the environment during exercise is what? a. Conduction b. Radiation c. Countercurrent heat exchange d. Evaporation e. Convection

d. Evaporation

a liquid changing to its gaseous state due to an increase in the temperature of the liquid: a) convection b) radiation c) conduction d) evaporation

d) evaporation

Which of the reasons below best explains why exercise typically does not lead to weight loss? a. Compensatory behaviors like eating more the rest of the day. b. The relatively small number of calories burned during a typical bout of exercise. c. The automation of our activities of daily living. d. All of the above e. None of the above - exercise does usually lead to weight loss

d. All of the above

Melody Farrah is a 28 year-old nurse at a local free clinic. Though she doesn't have a particularly physically active lifestyle, she does her best to eat well, and never misses her yearly physical exam. She was intrigued when a local hospital recruited female volunteers for a study on the cardiovascular responses to exercise. Ms. Farrah met the study criteria (25-40 years old, no medications, normal BmI, normal blood pressure). She was selected for participation. Pre-exercise measurements wre taken. Ms. Farrah then walked on a motor-driven treadmill in an air-conditioned room for 15 minutes at 4 km/hr, then for 15 more minutes at 6.5 km/hr. Her blood pressure, heart rate, minute ventilation, and body temperature were monitored continuously, and her arterial and venous PO2 and PCO2 were measured at the end of each 15-minutes period; What would have been different if she performed the test in a hot room? a. Her venous PCO2 would be lower. b. Her minute ventilation would be lower. c. Her PaO2 would be lower d. Her blood pressure would be lower.

d. Her blood pressure would be lower.

Reduced delivery of oxygen to the body a. Ventilatory threshold b. Hypoxemia c. Hyperventilation d. Hypoxia

d. Hypoxia

How does increased pulmonary ventilation reduce blood pH? a. It promotes the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA rather than lactate. b. It increases the amount of bicarbonate in the blood. c. It increases blood flow which increases the uptake of lactate by the liver. d. It decreases PaCO2 promoting the conversion of hydrogen ion to carbon dioxide.

d. It decreases PaCO2 promoting the conversion of hydrogen ion to carbon dioxide.

Which of the reasons below best explains how exercise can be used to prevent or manage diabetes? a. Exercise leads to weight loss, which improves insulin sensitivity. b. The increased ATP use during exercise reduces intracellular glucose concentration. This increases the diffusion gradient, causing glucose to more rapidly diffuse into the muscle cell. c. The stress of exercise leads to increased insulin production, which leads to greater glucose uptake by the tissues of the body. d. Muscle contraction stimulates the translocation of glucose transporter proteins, which facilitate diffusion of glucose through the cell membrane.

d. Muscle contraction stimulates the translocation of glucose transporter proteins, which facilitate diffusion of glucose through the cell membrane

Which energy pathway is used mainly to produce ATP during 5 seconds of all out exercise? a. glycolysis b. ETC c. Kreb's cycle d. PCr-ATP

d. PCr-ATP

Which of the following individuals would most likely show the greatest strength and muscle mass gains following several months of high resistance weight training? a. Person 1: 70% Type I; 20% Type IIa; 10% Type IIx b. Person 2: 45% Type I; 10% Type IIa; 45% Type IIx c. Person 3: 33% Type I; 33% Type IIa; 33% Type IIx d. Person 4: 10% Type I; 20% Type IIa; 70% Type IIx

d. Person 4: 10% Type I; 20% Type IIa; 70% Type IIx

While several environmental factors work together to influence heat dissipation from the body, which factor is most important when determining if it is sage to exercise outside? a. Wind chill b. Temperature c. Total environmental radiation d. Relative humidity

d. Relative humidity

The hypothalamic drive at which sweating begins to increase exponentially a. 40 degrees Celsius b. Metabolic Threshold c. Sweat Rate d. Sweat Threshold

d. Sweat Threshold

As exercise intensity increases, what happens to the relative contribution of fat compared to carbohydrate metabolism? a. The relative contribution of fat as a fuel becomes less because you begin to deplete carbohydrate, which also reduces fat metabolism. b. The relative contribution of fat as a fuel becomes greater because you need more ATP, and you get more ATP from each gram of fat, so burning fat at higher intensities is more efficient. c. The relative contribution of fat as a fuel becomes greater because you begin to deplete your glycogen stores, and must rely on fat as the primary substrate. d. The relative contribution of fat as a fuel become less because as exercise intensity increases you recruit more fast-twitch muscle fibers which are primarily glycolytic, and thus rely on carbohydrate as a metabolic substrate.

d. The relative contribution of fat as a fuel become less because as exercise intensity increases you recruit more fast-twitch muscle fibers which are primarily glycolytic, and thus rely on carbohydrate as a metabolic substrate.

Blood flow through a tissue bed is directly proportional to: a. rate-pressure product (i.e. double product) b. blood volume c. vascular resistance d. blood pressure gradient

d. blood pressure gradient

In order for blood flow to be regulated independently within each organ or tissue bed ________ is regulated systemically, and ________ is regulated locally. a. vascular resistance; hematocrit b. viscosity; arterial diameter c. blood volume; mitochondrial density d. blood pressure; vascular resistance

d. blood pressure; vascular resistance

Of the choices listed below which is the first to action to occur in generating a muscle contraction? a. binding of ATP to myosin b. Ca2+ reuptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum c. binding of Ca2+ to tropomyosin d. propagation of motor neuron action potential via t-tubules

d. propagation of motor neuron action potential via t-tubules

The primary stimulus causing the ventilatory response seen during acute hypoxia is: a. the decline in PaCO2 sensed by the central chemoreceptors b. the lower PbO2 which lowers resistance to movement of air in and out of lungs c. a decrease in pH caused by the shift toward anaerobic metabolism d. the decline in PACO2 sensed by the arterial chemoreceptors e. the decline in PaO2 sensed by the arterial chemoreceptors.

d. the decline in PACO2 sensed by the arterial chemoreceptors

The volume of gas that reaches the respiratory zone of the lungs. a. Arterial ventilation b. Respiratory ventilation c. Minute ventilation d. Dead space ventilation e. Alveolar ventilation

e. Alveolar ventilation

When outside on a hot day, why do we feel cooler when a breeze blows? a. Convection at the skin surface is greater, moving away hot, saturated air. b. Radiation from environment to sin is less due to the wind deflecting heat waves. c. Conduction is increased due to a greater heat gradient between skin and environment. d. Evaporation is greater because moist air is replaced with dryer air by the wind. e. Both Choice 1 and 4 f. Both Choice 1and 2

e. Both Choice 1 and 4

During resistance training, the initial strength gains are primarily due to what? a. Shift in fiber composition from Iix to IIa b. Muscle fiber hypertrophy c. Muscle fiber hyperplasia d. Decreased intramuscular fat e. Increased motor unit recruitment

e. Increased motor unit recruitment

Rank each one of the energy systems (glycolysis, PCr-ATP, Krebs/ETC) in order from fastest to slowest rate of ATP production. a. Krebs/ETC, PCr-ATP, glycolysis b. Glycolysis, PCr-ATP, Krebs/ETC c. PCr-ATP, Krebs/ETC, glycolysis d. Gycolysis, Krebs/ETC, PCr-ATP e. PCr-ATP, glycolysis, Krebs/ETC

e. PCr-ATP, glycolysis, Krebs/ETC

The oxygen cost of a given task (same absolute workload) at altitude: a. depends on the type of exercise (cycling stays the same, running is greater) b. is lower due to reduced air density reducing the coefficient of drag c. is less due to the reliance on anaerobic metabolism d. is greater than at sea level e. remains about the same as at sea level

e. remains about the same as at sea level