Physiology Lab Quiz #3

What is the normal measurement of arterial carbon dioxide levels

40 mm Hg

A solution with a H+ concentration of 10^-9 molar has a pH of

9

A pulmonary function test for obstructive disorders is

A FEV test

An abnormally long P-R interval indicates a condition called

AV blockage

The first heart sound (Lub) is caused by

AV valves closing

Hypoventilation produced a condition called respiratory

Acidosis

Hyperventilation produces a condition called respiratory

Alkalosis

Passive immunizations involve injecting a person exposed to a pathogen with serum containing antibodies, called antiserum or antitoxin. Antiserum is developed by injecting an animal with a pathogen. What happens in that animal? What are the benefits and shortcomings of passive immunization compared to active immunization

An animal injected with a pathogen is exposed directly to the pathogen and will develop lymphocyte clones (active immunity) that will produce large concentrations of specific antibodies circulating in the plasma portion of its blood. The antibody-enriched plasma (antitoxin or antiserum) can then be removed

Molecules that activate the immunt system are called

Antigens

How are the Korotkoff sounds produced? When do you hear the first Korotkoff sound? When do you hear the last Korotkoff sound? Explain why this is true of the first and last sounds.

As the inflated cuff is allowed to deflate slowly, the initial turbulent flow through the cuff will begin producing the first (Korotkoff) sound when the cuff pressure is equal to the systolic pressure. When the cuff pressure equals the diastolic pressure the artery is no longer compressed, laminar flow is restored and no more sounds are detected

The scientific term for listening carefully (as with a stethoscope) is a

Asculation

An example of a obstructive disorder

Asthema

What is the P wave

Atrial depolarization

Antibodies are produced by ____ lymphocytes

B

What leukocyte is the rarest white blood cell

Basophil

The second heart sound occurs at the (beginning or end) of diastole

Beginning

An abnormally slow rate is called

Bradycardia

The free bicarbonate in the plasma serves as the major ___ in the blood.

Buffer

The conducting tissue of the heart located in the interventricular septum is the

Bundle of HIS

The enzyme in red blood cells that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid is

Carbonic anhydrase

The arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to two factors

Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

White blood cells leave capillaries by a process called

Diapedesis

The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the cuff pressure equals the _______ pressure

Diastole

The first heart sound (Lub) is correlated with which ECG wave

End of QRS

The second heart sound (dub) is correlated with which ECG wave

End of T

What leukocyte has granules with affinity for red stain

Eosinophil

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a normal expiration

Expiratory reserve volume

The electrical synapses between adjacent myocardial cells are called

Gap junctions

Abnormal heart sounds are called

Heart murmurs

Suppose a person's blood pressure is 168/112. What condition does this person have?

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

When a donor has actual marrow withdrawn, red marrow is collected under general anesthesia through a needle placed into what bone

Ilium of the pelvis

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

Inspiratory reserve volume

Does your chest expand because your lungs inflate or do your lungs inflate because your chest expands?

Lungs inflate. According to Boyle's law increased volume creates pressure lower than atmosphereic pressure. As a result atmospheric air exerting so pressure pushes in causing them to inflate

What leukocyte is agranular with round nucleus, little cytoplasam

Lymphocyte

Base

Molecule that can accept H+/ produced OH-

Acid

Molecule that can donate free H+ ions

What leukocyte is agranular and phagocytic

Monocyte

What leukocyte is a polymorphonuclear with poorly staining granules

Neutrophil

The major phagocytic white blood cells are the

Neutrophils

Can you measure the residual volume and total lung volume by spirometry? Explain. Also, explain how the residual volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity change with age.

No recuasse residual volume cannot be exhaled and total lung capacity inlcudes residual volume. These values can be estimated by multiplying age- dependent factor times vital capacity. All values decline with age.

Category of pulmonary disorders in which the alveoli are normal but there is an abnormally high resistance to air flow

Obstructive disorders

Distinguish between obstructive and restrictive disoders. Explain how spirometry aids in their diagnosis.

Obstructive is abnoramlly high resistance to airflow through the bronchioles due to such condtions as mucus. Vital capacity is normal, FEV is low. Restrictive occur when alveoli are adversely affected by diease. Vital capacity is reduced but FEV=normal.

Which ECG wave must occur before the ventricles can contract

P

The specific nerve that, when stimulated, causes a decrease in the cardiac rate is the

Parasympathetic fibers

The ECG wave completed just before the end of ventricular diastole is the ___ wave

Q

Which ECG wave must occur before the ventricles can relax

QRS

Explain how quiet exhalation is accomplished, and compare this to forced exhalation. Which spirometry measurements indicate quiet and forced exhalation?

Quiet exhalation is generally passive relaxtion of the diaphragm and external to intercostal muscles cause the thorax to resume its original volume. The air pressure in lungs rise resulting in exhalation, which is seen as TV. During forced exhalation the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract decreasing thoracic volume to a lower level than that achieved in normal exhalation. The ERV would be recruited.

The ECG wave that occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole is the ___ wave

R

Amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration

Residual volume

The pacemaker region of the heart is the

Right atrium; SA node

The second heart sound is caused by

Semilunar valves closing

The scientific name of the device used to take a blood pressure reading is the

Sphygmomanometer

What is meant by the "splitting" of the heart sounds? What can cause this splitting?

Splitting of the heart sounds refers to hearing two separate components to the lub (first sound) and/or the dub (second sound). This is caused by deep inspiration promoting an increase in venous return and the separate closure of the two AV valves or separate closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves to handle the increased volume.

Leads 1, 2, and 3 are collectively called the ___________ ____________ leads

Standard limb

The nerve that increases the rate of discharge of the SA node is a ______ _______ nerve

Sympathetic fibers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle (systole or diastole) does the first heart sound occur?

Systole

When blood pressure measurements are taken, the first sound of Korotkoff occurs when the cuff pressure equals the ________ pressure

Systolic

Suppose a person's blood pressure is 168/112. What is their systolic and diastolic pressure?

Systolic: 168 Diastolic: 112

Cell-mediated immunity is provided by ___ lymphocytes

T

The ECG wave that occurs at the end of systole and the beginning of diastole is the ___ wave

T

Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity, identifying the cells involved, their orgin, and their functions

T cells (lymphocytes) provide cell-mediated immunity, with some secreting lymphokines, whereas others either serve as helper, supressor, or killer T cells in the immune response. T cells are either derived from or had an ancestor cell that came from the thymus gland. By contrast, B cells originate from the bone marrow (B as in bursa). When activated, B cells can be transformed into antibody-secreting plasma cells that provide humoral immunity

An abnormally fast rate of beat is called

Tachycardia

Describe the pathway of conduction from the atria to the ventricles and correlate this conduction with the ECG waves?

The P wave occurs between the SA node and AV node. While the QRS occurs throughout the AV bundle, R & L bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

Using a complete cause-and-effect sequence, explain the correlation of the heart sounds with ECG waves

The QRS wave represents ventricular depolarization. When the ventricles depolarize they are stimulated to contract, causing pressure to rise in the ventricles and the AV valves to close simultaneously, with vibrations that produce the first heart sound. The T wave represents ventricular repolarization. When the ventricles repolarize electrically they begin to relax mechanically, causing the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves to close simultaneously, with vibrations that produce the second heart sound

What property makes the normal pacemaker region of the heart function as a pacemaker?

The SA node fibers serves as the pacemaker of the heart because they open special ion channels and undergo spontaneous depolarization faster than any other fibers in the heart

Describe the clonal selection theory, and explain how it accounts for the ability to defend against subsequent exposure to a particular antigen

The clonal selection theory proposes that a specific antigen molecule activates the immune system by recognizing and binding with a type of specific receptor protein located on the membrane of a circulating lymphocyte. This bonding stimulates the lymphocyte to divide numerous times, producing a large population of genetically identical cells (a clone). Such a lymphocyte clone is produced, therefore, by prior exposure to the antigen and takes weeks or months to occur. Subsequent exposure to that particular antigen causes B cell clones to develop into plasma cells that secrete large numbers of antibody molecules in the plasma. These specific antibodies then may rapidly destroy the invading bacteria, thus providing specific humoral immunity against those bacteria. By contrast, T cells require moving into close proximity with their victim cells in order to destroy them, thus providing specific cell-mediated immunity

How is it possible to donate stem cells from bone marrow by simply giving blood (peripheral blood stem cell collection, PBSC, or "apheresis")

The donor has one IV in one arm and another IV in the other arm, blood is taken out of one arm, then the blood goes into a machine that separates the blood and the stem cells, and the blood goes back into the donor through the other IV

Donors have peripheral blood stem cell collection (PBSC), rather than a red marrow donation, are given injections of a protein called filgrastim once a day for five days. Why?

The injections help the donor's body produce more stem cells in the bone marrow so there will be more cells ready for collection

How is the pulse calculated, and how does its value relate to the pulse? Also, describe how the mean arterial pressure is calculated, and explain it significance

The position of the arm directly affects the measurement of diastolic pressure partially due to the effect of gravity.

Describe Boyle's low and how inhalation and exhalation follow from this law. Identify the muscles involved in quiet inhalation and those additionally required for forced inhalation. Which spirometry measurements indicate the extent of quiet and forced inhalation?

The pressure of gas is inversely proportional too its volume. During inhalation air is pushed into the lungs by the greater pressure of atmospheric pressure and air is pushed out of the lungs. Normal ventilation is regulated by the action of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. Forced inhalation recruits other muscles such as scalers. Quiet= tidal volume, forced= normal as inspiratory capacity

Active immunizations involve the exposure of a person to a pathogen whose virulence (ability to cause disease) has been reduced without altering its antigenicity (nature of its antigens). How do you think this might be accomplished? What are the benefits and dangers of this procedure?

The virulence, or ability to cause disease, of an organism depends upon the agent's ability to invade and reproduce inside the host. Any method that would kill the pathogenic organism or prevent it from multiplying would work. Exposing the pathogenic organisms to ionizing radiation or to hypertonic solutions are examples of methods that may be used to kill pathogenic organisms. The integrity of the specific antigen protein molecules present within the membranes of the organism, however, must be preserved intact. We have learned that exposure to a pathogen with reduced or no virulence has the same antigenicity as the fully virulent pathogen and thus allows the exposed immune system to become sensitized to those antigens. These antigens, when introduced into the host could then stimulate the immune system and provide a strong defense against any subsequent exposure to that pathogen. The dangers of this procedure lie in the fact that not all pathogens treated would die and that administration to individuals as an immunization may introduce live pathogens, causing illness

What is the QRS wave

Ventricular depolarization

What is the T wave

Ventricular repolarization

Describe what is meant by "laminar flow" and "turbulent flow". Before you inflate a cuff, which term more closely describes the blood in the brachial artery? Explain.

Vibrations due to the turbulent flow of blood in a partially compressed artery cause Korotkoff sounds. Before the cuff is inflated, arterial blood flows in a smooth layered, or laminar pattern. The absence of turbulence results in silent blood flow. When the pressure in the sphygmomanometer cuff partially compresses the artery, the narrowing of the lumen creates turbulent blood flow and the vibrations produced are characterized as Korotkoff sounds.

The sounds of Korotkoff are produced by

Vibrations in a partially compressed artery

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

Vital capacity

When a person's lungs are ventilated by a tank of gas, the technique is known as intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB). Analyzing this term, explain how this technique inflates the lungs for inspiration and deflates the lungs for expiration.

When the chest open the lungs will collapse due to greater atmospheric pressure. Positive pressure must be used to force in air. The expiration phase is passive as the IPPB device intermittently stops the positive pressure inflow and lungs collapse due to greater atompsheric pressure.

What is the difference between yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow

Yellow bone marrow is a enriched fat that does not make blood and red bone marrow is in the axial akeleton and makes the bodies blodds

Explain how the heart sounds are normally produced, and describe some of the conditions that can cause heart murmurs

heart sounds are normally produced by pressure changes causing two valves of the heart to close simultaneously, producing vibrations that can be heard with a stethoscope. The first heart sound, "lub," is caused by the closure of the right and left atrioventricular valves. The second heart sound, "dub," is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves. Heart murmurs are caused by structural defects in the valves that affect the pattern of blood flow through the heart. Abnormal patterns of blood flow produced by defective valves can cause abnormal vibrations and thus abnormal heart sounds that can be heard by auscultation. Heart murmurs may be caused by an irregularity in a valve, a septal defect, or the persistent fetal opening (foramen ovale) between the right and left atria after birth.

The scientific term for insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle is

myocardial ischemia

Alkalosis

pH > 7.45

Acidosis

pH< 7.35