Physiology of Taste and Smell

which of the following are included in the primary sensations of smell? (choose all that apply) camphoraceous musky floral peppermint ethereal pungent putrid

all of them

Rank in order of most sensitive to least sensitive (two will be tied) salty sweet bitter salty

bitter (0.000008M) sour (0.0009M) salty and sweet (0.01M)

mature taste cells lie toward the (center or outside) of the bud lifespan of taste cells in animals is ____ days

center, 10 days

true or false: taste is more important than smell for the selection of food

false, smell is more important

true or false: phenomenon of taste preference results from some mechanism in taste receptors

false: comes from mechanism located in the CNS

at low concentrations, taste buds usually respond to _____ of the five primary taste stimuli at high concentrations, taste buds usually respond to _____ of the five primary taste stimuli

low- one of the five high- 2 or more

taste cells are (negatively or positively) charged inside of cell? taste cells become (hyperpolarized or depolarized) after application of a taste substance?

negatively, depolarized

taste buds are made up of what type of cells?

stratified squamous epithelium

True or false: taste and smell are both strongly tied to primitive emotional and behavioral functions of our nervous system

true

smell adapts about ____% in the first second, thereafter it adapts very little and very slowly

50%

Matching: A. 1st order neurons B. 2nd order neurons C. 3rd order neurons 1. synapse at nucleus of solitary tract 2. synapse at ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus 3. synapse at lower type of postcentral gyrus in the parietal cerebral cortex

A-1 B-2 C-3

Matching: A. very old system B. less old system C. newer system 1. automatic but partially learned control of food intake 2. basic olfactory reflexes 3. conscious perception and analysis of olfaction

A-2 B-1 C-3

Matching: A. sour B. salty C. sweet D. bitter E. umami 1. ionized salts (Na, K, Cl) 2. hydrogen ions 3. nitrogen, alkaloids 4. L-glutamate 5. organic chemicals (carbon rich)

A-2 B-1 C-5 D-3 E-4

Matching: A. circumvallate papillae B. fungiform papillae C. foliate papillae 1. flat anterior surface of tongue 2. located in the folds along the lateral surfaces of the tongue 3. form a V line on the surface of posterior tongue

A-3 B-1 C-2

matching (one answer will be used twice) A. salty B. sour C. sweet D. bitter 1. activate second-messengers 2. opening of hydrogen ion channels 3. opening of sodium ion channels

A-3 B-2 C and D-1

Matching: A. adrenalectomized animals B. animals give excessive amounts of insulin C. parathyroidectomized animals 1. choose drinking water with high concentrations of calcium chloride 2. choose the sweetest food 3. choose drinking water rich in sodium chloride

A-3 B-2 C-1

What taste accounts for the majority of the receptors on the tongue? A. sweet B. sour C. salty D. bitter E. unami

C. salty

Sense of smell is least understood because: A. its a subjective phenomenon B. its poorly developed in humans C. it cannot be studied using lower animals D. all of the above E. Both A and B

D. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a type of papillae found on the tongue? A. circumvallate B. fungiform C. foliate D. sustenacular

D. sustenacular (these are supporting cells on the taste bud)