Physiology test #1

Excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion? A) Movement of sodium from the intestines to the bloodstream. B) Movement of glucose from the kidney to the blood stream. C) Movement of potassium from kidney cells into one's urine. D) Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin. E) Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream.

D

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a dependent variable? A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate E) More than one of the answers is correct.

D

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to....

Quickly restore body conditions to normal.

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system Order these from smallest to largest.

4 2 1 3 6 5

Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the process of a scientific inquiry: 1. Experimental data 2. Theory 3. Model 4. Observation 5. Hypothesis 6. replication

4 5 1 6 3 2

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. Which type of graph would be best to display this information? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

A

A placebo is?

A drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.

Why is it necessary to label the axes of a graph?

A graph with no axis labels is meaningless—without knowing what trend is being illustrated, there is no communication of scientific information.

What is the difference between a peer-reviewed article and a review article?

A peer-reviewed article describes original research by one author (or group of authors working together) that has gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientists evaluate the work. A review article is a summary (usually a collection of published research that was previously peer-reviewed, usually from more than one independent lab) that discusses a particular topic in the field.

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. Which type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

B

Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the A) importance of a highly variable external environment. B) physiological functions that promote an organism's survival. C) ability of an organism to monitor and restore its internal state to normal conditions when necessary. D) similarities between ancient and modern marine organisms. E) parameters necessary to maintain a constant internal environment.

B

Which of the following systems does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments? A) respiratory system B) circulatory system C) digestive system D) urinary system E) All of the above.

B

You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation? A) Ask.com B) MedlinePlusPubMed C) public library D) physiology textbook E) a physician

B

Individuals with Type I diabetes do not make enough insulin. Which of the following would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body? A) Cells need insulin because glucose will not cross the cell membrane. B) Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose transport. C) Insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane. D) Since all cells need glucose, insulin is required. E) Without insulin most cells in the body would be unable to produce enough ATP.

C

The human environment is terrestrial, dry, and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kind of scientific endeavor? A) mechanistic B) translational C) teleological D) anatomical E) meterological

C

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

C

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable? A) age of subjects B) sex of subjects C) intensity of exercise D) heart rate E) More than one of the answers is correct.

C

A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ______________ study.

Crossover

A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ______________ medicine.

Evidence based

Which of the following us a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body?

Extracellular fluid

Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body. True or false?

False

Which of the following is one of the Cannon's "internal secretions"? A. Hormones B. Nutrients C. Water D. Inorganic Ions

Hormones

A scientifically logical guess is a?

Hypothesis

Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured (example: each square represents one centimeter)?

If this is not done, a trend would be obscured or even misrepresented.

What is a nocebo effect?

It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed.

"Glucose is transported fro, blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin" This type of explanation is?

Mechanistic

A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies?

Meta-analysis

Sarah has just flown around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition known as insomnia. How do you think Sarah's long flights and her insomnia are related to biological rhythms?

Our sleep-wake cycle is a biological rhythm that lets our body know when it is time to rest. Most likely Sarah has ignored the signals like sleepiness, changes in body temperature, and mood that her body is sending. By ignoring these rhythms she has disrupted the cycle and the body is struggling to maintain homeostasis.

The study of body function in a disease state is?

Pathophysiology

How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called?

Pharmacogenomics

The internet database for molecular, cellular and physiological information is called the _______________ project.

Physiome

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does this oxytocin trigger?

Positive feedback

You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new drug treatment for hypertension. In your study of this drug's efficacy in treating hypertension, your subjects are white males, ages 40 to 60 years. Is your study applicable to all people? Explain.

Possibly, but not necessarily. There are gender differences in appropriate therapies because of physiological effects of higher testosterone in males compared to females, for example. Drugs are often not tested in children, and children also have a different hormonal environment than adults (again, sex hormones are a good example, because their levels are low until just before the onset of puberty). There are also racial differences in effectiveness of therapies, and while it is a contentious issue as to whether these represent genetic or socioeconomic influences, they should be considered.

What is the major problem with the deconstructionist view of biology?

Return to the topic of function and process. The deconstructionist view of biology predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the human genome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. In reality, it is possible to know HOW a gene codes for a particular protein without knowing WHY that protein exists. Our knowledge of the human genome is only a piece of the puzzle.

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs" This type of explanation is?

Teleological

Physiology is the study of _________________.

The normal function of living organisms.

Explain why the prefix homeo- is used in the term homeostasis. Why do some physiologists prefer the term homeodynamics over homeostasis?

The prefix homeo-, meaning like or similar, is used to indicate that the body's internal environment is maintained within a range of acceptable values rather than a fixed state. Some physiologists argue that the term homeodynamics better reflects the small but constant changes that continuously take place in the internal environment, as opposed to homeostasis, which erroneously implies lack of change.

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What would the labels be for the graph axes?

The x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What would the labels be for the graph axes?

The x-axis is race number or date; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. What are the labels for the graph axes?

The x-axis is vitamin dose; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.

High cholesterol levels have been shown to be a contributing factor to heart disease and death due to cardiovascular disease for many decades. In the 1970s, scientists used this information to develop a hypothesis that giving a medicine to reduce blood cholesterol levels could reduce the chances of developing cardiovascular disease or dying from cardiovascular disease. They tested a group of people living in a town called Framingham, Massachusetts. This study became known as the Framingham Study, and it is very well known because it did not support the hypothesis that giving cholesterol-lowering medications would reduce the risk of developing or dying from cardiovascular disease. Does this mean that high cholesterol is not a risk factor for heart disease? What does this demonstrate about the scientific process, especially as it pertains to human studies? You can find a copy of the study online and read it, if necessary.

This demonstrates the difficulty in doing human research because, even though elevated cholesterol levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, reducing cholesterol levels without addressing the reason those levels were high in the first place may not have the expected effect on reducing heart disease. Human testing on hypotheses is important because humans don't always respond to treatments like other animals do, they may actually respond quite differently and each person may respond differently from the rest. It is why we need to test each hypothesis in circumstances as similar to the actual real group that would be treated.

Why are physiology and anatomy frequently studied together?

This is discussed in the "Physiology Is an Integrative Science" section of the chapter

The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of ______________.

nature

If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a ________________

theory