Pilot Qualifications + Airworthiness Requirements
What 2 conditions must be met for an aircraft to be considered airworthy?
1. aircraft must conform to its type design Conformity to type design is attained when the required and proper components are installed to be consistent with the drawings, specifications, and other data that are part of the Type Certificate. Conformity includes applicable STCs and field-approval alterations. 2. aircraft must be in condition for safe operation -referring to the condition of the aircraft with relation to wear and deterioration.
What 3 basic areas does operational control involve?
1. flight crew 2. aircraft 3. flight management
During the preflight inspection in an aircraft that doesn't have a MEL, you notice that an instrument or equipment item is inoperative. Can you still fly? (14 CFR 91.213(d), FAA-H-8083-25)
*◦ If the aircraft has an approved MEL, then I would follow the procedures outlined. -If the aircraft does not have an MEL, then to fly with a specific inoperative equipment (VSI), the following conditions must be met: 1. Is it on the list of required equipment (ATOMATOFLAMES)? • If no, then...next 2. Is it required for the Type Certificate? • If no, then.... 3. Is it required on the Kinds of Operation List? • If no, then... 4. Is it required by an AD? • If no, then... 5. Do I feel that I can fly safely without it? If yes, then I would: • 1. Deactivate and placard it. • 2. Have it removed and update the weight and balance data.
What are several examples of non-common carriage operations that involve the transportation of persons or property and may involve compensation, but are conducted under Part 91? (14 CFR 91.501)
1) Flights conducted by the operator of an airplane for the operator's own personal transportation, or the transportation of guests. 2) Carriage of company officials, employees, and guests on an airplane operated under a time sharing, interchange, or joint ownership agreement. 3) Carriage of property (except mail) incidental to business (limited compensation for expenses). 4) Carriage of a group (with common purpose) when there is no charge, assessment, or fee. 5) Fractional ownership.
Eligibility for BasicMed Privileges
1) either hold or have held a valid medical certificate after July 14, 2006 *the medical certificate may be expired but cannot have been suspended or revoked 2) must have visited their primary care physician within the preceding 28 calendar months/ 2 years
What 4 elements define common carrier?
1. A holding out or a willingness 2. to transport persons or property 3.. from place to place 4. for compensation or hire.
What are the four elements in defining common carrier?
1. A holding out or a willingness 2. to transport persons or property 3.. from place to place 4. for compensation or hire.
What are the two basic types of certificates issued to applicants under Part 119? (14 CFR 119.5, Order 8900.1)
1. Air Carrier Certificate 2. Operating Certificate
What are the eligibility requirements for a Commercial Pilot (airplane) Certificate? (14 CFR 61.123)
1. Be at least 18 years of age. 2. Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. 3. Hold at least a private pilot certificate. 4. Hold at least a current Third Class Medical Certificate. 5. Received the required ground and flight training endorsements. 6. Pass the required knowledge and practical tests. 7. Meet the aeronautical experience requirements.
What are the 2 types of ADs?
1. Emergency ADs (urgent) -require immediate compliance prior to further flight 2. Regular Airworthiness Directives (less urgent) -required compliance is within a specific period of time
What is a special flight permit typically issued for?
1. Flying an aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations or maintenance are to be performed, or to a point of storage 2. Delivering or exporting an aircraft. 3. Production flight testing new-production aircraft. 4. Evacuating aircraft from areas of impending danger. 5. Conducting customer demonstration flights in new-production aircraft that have satisfactorily completed production flight tests.
What information must each person enter for each flight or lesson logged?
1. General • date; total flight time or lesson time 2. Type of pilot experience or training • solo; pilot-in-command; second-in-command 3. Conditions of flight • day or nighday or night
Aircraft Categories in relation to size and maneuverability of the aircraft as listed under CFR 14
1. Normal Category 2. Utility Category 3. Acrobatic 4. Commuter 5. Experimental 6. Light Sport 7. Limited Category 9. Primary 10. Restricted 11. Transport
What are the three types of operations that require a Part 119 certificate? (14 CFR 119.5)
1. Operations as a direct air carrier. 2. Operations as a U.S. commercial operator. 3. Operations when common carriage is not involved as an operator of U.S. registered civil airplanes with a seat configuration of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 pounds or more (Part 125).
BasicMed Limitations
1. fly with no more than 5 passengers 2. fly an aircraft with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of no more than 6,000 lbs 3. fly an aircraft that is authorized to carry no more than 6 occupants 4. flights within the United States, at an indicated airspeed of 250 knots or less, and at an altitude at or below 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL). 5. you may not fly for compensation or hire
How does a pilot determine if an aircraft conforms to its approved type design and is in a condition for safe operation?
1. pilot must determine that the maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alternations have been performed in accordance with parts 21,43, and 91 2. preflight inspection
What are the requirements to act as PIC of a complex airplane?
1. received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or ect. 2. receive a one-time endorsement in the pilots logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies that you are proficient to operate a complex aircraft
What are the flight experience requirements to act as PIC of a high-performance aircraft? (14 CFR 61.31)
1. received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or ect. 2. been found proficient in the operation and systems of that airplane 3. receive a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operating a high performance airplane
For an aircraft with an approved MEL, explain the decision sequence a pilot would use after discovering the position lights are inoperative. (FAA-H-8083-25)
1. the pilot would make an entry in the maintenance record or discrepancy record 2. the item is then either repaired or deferred in accordance with the MEL. 3. confirm that daytime flight with inoperative position lights is acceptable in accordance with the provisions of the MEL 4. the pilot would leave the position lights switch OFF 5. open the circuit breaker (or whatever action is called for in the procedures document) 6. placard the position light switch as INOPERATIVE.
What are the 4 primary components of common carriage?
1. willingness or holding out 2. transport persons or property 3. from place to place 3. for compensation or hire
Operations require the issuance of an Operating Certificate that are conducted under what Part?
125 or 135, depending on the type of aircraft, seating configuration, and payload capacity.
What are the four types of operations that do not involve common carriage? (14 CFR 110.2, 119.3)
14 CFR §119.3: 1. Non-common carriage. 2. Operations in which persons or cargo are transported without compensation or hire. 3. Operations not involving the transportation of persons or cargo. 4. Private carriage.
When exercising PIC privileges of a Commercial Pilot which medical certificate must you hold?
2nd Class Medical
When does aircraft registration certificate expire?
3 years, a temporary certificate of registration is valid for no more than 90 days after the date the applicants signs the application
Are their commercial operations that a commercial pilot could conduct that do not require the issuance of a Part 119 certificate? (14 CFR Part 119.1)
A Part 119 certificate is not required when conducting: 1. Student Instruction. 2. Non-stop commercial air tours (14 CFR §119.1(e)(2) 3. Ferry or training flights. 4. Crop dusting, seeding, spraying, or bird chasing. 5. Banner towing. 6. Aerial photography or survey. 7. Firefighting. 8. Powerline or pipeline patrol. 9. Carrying persons for the purpose of intentional parachute operations. 10. Emergency mail service. 11. Carriage of candidates in elections (14 CFR §91.321).
Commercial Operator
A commercial operator is a person who, for compensation or hire, engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property, other than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part 375.
AAV1ATE
A nnual inspection within the preceding 12 calendar months(14 CFR §91.409) A irworthiness Directives and life-limited parts complied with as required (14 CFR §§91.403, 91.417) V OR equipment check every 30 days (for IFR ops) (14 CFR §91.171) 1 00-hour inspection, if used for hire or flight instruction in aircraft CFI provides (14 CFR §91.409) A ltimeter, altitude reporting equipment, and static pressure systems tested and inspected (for IFR ops) every 24 calendar months (14 CFR §91.411) T ransponder tests and inspections, every 24 calendar months (14 CFR §91.413) E mergency locator transmitter, operation and battery condition (1 cumulative hour use or 50% useful life) inspected every 12 calendar months (14 CFR §91.207) Exam Tip: Be prepared to locate all of the require
What instruments and equipment are required for VFR day flight? (14 CFR 91.205)
A nticollision light system—aviation red or white for small airplanes certificated after March 11, 1996 T achometer for each engine O il pressure gauge for each engine M anifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine, i.e., turbocharged) A ltimeter T emperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine O il temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine F uel gauge indicating the quantity in each tank F lotation gear—if operated for hire over water beyond power-off gliding distance from shore L anding gear position indicator, if the airplane has retractable gear A irspeed indicator M agnetic direction indicator E mergency locator transmitter (if required by 14 CFR §91.207) S afety belts (and shoulder harnesses for each front seat in aircraft manufactured after 1978)
What instruments and equipment are required for VFR night flight? (14 CFR 91.205)
F uses—one spare set or three fuses of each kind required accessible to the pilot in flight L anding light—if the aircraft is operated for hire A nticollision light system—approved aviation red or white P osition lights—(navigation lights) S ource of electrical energy—adequate for all installed electrical and radio equipment
What does FSDO stand for?
Flight Standards District Office
GRABCARDD
Generator or alternator adequate capacity Radios (nav. and comm. equipment suitable for the route to be flown) Altimeter (sensitive) Ball (slip/skip indicator of turn coordinator) Clock (sweep second hand or digital presentation) Attitude indicator Rate of turn (turn coordinator) Directional gyro DME or RNAV (for flight at FL240 and above if VOR equipment is requried for the route)
MEL
Minimum Equipment List
What are the flight requirements to act as PIC of a tailwheel airplane?
No person may act as PIC of a tailwheel airplane unless that person has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must include at least the following maneuvers and procedures: 1. normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings 2. wheel landings 3. and go-around procedures.
What regulations apply concerning the operation of an aircraft that has had alterations or repairs that may substantially affect its operation in flight? (14 CFR 91.407)
No person may operate or carry passengers in any aircraft that has undergone maintenance, preventative maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics or substantially affected its operation in flight UNTIL an appropriately rated pilot with at least a Private Pilot Certificate 1. Flies the aircraft 2. Makes an operational check of the maintenance performed or alteration made 3. Logs the flight in the aircraft records.
SAIB
Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin
What must you get, if the annual inspection date has passed, in order to fly your aircraft to a location where the annual inspection can be done?
Special Flight Permit issued by the FAA *all applicable ADs that are due must be complied with before the flight
STC
Supplemental Type Certificate
TBO
Time Between Overhaul
What are the flight requirements to act as PIC of a pressurized aircraft?
To act as PIC of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), a person must have received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies the person has: a. satisfactorily accomplished the ground training, which includes: 1. high-altitude aerodynamics 2. meteorology 3. respiration 4. hypoxia, etc. b. received and logged training in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device representative of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of pressurized aircraft (must include: 1. normal cruise flight above 25,000 feet MSL 2. emergency procedures for rapid decompression 3. and emergency descent procedures).
TCDS
Type Certificate Data Sheet
A lease involving an aircraft is sometimes referred to as a wet lease or a dry lease. Explain the difference. (AC 91-37, 14 CFR 110.2)
Wet lease —any leasing arrangement whereby a person agrees to provide an entire aircraft and at least one crewmember. A wet lease is a commercial arrangement whereby an aircraft owner leases both the aircraft and at least one crewmember to another person for his or her exclusive use for a specified period or a defined number of flights. The lessor maintains operational control. A common example of a wet lease would be the charter of an aircraft and crew to a passenger(s) by a certificated charter operator conducting operations under Part 135. Dry lease —the leasing of an aircraft without the crew is considered to be a dry lease and the lessee exercises operational control of the aircraft. When dry leasing, you do not need an Operating Certificate as long as you do not carry persons or property for compensation or hire. For larger aircraft operating under Part 125, review §125.1 for the certificate requirements of your intended operation.
With respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, (pilot certificate category) define the term Category
a broad classification of aircraft example: airplane, rotorcraft, glider,
With respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, define the term Class
a classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics example: single-engine land, multi-engine land,
Air Carrier
a pilot offers transportation to the public, and arranges for and flies the aircraft *a commercial enterprise that provides scheduled flights for passengers
With respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, define the term Type
a specific make and basic model of aircraft including modifications that do not change its handling or flight characteristics example: DC-9, B-737,
When would a commercial pilot be required to hold a type rating?
according to 14 CFR 61.31 a person who acts as a PIC of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft 1. Large aircraft (gross weight over 12,500 pounds, except lighter-than-air) 2. Turbojet-powered airplanes 3. Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through the aircraft Type Certificate procedures
What raises the question of if a person is "holding out"?
advertising in any form
Define complex airplane
an airplane that has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller
What is a high performance airplane?
an airplane with an engineer of more than 200 horsepower
Wet Lease
any leasing arrangement whereby a person agrees to provide an entire aircraft and at least one crewmember. -is a commercial arrangement whereby an aircraft owner leases both the aircraft and at least one crewmember to another person for his or her exclusive use for a specified period or a defined number of flights -The lessor maintains operational control. Example: chartering of an aircraft and crew to a passenger(s) by a certificated charter operator conducting operations under Part 135.
What actions by a pilot would constitute holding out? (AC 61-142, AC 120-12)
by any means that communicates to the public that a transportation service is indiscriminately available to the members of that segment of the public that it is designed to attract. *no specific rule or criteria as to how holding out is achieved. **holding out is determined by assessing the available facts of a specific situation.
Non Common Carriage
carry persons or property for hire under a mutual contractual agreement between the operator and another person or organization, which did not result from the operators holding out or offering service
Do BasicMed privileges apply to a commercial or ATP certificate pilot?
does not apply to persons exercising privileges a Commercial Pilot Certificate or an ATP Certificate -Persons exercising the privileges of a Commercial Pilot or ATP Certificate must hold a First or Second Class Medical Certificate in accordance with §61.23(a)(1) and (2).
Kinds of Operations Equipment List
identifies the systems and equipment for each kind of operation (day or night VFR, day or night IFR, icing conditions) which must be installed and operable for the particular kind of operation indicated
Private Carriage
involves the carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire with limitations on the number of contracts which did not result from the operator's holding out or offering services
What is a MEL?
is a categorized list of on-board systems, instruments and equipment that may be inoperative for flight in a specified aircraft model.
Minimum Equipment List
is a precise listing of instruments, equipment and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with inoperative equipment. -approved MEL includes only those items of equipment that may be inoperative and still maintain an acceptable level of safety with appropriate conditions and limitations.
Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin
is an information tool that alerts, educates, and makes recommendations to the aviation community. *contains non regulatory information and guidance that does not meet the criteria for an AD
When it is doubtful that an operation is for "compensation or hire" what testis applied for a Commercial Operator?
is carriage by air is merely incidental to the person's other business? or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit.
Is it legal to fly an aircrat that has exceeded its TBO?
is not a mandatory maintenance requirement, however for engines in 14 CFR Part 121 or 135 service, TBO compliance is mandatory.
What is a Supplemental Type Certificate?
is the FAA's approval of a major change in the type design of a previously approved type-certificated product. The certificate authorizes an alteration to an airframe, engine, or component that has been granted an approved Type Certificate. Sometimes alterations are made that are not specified or authorized in the TCDS. When that condition exists, an STC will be issued. ex. the Bonanza had one for the turbocharged engine since it was not apart of the original manufactured design
Operating Certificate
issued to applicants who plan to conduct intrastate common carriage operations and certain applicants who do not conduct common carriage operations ( part 125 private carriage operations)
Airworthiness Certificate Location
the Airworthiness Certificate must be "displayed at the cabin or cockpit entrance so that it is legible to passengers or crew."
Dry Lease
the leasing of an aircraft without the crew is considered to be a dry lease and the lessee exercises operational control of the aircraft. *When dry leasing, you do not need an Operating Certificate as long as you do not carry persons or property for compensation or hire. For larger aircraft operating under Part 125, review §125.1 for the certificate requirements of your intended operation.
Where do you obtain a special flight permit from?
the local FSDO or DAR (Designated Airworthiness Representative)
Air Carrier Certificate
this certificate is issued to applicants who plan to conduct interstate, foreign, or overseas transportation, or to carry mail.
What is a Type Certificate Data Sheet?
when a new aircraft, engine, propeller, etc., is found to meet safety standards set forth by the FAA.
Would being both the pilot and the provider of an aircraft to someone for compensation or hire require the pilot to also be in possession of a Part 119 operating certificate? (FAA Safety Briefing)
yes 1) if you are being compensated for providing a service to another person 2) & have operational control (ICT) of the aircraft in which that service is provided, *you are required to have been issued an operating certificate to conduct that operation under Part 135, or Parts 121 or 125 if larger aircraft and more complex operations are involved.
If an aircraft is operated for hire, is it required to have 100-hour inspection as well as an annual inspection?
yes, if an aircraft is operated for hire, it must have a 100-hour inspection as well as an annual inspection when due. If not operated for hire, it must have an annual inspection only.
Documents required to exercise commercial pilot privileges
◦ has in the persons physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization 1. A pilot certificate 2. A photo identification • drivers license or passport 3. A medical certificate
Common Carriage
refers to the carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability of the carriage to the public *carrier becomes a common carrier when it "holds itself out"
AMOC
Alternative Method of Compliance
What are the aeronautical experience requirements for a Commercial Pilot Certificate? (14 CFR 61.129)
A person who applies for a Commercial Pilot Certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least: a. 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in airplanes. b. 100 hours of PIC flight time, which includes at least: • 50 hours in airplanes. • 50 hours in cross-country flight of which 10 hours must be in airplanes. c. 20 hours of training on the areas of training listed in §61.127(b)(1) that includes at least 10 hours of instrument training. Five of the 10 hours of instrument training must be in a single-engine airplane. d. 10 hours of training in a complex, turbine-powered, or technically advanced airplane (TAA), or any combination thereof. e. 10 hours of solo flight time in a single-engine airplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of PIC in a singleengine airplane with an authorized instructor on board that include: • One cross-country flight of not less than 300 NM total distance. • 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings at an airport with an operating control tower.
Who can conduct an annual inspection?
A&P technician
2nd Class Medical Certificate Expiration
Age 40 or Older: 12 calendar months Under age 40: 12 calendar months
3rd Class Medical Certificate Expiration
Age 40 or Older: 24 calendar months Under age 40: 60 calendar months
1st Class Medical Certificate Expiration
Age 40 or Older: 6 calendar months Under age 40: 12 calendar months
Normal category
Aircraft structure capable of withstanding a load factor of 3.8 Gs without structural failure. Applicable to aircraft intended for non-aerobatic operation. (ex. piper)
Utility category
Aircraft structure must be capable of withstanding a load factor of 4.4 Gs. This would usually permit limited aerobatics, including spins (if approved for the aircraft).
Operational Control
ICT exercise of authority over initiating, conducting or terminating a flight
KOEL
Kinds of Operations Equipment List
Explain the difference between your commercial pilot privileges and the operational authority required to conduct a flight for compensation or hire. (AC 61-142)
may act as PIC of an aircraft operated for compensation or hire and may carry persons or property for compensation or hire. But, most of these commercial operations require the operator to hold a certificate under Part 119 authorizing such operations. Unless a valid exception from operational certification applies, in order to "hold out" as being able to transport persons or property for compensation or hire, a commercial pilot or ATP must be operating in accordance with an Air Carrier Certificate or Operating Certificate issued under Part 119.
What privileges apply to a commercial pilot? (14 CFR 61.133)
may act as PIC of an aircraft: a. Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire. b. For compensation or hire.
If an aircraft has been on a schedule of inspection every 100 hours, under what condition may it continue to operate beyond the 100 hours without a new inspection? (14 CFR 91.409)
may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to a place where the inspection can be done * excess time used to reach a place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service.
Special Flight Permit
may be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight.
Maintaining BasicMed
must complete a BasicMed medical education course within the preceding 24 calendar months/ 2 year before acting as pilot in command
Registration Certificate Location
need only be "within the aircraft" with no requirement to be displayed
If your aircraft is not in compliance with an AD's specified time or date, then can you continue operation? Are there any exceptions?
no person may operate the affected product after expiration of that stated compliance time EXCEPT when you are given an Alternative Method of Compliance (AMOC) approval for a change in compliance time
