pl rq10, Ch. 10 p187-201

The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of

ATP NADPH

chloroplast

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

Heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

Anabolic pathways

Anabolic pathways build molecules, require energy, and are endergonic.

Electron Chain Transport overview

As electrons move through an electron transport chain, electron carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and then donate electrons. Electrons move from a less electronegative electron carrier (one with a lower affinity for electrons) to a more electronegative electron carrier down the chain, releasing free energy.

The calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce

CO2 to sugar

Decomposers

Carbon containing molecules in dead plant material, animal feces, dead organisms are taken up by decomposers - such as bacteria and fungi decomposers break down these materials and incorporate some of the C atoms into their own bodies

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

WHAT IF? The main product of fossil fuel combustion is CO2, and this is the source of the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Scientists have proposed strategically situating containers of these algae near industrial plants or near highly congested city streets. Considering the process of photosynthesis, how does this arrangement make sense?

Situating containers of algae near sources of CO2 emissions makes sense because the algae need CO2 to carry out photosynthesis. The higher their rate of photosynthesis, the more plant oil they will produce. At the same time, algae would be absorbing the CO2 emitted from industrial plants or from car engines, reducing the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere—thus, lowering the contributions such CO2 would make to global climate change.

decomposers - type of heterotroph consumer

Some heterotrophs consume the remains of other organisms by decomposing and feeding on organic litter such as dead organisms, feces, and fallen leaves; these types of heterotrophs are known as decomposers. Most fungi and many types of prokaryotes get their nourishment this way.

almost all plants are autotrophs

TRUE; the only nutrients they require are water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air. plants are photoautotrophs, organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances

Redox Review

The reactant that acts as an electron donor is the reducing agent; it is oxidized (loses electrons) as it donates electrons to the electron acceptor. The reactant that acts as an electron acceptor is the oxidizing agent; it is reduced (gains electrons) as it accepts electrons from the electron donor.

An organism acquires the organic compounds it uses for energy and carbon skeletons by one of two major modes:

autotrophic nutrition OR heterotrophic nutrition

producers of the biosphere

autotrophs

C and CO2 enter leaf, move into cell and go into a

chloroplast

Small molecules in plant (glucose) are used to make larger molecules in

consumer/herbivores body --> used for building tissues. *some of the C that was in a plant because C in a primary consumer*

Plants are eaten by

consumers/herbivores

photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of

food

Biosphere's consumers

heterotrophs

Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in

hot, arid climates

when a primary consumer is eaten by a higher level consumer, the primary consumer is _______ into the higher level consumer

incorporated

Sugars developed in photosynthesis, from Co2, can be used to build

larger carbon-containing molecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

The power of sunlight can be tapped to generate a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Species of unicellular algae that are prolific producers of plant oils can be cultured in long, transparent tanks called

photobioreactors; A simple chemical process can yield "biodiesel," which can be mixed with gasoline or used alone to power vehicles.

life depends on

photosynthesis Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, are completely dependent, either directly or indirectly, on photoautotrophs for food—and also for oxygen, a by-product of photosynthesis.

In the chloroplast, photosynthesis occurs, where carbon dioxide is used to make ______ molecues

sugar

Autototrophs

they sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings. Autotrophs produce their organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment. They are the ultimate sources of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms, and for this reason, biologists refer to autotrophs as the producers of the biosphere.

Besides plants, Photosynthesis also occurs in algae, certain unicellular eukaryotes, and some prokaryotes :t/f?

true Photoautotrophs. These organisms use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and (in most cases) water. They feed themselves and the entire living world. On land, (a) plants are the predominant producers of food. In aquatic environments, photoautotrophs include unicellular and (b) multicellular algae, such as this kelp; (c) some non-algal unicellular eukaryotes, such as Euglena; (d) the prokaryotes called cyanobacteria; and (e) other photosynthetic prokaryotes, such as these purple sulfur bacteria, which produce sulfur (the yellow globules within the cells)