plague

who discovered that plague is caused by bacterium? What year?

Dr. Alexandre Yersin of the Pasteur Institute, 1894

who discovered rats are resivoirs

Dr. Paul-Louis Simond of the Pasteur Institute, in 1898 in Karachi, India, discovered that rats were the hosts and rat fleas were the vectors

Describe the general life cycle of the malaria parasite (include both its hosts).

During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . hosts are mosquito and human.

when and where did 3rd plague appear in us how did they prevent spread

LA in 1924 and including hospitalization of the sick and all their contacts, a neighborhood quarantine, and a large-scale rat eradication program

how to prevent yellow virus

The most effective way to prevent infection from Yellow Fever virus is to prevent mosquito bites. Mosquitoes bite during the day and night. Use insect repellent, wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, treat clothing and gear, and get vaccinated before traveling, if vaccination is recommended for you.

how is plague of 1348 related to the great plague

both are outbreaks of bubonic plague, caused by a bacterial strain named Yersinia pestis.

three forms of plague

bubonic, septisemic, phneumonic

resivoirs in new world and how it got to US

came through slave trade from west Africa and resivoirs are breeding grounds

can plague be prevented

cannot prevent it 100% only can take precautious steps like removing brush, rock piles, junk, cluttered firewood, and possible rodent food supplies, such as pet and wild animal food

Why are the various yellow fever epidemics all in the New World and Europe, as opposed to Africa and Asia?

climate conditions as well as lack of

how did plague of 1348 spread in Europe

climate fluctuations that affected populations of rodents infested with plague-carrying fleas.

What is the connection of yellow fever in NYC to Chase Manhattan Bank?

dirty water around bank = mosquito breeding grounds

who gets sick from yellow fever? what organs are attacked? what are the symptoms?

fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and fatigue.About 12% of people who have symptoms go on to develop serious illness: jaundice, bleeding, shock, organ failure, and sometimes death.liver and kidneys attacked.

Who was Dr. Carlos Finlay, and what did he do? 4. Who was Jesse Lazear? Walter Reed? Be able to give basic information on the contributions of both doctors.

finally was epidemiologist who discovered that yellow fever is transmitted from infected to healthy humans by a mosquito. Jesse lazer was an American physician and member of the commission that proved that the infectious agent of yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito Walter reed was US army surgeon Major Walter Reed and his discovery of the causes of yellow fever is one of the most important contributions in the field of medicine and human history.

revolt impact on U.S.?

forced U.S. statesmen to confront issues they had generally avoided, most prominently racism and slavery.

vertical transmission

from parent to child

why did yellow fever outbreak keep occurring in these areas

highly populated areas by water and did not believe was contagious

where is plague found in US today and what is main resivoir

including hospitalization of the sick and all their contacts, a neighborhood quarantine, and a large-scale rat eradication program. cattle.

What causes the disease ("organism")? related viruses

is an African mosquito-borne infection of primates. related viruses are West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis viruses.

How is yellow fever treated? Can it be eradicated? Why or why not?

it has no medication or treatment and cannot be eradicated because mosquitos mutate to avoid immunity.

What was the significance of yellow fever in Panama? What were the consequences for the French, and for the U.S.?

it was making people building canal sick and production slowed and money ran out so French abandoned it. U.S. stepped in to help and put up mosquito eradicaton programs and helped finish Canale.

qurantine and shutting up the houses

it worked to stop the spread but people without plague died because full families were boarded up.

What is the reservoir where this disease originated (and where is that.

monkeys are main resivoirs of yellow virus in Africa

what is vector of yellow fever

mosquito

who recorded Justinians plague

procopius and John of Ephesus

What did people think caused plague of 1348

punishment from God (prayer circles), some believed that foreigners or those who followed a different religion had poisoned the wells(rise in antisemitism tried to get jews out), some thought that bad air was responsible( burning of kerosene to fumigate the air.

Septicimic plague

rarest & most deadly/ , abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organstraveled in bloodstream/ choke on own blood black spots= where it got its name. bite of a flea. Septicemic plague can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation, and is almost always fatal when untreated.

Where did this 3rd pandemic start, and when (decade(s)) was the most widespread outbreak, causing about 10 million deaths?

started in the 1860s and was most deadly in the decade following 94.

If a person recovers from yellow fever, can they get infected again? If one gets the yellow fever vaccine, can they eventually get infected?

unlikely to get again but not impossible. vaccine does not protect for life.

how is plague treated

with antibiotics.

organism that starts plague disease

yersinia pestis

what does plague do to body and what cells does it attack

yersinia pestis, the deadly bacterium that causes bubonic plague, kills by cutting off a cell's ability to communicate with other immune system cells needed to fight off the bacterial invasion. attacks immune cells.

Phenumonic Plague

Y. pestis infects the lungs. This type of plague can spread from person to person through the air. Symptoms are ever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. Deadliness ishe pneumonic form is invariably fatal unless treated early.

What was the significance of yellow fever in the Spanish-American war, and in Cuba (especially Havana)?

Yellow fever was first reported in Cuba in 1649, when one-third of Havana residents died from the disease. From 1856 to 1879, the disease struck the city nearly every month. Foreign occupiers were particularly susceptible: an estimated 16,000 Spanish troops died from yellow fever between 1895 and 1898.

How do we know that ancient Egyptians and ancient Romans and ancient Britons suffered from malaria?

alciparum aDNA in Egyptian mummy samples, thereby proving a specific infection by falciparum malaria in ancient Egypt.

Arboviruses

any of a group of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods.

where did the plague of 1348 originate?

China

Be able to name one of the two drugs most widely used to combat malaria. What is resistance?

Chloroquine phosphate.ssociated with a parasite protein named PfCRT

out breaks of yellow fever in US

Frequent outbreaks, e.g. 1668, 1702 (NYC) -followed the slave trade costal cities impacted yellow quarantine flag Philadelphia; August-November 1793; approximately 5,000 dead2. New York City; July-October 1795; 730 dead New Orleans; Summer 1853; 8000 or more dead New Orleans; May-October 1905; more than 900 dead

sickle cell anemia and malaria

Having sickle cell trait provides malarial protection, but having sickle cell anemia (HbSS) does not

6. Be able to name at least two other diseases that are transmitted by insects.

Lyme and dengue

how do it effect body

Paroxysms typically last 4-8 hours and have 3 stages; a 15-to-60 minute cold stage when you shiver and feel very cold, a 2-6 hour hot stage when your fever may reach as high as 41 ostart superscript, o, end superscriptC, and finally, a 2-4 hour sweating stage during which your fever drops rapidly.

can plague be erradicated

NO.

Where did Justinian's plague in Byzantium (Constantinople) come from, that is, where is it thought to have originated? Be able to give the dates of this outbreak. Where (what city) did it come from, according to Procopius?

Pelusium on the Nile River's northern and eastern shores.541-542 CE. people though it was wrath of god but it was soldiers coming from the Middle East.

What is/are the vector(s) of the disease (be able to name the main insect that transmits it and one other one)?

Plague bacteria are most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood. People and animals that visit places where rodents have recently died from plague are at risk of being infected from flea bites.

What is the two main (most deadly form of malaria worldwide) form of malaria caused by the parasite, Plasmodium?

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most common. Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly. In Americas 77% of the infections are due to Plasmodium vivax.

what did caffa have to do with plague of 1348

Sailors and merchants fled from Caffa, but they brought the disease with them, including to Venice and Genoa, and the pandemic spread so that as Mussi tells it, "every city, every settlement, every place was poisoned by the contagious pestilence, and their inhabitants, both men and women, died suddenly."

What happened on Saint Domingue (Haiti), and what were the consequences for Napoleon's army?

The people revolted and the expedition resulted with France losing more troops in Saint-Domingue than during the later Battle of Waterloo. Little more than 7,000 to 8,000 of the 31,000 soldiers sent to Saint-Domingue survived and over 20 French generals died. Alexandre Pétion. François Capois. John Duckworth.

how did plague of 1348 get to Europe

The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina

what did plague do to Justinians plan. how did it effect Europe and Middle East

The plague weakened the Byzantine Empire at a critical point, when Justinian's armies had nearly retaken all of Italy and the western Mediterranean coast; the evolving conquest would have reunited the core of the Western Roman Empire with the Eastern Roman Empire.

What was the general belief about the cause of yellow fever? Be able to name at least 2 treatments that were used by doctors in Philadelphia.

they believed it was from contact with infected patients. Purgation and Bleeding treatments.

role does mosquito play

transmits the ideas and breeds more infected mosquitos

Bubonic plague

transmitted through bite of an infected flea. fever, headache, chills, and weakness and one or more swollen, painful lymph nodes 30-60% fatal.