Plant Anatomy and Nutrient Acquisition

A greenhouse experiment to test growth rates in tomato cultivars was conducted using sterile soil mix and watering with sterile solutions of water and fertilizes. Following germination, half of the plants in each group were transplanted into soil that was obtained form a nearby agricultural field (non sterile), the other half into sterile soil. After several weeks the plants that were transplanted into nonsterile soil exhibited a much higher growth rate compared to the plants transplanted into sterile soil. The most liekly explanation for this result is A) the plants transplanted into the nonsterile oil were inoculated with mycorrhizae B) the plants transplanted into the nonsterile soil received more fertilized C) the plants transplanted into the sterile soil were stunted due to overfertilizatoin D) the plants transplanted into sterile soil suffered anoxia form improper water drainage

A

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? A) vascular cambium b) apical meristem C) endodermis D) phloem E) xylem

A

All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except A) carbon dioxide B) nitrogen C) potassium D) water E) Calcium

A

Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells, A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of schlerenchyma cells C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal D) The thickness of cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made

A

Hyphae from a covering over roots. These hyphae create a large surface area that helps to do which of the following? A) aid in absorbing minerals and ions B) maintain cell shape C) increase cellular respiration D) anchor a plant E) protect the roots from UV light

A

What is the main cause of guttation in plants? A) root pressure B) transpiration C) pressure flow in phloem D) plant injury E) condensation of atmospheric water

A

Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription? A) tracheids B) mature mesophyll cells C) companion cells D) meristematic cells E) glandular cells

A

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) trichomes D) tubers E) cortex

A

As a youngster, you drive a nail into a tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters off the ground. Fifteen years later the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. How many meters off the ground is the nail? A) 0.5 B) 1.5 C) 3.0 D) 15.0 E) 28.5

B

Axillary buds A) are initiated by the cork cambium B) have dormant meristematic cells C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes D) grow immediately into shoot branches E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot

B

One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the A) transpiration rates are high B) root pressure exceeds transpiration pull C) preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry D) water potential in the stele of the root is high E) roots are not absorbing minerals from the soil

B

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D tracheids and vessel elements E) sieve-tube elements

B

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem. A) 2,1,4,3,5 B) 1,2,3,4,5 C) 2,4,3,1,5 D) 4,2,1,3,5 E) 2,4,1,3,5

C

Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue? A) epidermis B) palisade mesophyll E) bundle sheath C) spongy mesophyll D) vascular tissue

C

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

C

Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because A) the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded B) flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis C) stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf. D) photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency. E) accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits enzymes

C

Rhizobia and mycorrhizae share all of the following features except A) they both benefit by receiving carbohydrate from the plant. B) many are host -specific C) they both become parasitic in nutrient-rich environments D) they both enhance the growth of most plants. E) they both are found in most ecosystems of the world

C

Root hairs are most important to a plant because they A) anchor a plant in the soil B) store starches C) increase the surface area for absorption D) provide a habitat for nigrogen- fixing bacteria E) contain xylem tissue.

C

The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes) but no roots. Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by A) absorbtion by hairs and trichomes B) diffusion through stomata C) absorption by mycorrhizae D) osmosis through the root hairs E) diffusion across the cuticle of the rhizome

C

The innermost lay of the root cortex is the A) core B) pericycle C) endodermis D) pith E) vascular cambium

C

Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae? A) Endomycorrhize have thicker, shorter hyphae than ectomycorrhize. B) Endomycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhize, form a dense sheath over the surface of the root. C) Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells, whereas endomycorrhize gorw into invaginations of the root cell membranes. D) Ectomycorrhizae are found in woody plant species; about 85% of plant families

C

Which of the following is a true statement? A) flowers may have secondary growth B) secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and cork cambium D) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant E) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem

C

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesion of water molecules A) hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of a water molecule and cellulose in a vessel cell B) covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules C) hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule D) covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule E) low concentrations of charged solutes in the fluid

C

You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots of your pea plants. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots and there is a reddish tinge to the ones you accidentally damaged. Most likely your pea plants A) suffer from a mineral deficiency B) are infected with a parasite C) are benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium D) are developing offshoots from the root. E) contain developing insect pupa

C

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as A) dermal and ground tissue B) lateral tissues C) pith D) secondary tissues E) shoots and roots

D

Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will A) have a faster rate of osmosis B) have a lower water potential C) have a higher water potential D) have a faster rate of active transport E) be flaccid

D

If a plant is infected with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, what is the most probable effect on the plant? A) it gets chlorosis B) It dies C) It is supplied with ince3rased essential elements form the soil. D) it will likely grow faster E) It becomes flaccid due to the loss of water and nutrients from the roots

D

In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following? A) It aids in the uptake of nutrients It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex C) It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts D) It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele E) it provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients

D

Pores on a leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called A) hairs B) xylem cells C) phloem cells D) stomata E) sclereids

D

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except A) adhesion of water molecules to cellulose B) cohesion between water molecules C) evaporation of water molecules D) active transport through xylem cells. E) transport through tracheids.

D

Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through symplast? A) pericycle B) cortex C) epidermis D) endodermis E) exodermis

D

Which of the following cell types is least likely to be capable of cell division? A) mesophyll cell in a developing leaf B) parenchyma cell 2mm form the tip of a root C) parenchyma cell in a dormant axillary bud D) functional tracheid cell in a stem

D

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system? A) root hair B) cuticle C) periderm D) pith E) phloem

D

Which of the following statements if false about bulk flow? A) It is driven primarily by pressure potential B) It is more effective than diffusion over distances greater than 100 um C) It depends on a difference in pressure potential at the source and sink D) It depends on the forces of gravity on a column of water. E) It may be the result of either positive or negative pressure potential.

D

Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration? A) a rianstorm B) sunken stomata C) a thicker cuticle D) higher stomatal density E) spiny leaves

D

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system? A) root hair-dermal tissue B) palisade parenchyma- ground tissue C) guard cell-dermal tissue D) companion cell-ground tissue E) tracheid-vascular tissue

D

Guard cells do which of the following? A) protect the endodermis B) accumulate K+ and close the stomata C) contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells D) guard against mineral loss through the stomata E) help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

E

If you were to prune the shoot tips of a plant, what would be the effect on the plant and the leaf area index? A) bushier plants; lower leaf area index B) tall plants; lower leaf area index C) tall plants; higher leaf area index D) short plants; lower leaf area index E) bushier plants; higher leaf area indexes

E

The movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by A) negative charges in the cell wall. B) prevailing weather conditions. C) aquaporins D) level of active transport E) water potential

E

Which of the following is not a function of rhizobacteria? A) produce hormones that stimulate plant growth B) produce antibiotics that protect roots from disease C) absorb toxic metals D) carry out nitrogen fixation E) supply growing roots with glucose

E

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root? A) sclerenchyma cells B) parenchyma cells C) sieve-tube elements D) root hairs E) vessel elements

E