Plant Science Exam 1

Genetically Modified organisms

A ______ is one that is derived through the use of molecular biology techniques.

Pathogen

A ________ is a disease causing organism

Plant development

A plants progress through its lifecycle.

Plant growth

An irreversible increase in size (biomass) of a plant.

GMO

Any organism that is the product of genetic recomposition which includes almost all organisms except those produced clone-ally or parthenogenically

Heterotrophs must consume __________________________________________________________________ In order to get the energy releasing carbohydrates.

Autotrophs or other hetertrophs that feed on autotrophs

6,000 to 5,000

By ______ years ago, crops were being grown in Europe and Mexico

Travel to good supply

By cultivating plants, humans reduce the need to ________

Calvin Cycle

Can be referred to as the dark reaction which can be misleading

____________ is the basis of many of the fibers that we use for clothing, rope, and the like.

Cellulose

controlled experiment

Certain way of obtaining reliable information on which to base decisions

Photosynthesis occurs in ________________

Chroplasts

Intercropping

Consists of simultaneously producing two or more crops in the same field

Photosynthesis is the process of ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________.

Converting of light energy to chemical energy in the form of reduced carbon compounds.

Dependent on human intervention to survive

Cultivation grains, grasses, fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals have become _______

Light intensity is__________

Directly related to plant photosynthesis rates.

Seed size, type of emergence, soil & seedbed conditions, date of planting, and available moisture supply

Factors affecting seeding depth include

open fields

Farming and gardening in ____________ is by far the most common approach in the United States and elsewhere

Growth can be measured as increases in what?

Fresh or dry weigh, or in volume, length, height, or surface area.

Dramatically reduce the need for pesticides and field tillage

GMO's have been created that ______

Organisms, including humans that cannot synthesize those compounds are called ________________.

Heterotrophs

3 million, 28,000

Humans as a race appeared around _______ years ago and modern man, homosapians" appeared about _____ years ago

Cultivation

Humans began the purposeful of ______ of plants to improve the supply of materials obtained from these plants

Grains for animal feed, clothing, rope, biofuels

Humans depend on field crops for much of their ___________ and for many other industrial uses.

a water and fertilizer solution only in manufactured soil-less instem growing medium that requires a nearly constant supply of water and fertilizer

Hydroponic systems can either have plants growing in________________________________________________________

Fresh; pretreatment or preparation

In _______ markets vegetables are packaged , at facilities on or off the farm , and distributed to buyers or consumers with relatively minimal________________________.

conventional

In _____________ , strategies for protecting crops from diseases , pests , and weeds include the application of synthetic pesticides , witch may or may not be based on naturally occurring compounds , as a central component.

The onset of rains

In the warmer tropical and subtropical climates, the planting dates are often determined by ____

Increase plant height & reduce stem and stalk strength, lodging

Increase in plant population may _____, thereby increasing the risk of ______

As the sun rises the angle of incidence_______, light intensity _________, so does ____________ until the photosynthetic machinery is _________. Then photosynthetic activity gradually declines as the day progresses toward sunset.

Increases / increases / photosynthetic activity / saturated

Double cropping

Involves the production of two crops, one following another, during one growing season

Organic farming

It is not known if ______ has the capability to produce the qualities of crop products needed into today's world

It also affects the amount of __________________ and available for absorption by ___________.

Light entering the leaf / chlorophyll

Visible light

Light with wavelengths of 400-700 nm which is the range visible to the human eye.

Light that is reflected from the surface of a leaf is _____________.

Lost for photosynthesis.

Heliotropic movements are also used to:

Lower the amount of light absorbed by reducing the angle of incidence of sunlight on the leaf when overheating might occur.

Days-to-maturity system

Most common rating system in the United States?

Mechanical weed control, biological weed control, and chemical weed control through the use of herbicides

Most weed control programs use one or more of the following three strategies-_____

The family farm to be viable

New uses for old crops and production strategies for new crops will have to be developed in order for _________

Flowering, induction of bud dormancy in Woody species, and the formation of vegetative propagules such as bulbs, tubers, corms, and runners.

Numerous aspects of plant growth and development are controlled by_________

Ecological research

Often descriptive of a situation within an area that represents the larger ecosystem

The order in which crops follow one another (sequence) either during the same growing season or through consecutive seasons.

One of the most important aspects of growing field crop is _____-

Autotrophs because they can synthesize the compounds that release fuels and the process necessary for life.

Organisms such as plants and the bacteria that can photosynthesize are called __________ Because ________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Variations in daylength

Photoperiodism is the photomorphogenic response to_______.

Phototropism; in response to light

Photropin is responsible for______ which is movement _________.

Tropical, subtropical

Plant cultivation is believed to have started in ________ and _____ regions in the Middle East and Africa

interrupt or retard

Plant diseases and pests ______________ crop growth or reduce the marketability of harvested units.

Food, fuel, and other products, Negativity effecting environments

Plant scientists have found ways to meet our needs for _____ from plants without ______

In a cost effective way

Plant scientists studied ways to improve crop productivity _________

Photomorphogenesis

Plant shape determined by light quality particularly through relative amounts of red, far-red, and blue light.

Transcription factors

Proteins that regulate structural gene activity.

Photosynthetic active radiation

Radiation in the 400-700 nm spectral waveband.

Refracted; scattered; reducing the amount of light available for photosynthesis

Radiation passing through the earth's atmosphere can be ______ or ______ resulting in signification of light back into outer space and thus _______.

Plants compete for light by_______

Redirecting plant growth and development so that they produce leaves that are above the leaves of their neighbors.

Some plants can compensate for the ___________ at low solar angles through _____________ in which leaf angles are ___________ so that the sun's rays are normal , or ___________, to the leaf during most of the day.

Reduced light intensity and increased reflection / heliotropic movements / adjusted / perpendicular.

Light quality

Refers to the relative quantity of individual component wavelengths contained in and incident beam of light.

_________ is the most common form of sugar transported in the plant and is the sweetener that we commonly call ____________________.

Sacrose, Table Sugar

Stages of plant development include:

Seed germination; growth of vegetative organs and tissues; initiation and maturational reproductive organs and tissues,fertilization, and seed development; and senescence and death.

The control of development through ________ is mediated mostly but not entirely through the action of ______.

Selective gene activity and deactivation / transcription factors that turn on or turn off genes.

Erosion from soil cultivation

Some organic farming practices such as _____ may have a negative environmental impact

that heat and drought play in plant survival

The American Horticultural Society heat zone map was developed to help describe the impact.

Tolerance

The ability of a plant to maintain its yield in spite of heavy disease or plant pressure is known as ________.

Angle of incidence

The angle at which an object intersects a surface, relative to that surface.

Lodging

The breaking or the collapse of stalks or stems usually at or near maturity

Pathogen, host, environment

The disease triangle concept consists of 3 things:

Nourishment and to provide quality, Hunters and gatherers

The estimated 6.5 billion people living in the world depend on cultivated plants for ______. The global population cannot survive as ________.

commercial vegetable industries; supplies equipment , labor, and services they purchase

The heavy financial impact of _________________ is derived from the sale of products of vegetable farms and processing facilities and the large amount of _________________________.

The plant population (or plant density) required to optimize yields in a particular enviroment

The seeding rate of a crop is determined by _____

acres or hectares; 2.47 acres

The size of the area used in commercial farming, including for vegetables is typically measured in _______________. A hectare contains _____________.

Plant Pathology

The study of plant disease is termed _______

independent variable

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated to evaluate it on another variable

dependent variable

The variable that is measured to evaluate as the result of a change in another variable in an experiment

Influence or predict plant growth

They studied light soil water and temperature and developed ways of managing or monitoring those factors to ______

control the natural environment in limited; common to their area

Using this approach, the ability of farmers and gardeners to__________________________________ and their crops are fully exposed to weather, soil and pest and disease conditions

to their growing environment; educating citizens from all walks of life; safely

Vegetable plants respond strongly _______________________ in way that can be easily seen and measured, making them an ideal commodity for _______________________in the laws of nature and how to grow crops ________ within those laws.

light, water, nutrients, and other growth factors

Weeds compete with crop plants for_____________________________________.

Genetic host resistance, Cultural practices, Chemical application, biological control, Government regulatory measures

What are the five methods for managing plant pests?

Plant hormones, certain inorganic ions, coenzymes, and other metabolites.

What are the signals that trigger the action of the regulatory genes?

Preplant, preemergence, postemergence

What are the three methods of herbicide application?

genetically modified organisms

What does GMO stand for?

Angiosperms

____ is the group of plants to which grasses, flowers, vegtables, fruits, trees, and shrubs belong

Organic farming, GMO's

_____ does not allow the use of ____ and certain types of chemicals for pest control fertilization

Life Cycle

_____ is the stages an organism goes through from fertilization to death.

Data

_____ must be analyzed statistically to see if the original hypothesis is supported or not

Scientific inquiry or Scientific Method

_____ or ____ is the systematic approach

Controls

______ allow for the comparison needed to draw conclusions needed to draw conclusions about treatment effects

Seed germinability, the seeding note required to achieve a target plant population

______ and the vigor and timing of planting are major factors of that need to be considered when determining ____

Forage, Browse, or herbage

_______ are the edible parts of plants, primarily the leaves & digestible stems that can be fed directly or following storage to livestock.

Monoculture

_______ is growing the same crop in a field continuously over a period of years

Entomology

_______ is the study of insects.

Maturity, yield potential, and insect & disease resistance

_________ are more important factors to insider in variety selection for all crops.

Processing

_________ markets add value and diversity of use to freshly harvested vegetables.

Integrated Plant Health Management

_________ relies on the use of several methods rather than one single means for developing an effective and sustainable pest management program.

Stomach Poison

__________ refers to the materials that enter the insect by mouth, and kill by being absorbed.

Organic

____________ vegetable farming and gardening involves a strong reliance on cultural practices and biological principles of weed , disease , pest , and nutrient management.

Sustainable

_____________ approaches to vegetable production integrate compounds of conventional and organic management

Soil temperature & moisture

in temperate regions, the major environmental factors determining planting date are ______