Plants and Civilization Quizlet (NOT ON FINAL EXAM)

Mint family (dicot, lamiaceae)

3,000 species Unique combination of angular stems that are square in cross section, opposite leaves, and bilaterally symmetrical flowers Ovary superior and four-parted, developing into four nutlets Plants produce mint oils --Used medicinally and as antiseptic in different parts of the world. --Menthol used in toothpaste, candies, gum, liqueurs, and cigarettes. --Rosemary, thyme, sage, oregano, marjoram, basil, lavender, catnip, peppermint, spearmint

The Nightshade family (dicots, solanaceae)

3,000 species concentrated in tropics of Central and South America. Flowers have fused petals with stamens fused to corolla. Superior ovary develops into berry or capsule Tomato, white potato, eggplant, peppers, tobacco, petunia Drugs: belladona drug complex, capsicum, Jimson weed, Tobacco

The Pumpkin family (dicots, cucurbitaceae)

700 species of prostrate or climbing herbaceous vines Flowers unisexual with fused petals. Female flowers with inferior ovary of three carpels Includes many important edible plants Many have been cultivated for so long they are unknown in the wild. Pumpkins, squashes, cucumbers, cantaloupes, gourds

Laurel family (dicot)

About 1,000 species of tropical evergreen shrubs and trees; No petals, but sepals sometimes petal-like; Stamens in three or four whorls: anthers open by flaps that lift up; cinnamon, camphor, sassafras, sweet bay, avocado

Pollinia

Anthers contain sacs of pollen

The Carrot Family (Dicots, Apiaceae)

Approximately 2,000 members widely distributed in Northern Hemisphere. Savory-aromatic herbs, with dissected leaves, and petiole bases that form sheaths around stem Flowers small, numerous and arranged in umbels. Inferior ovary and two-lobed stigma Dill, celery, carrot, parsley, caraway, coriander, fennel, anise, parsnip Some members poisonous. Poison hemlock - Socrates believed to have died from ingestion

The Lily family (Liliaceae)

Approximately 4,550 members that occur in almost any area supporting vegetation Flowers often large and their parts are in multiples of three, with sepals and petals often resembling each other Lilies, daffodils, asparagus, sarsaparilla, Aloe, onions, garlic Meadow saffron - Source of colchicine used to treat rheumatism Bowstring hemps (sansevierias) - House plants; long fibers for string, rope, bowstrings

Jack Harlan and students

Associated crop origins with regions; 1950s

Belladona drug complex

Atropine--shock treatment, pain relief Scopolamine--tranquilizer

Plants of Chinese region

Bamboo, peach, walnut, ginger, gourds, camphor, tea, soybean, buckwheat, horseradish, cucumber

Plants in near-eastern region

Barley, wheat, peas, lentils, asparagus, beets, carrots, turnips, olives, cherries, plums, apricots, apples, onions, garlic, broccoli, lettuce, flax, pistachios

Camphor

Cold remedies, insecticides

Para rubber tree

Crude rubber from latex of inner bark

Alphonse de Candolle

Cultivated plants originated in areas where wild relatives grow; Origin of Cultivated Plants (book); 1880s

Sweet bay

Flavoring in meat dishes

The grass family (monocot, Poaceae)

Flowers wind-pollinated and highly specialized. Calyx and corolla are tiny scales. Flowers protected in boat-shaped bracts. Stigmas exposed and feathery. Leaf bases sheath stems Contains nearly all cereals Wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn Sugar cane - Six meters tall -Juice squeezed from cane, then centrifuged. --Solids crystallized into table sugar. --Dark remnant = molasses Baskets, fibers, thatching for huts Citronella Oil

Plants of South and Central America

Garden beans, corn, peanut, white potato, lima beans, cashew, pineapple, avocado, red pepper, tomato, cotton, cocaine, cacao (chocolate), sweet potato, pumpkin, squash, rubber, vanilla, cassava

Poppy family (dicots)

Herbs of temperate and subtropical regions Numerous stamens, but single pistil Milky or colored sap All species produce alkaloidal drugs

Bowstring hemps

House plants; long fibers for string, rope, bowstrings

The Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)

In tropical and temperate regions Several economically important plants Cassava - Staple food in tropical regions Para rubber tree - Crude rubber from latex of inner bark Stamens and pistils produced in separate flowers. Flowers often inconspicuous and lack corolla

Near-eastern region

Mediterranean, northern Europe

Cactus family (dicot, cactaceae)

More than 1,500 species native only to Americas in dry, subtropical regions. Leaves reduced in size, often spines. Fleshy stems Flowers showy. --Numerous stamens, petals and sepals --Inferior ovary develops into berry. Most have edible fruit. --Prickly pear fruits

The rose family (dicots, rosaceae)

More than 3,000 species of trees, shrubs and herbs Flowers have basal parts fused into cup, with petals, sepals and numerous stamens attached to cup's rim. Family subdivided into subfamilies on basis of flower structure and fruits

African continent

Mostly Ethiopia and West Africa

Sassafras trees

Native to eastern U.S

Mustard family (dicots, brassicaceae)

Nearly all 2,500 species in temperate and cooler regions of North America. Four flower petals arranged in a cross. Six stamen: 2 short, 4 long Fruits = siliques or silicles All produce pungent watery juice Many cultivated edible plants: -Cauliflower, brussel sprouts, broccoli, radish, turnip -horseradish, watercress, rutabaga -Mustard - Ground seeds of two species of Brassica

N. I. Vavilov

Plants were domesticated in geographic regions with high genetic diversity of wild relatives; Majority of domesticated plants originated from mountain regions; 1916

Cinnamon

Pulverized bark of small tree

The Sunflower family (dicots, asteraceae)

Second largest flowering plant family with about 20,000 species Dandelions, lettuce, endive, chicory, artichoke, dahlia, chrysanthemum, marigold, sunflower, thistle Tarragon - Spice in meat and pickle Individual flowers = florets Florets arranged in compact inflorescence that resembles a single flower

Meadow Saffron

Source of colchicine used to treat rheumatism

Column

Stamens and pistil united in single structure

Cassava

Staple food in tropical regions

Economic impact of rose family

Stone fruits: cherries, apricots, peaches, plums Pome fruits: apples, pears Aggregate fruits: strawberries, blackberries, raspberries Garden ornamentals - Roses Fragrances Fruits of roses = hips - Vitamin C

Plants of South Asia and Pacific Islands

Sugar cane, eggplant, mango, banana, citrus, safflower, nutmeg, clove, cardamon, turmeric, black pepper, coconut, taro, rice, sesame, onion

Plants of North America

Sunflower, cranberry, blueberry, tobacco

Legume family (dicots, fabaceae)

Third largest of flowering plant families with 13,000 species Cosmopolitan Flowers radial to bilateral. Stamens fused into tube around ovary Fruit is a legume. Many important crop plants: --Peas --Beans --Soybeans --Peanuts --Alfalfa --Sweet clover --Licorice --Carob

The Orchid Family (Monocot, Orchidaceae)

Very large family with > 35,000 species, especially abundant in tropics Widely distributed with diverse habitats Flowers exceptionally varied in size and form. Many epiphytic on bark of trees. Others aquatic or terrestrial and saprophytic. Specific adaptations between orchid flowers and pollinators are extraordinary and sometimes bizarre. Vanilla from vanilla orchid Three sepals and petals, with one of petals (lip petal) differing from other two Stamens and pistil united in single structure = column. --Anthers contain sacs of pollen called pollinia. Minute seeds produced in prodigious numbers (dust seeds). -Each seed consists of only a few cells. --Seed must become associated with specific mycorrhizal fungus to germinate

Plants of African continent

Yams, sorghum, okra, sweet melons, coffee, some cotton

Jimson weed

asthma

Columbine

five spurred petals

Capsicum

from red peppers; gastric stimulant

Cyathium

inflorescence Female flower elevated on stalk called gynophore and surrounded by several male flowers that each consist of little more than an anther. Male and female flowers inserted on a cup composed of fused bracts, usually with glands on rim. Sometimes surrounded by colored bracts (poinsettia)

Buttercup family (dicot)

nearly all 1500 species are herbaceous, petals vary in number, numerous stamens, several to many pistils with superior ovaries, concentrated in north temperate and arctic regions, most at least slightly poisonous

Chinese region

temperate and southern China

Opium

white fluid from capsules

Monkshood or Wolfsbane

yields aconite -- drug once used to treat rheumatism and neuralgia, very poisonous, wolf hunters used juice from roots to poison wolves