PLSC 3340 FINAL PART TWO

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. Liberals and nationalists gathered in Frankfurt and attempted to create a single German nation-state. 2. They were faced with two options a. Kleindeutsch (or little German) solution, with a unity of the northern German states under the Prussian monarch b. Grossdeutsch (or big German) solution, which would unite Protestant Prussia and the Catholic Austria of the Hapsburgs. 3. Neither option succeeded and the so-called liberal Revolution failed, the Frankfurt Parliament was Disbanded. 4. Among the counterrevolutionaries is a young Prussian aristocrat (Junker) named Otto von Bismarck.

ECSC (1951)

European Coal and Steel Community. signed between France, Italy, Germany. established european coal and steel community; purpose= create a common market for coal and steel products among the 6 nations while eliminating tariffs and other barriers

Social Market Economy

In Germany, a postwar economic system that combines a highly productive market economy with an extensive and generous welfare state, as well as unusually active involvement of both business and labor in economic policy. Ludwig Erhard was the primary architect of the Soziale Marktwirtschaft (Social Market Economy) a mix of neo-classical liberalism (ordo-liberalism) and highly organized, structured, neo-corporatist system, basically a mix of social democracy and market capitalism, with a highly developed welfare state, supported by the social democratic left and the Christian democratic right, highly consensual.

"stab in the back"

The "stab in the back" argument advanced by Hitler and the Nazis places the blame for German defeat in World War I on the Weimar politicians.

Fourth Republic of France

The government established post war in France, granted the vote to women, however it failed because of its lack of a strong presidency. Ultimately collapsed in 1958 because of colonial conflicts in Indonesia and Algeria1. A parliamentary regime 2. Dominated by political parties (régime des partis) 3. Rigged system of PR, traditional multi-party system 4. Led to chronic governmental instability 5. The bureaucracy provided for stability in governance 6. This regime was opposed by de Gaulle and the by the Gaullists (note the emergence of a new political party, despite de Gaulle's opposition)

National veto

The power of EU member states to block decisions made by the Council of the EU - used when proposals require unanimous support

Politics of late development*

The rise of Prussia led to a conservative political culture in modern Germany.

CGT and CFDT

anti-communist working class vote (CFTC and CFDT)

European Parliament

debates legislation proposed by the commission and forwarded to it by the council

Die Linke (The Left)

extremist party on the left

technocracy

government ruled by technical experts

Heimat

means homeland in Germany, has nationalistic and ethnic connotations

Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle)

name for the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after WWII (adoption of social market economy, under Adenauer and Erhard, export-oriented economics, etc.)

Non-refoulement

principle that refugees cannot be forced to return to their country of origin because of fear of persecution on the grounds of race, ethnicity, or membership in a social group

Council of Ministers

"Government" sets the legislative agenda. Day-to-day business of government is carried out by the prime minister and the cabinet. The Government is composed of the Council of Ministers 1. President presides over the Council 2. Must cooperate with the Prime Minister 3. And the Cabinet

1962 amendment to French Constitution

'Illegal' constitutional amendment of 1962 allows for the direct election of the President of the Republic 1. Establishes a mixed presidential and parliamentary regime 2. Reinforces the dual ballot electoral system Forcing France into a two-party system 3. Further weakens parliament and political parties 4. Denounced by François Mitterrand as "un coup d'Etat permanent Goals of these institutional reforms: 1. a response to the crisis in Algeria 2. further modernization of French society and economy, continued economic planning 3. reduce the influence and number of parties 4. strengthen the hand of the executive at the expense of the parliament but the Senate remains a strong conservative force (vestige of stalemate society avec les notables)

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. Led to the installation of Third Republic of France which was a republic by default Prussia defeat the Second French Empire 2. Seizes the eastern French provinces of Alsace-Lorraine 3. This leads directly to the founding of the Second Reich, under the Kleindeutsch option, excluding Austria 4. Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, becomes the new Kaiser (Emperor)

CDU (Christian Democratic Union)

- a party that represents the religious groups politically -Merkel's party -similar to Republicans. The members of the current (grand coalition) German government are the CDU and the SPD. Ideology—brings together Protestants and Catholics—in a party that subscribes to Christian Democracy—a more social interpretation of the Gospels Socially conservative, anti-abortion, anti-gay, but Becomes more moderate/progressive over time Fiscally conservative, monetarist, pro-free trade Tightly run and well organized party Adenauer set the moral and ethical tone Note the strong rivalry between CDU and CSU Dominant figure of Franz-Josef Strauss, longtime Leader of the CSU, larger than life figure. Tightly run and well organized party Adenauer set the moral and ethical tone Note the strong rivalry between CDU and CSU Dominant figure of Franz-Josef Strauss, longtime Leader of the CSU, larger than life figure. Long hiatus between Adenauer (1963) and the coming to power of Helmut Kohl, more of a conventional, machine politician, working his way up through the ranks, presiding over Unification Angela Merkel, was first woman, first East German, true to the founding principles and ideals. Of the party and a very effective leader until Recently, 2017 federal election, when she had to Give up control of the party because of poor Showing (less than 33% of the vote) Wir schaffen das (we can do this, take care of almost 1 million refugees in 2015) cost her, but she was true to her Christian roots/ethic. She miscalculated, expecting European solidarity. Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (AKK), Minister of Defense was leader of CDU until recently, now A contest between Norbert Röttgen (left-liberal) Armin Laschet, Minister-President of NRW Jens Spahn, Minister of Health, support AL Friedrich Merz (right-wing businessman) Truly a catchall party in the early decades of the FRG, drawing support from every segment of German society, even workers, lots of women, No real class distinctions. Slightly more Catholic than Protestant, more southern (Bavarian) and western, than northwestern, Ruhr and Saar are traditional strongholds of SPD, but early on CDU got a significant number of working class votes Attracts older, more conservative voters. As you can see from this graph, the CDU-CSU Pretty much dominated German party politics Until 1969.

Treaty of Rome (1957)

1. Created the European Economic Community (EEC), generally known as the Common Market 2. Marked the beginning of European economic integration

Presidential powers*

1. Elected directly by the people initially, for a 7-year Term, changed to a 5-year term in 2002 2. Most powers are spelled out in the Constitution 3. President is commander-in-chief 4. By convention, the President also sets the foreign policy agenda, more difficult in cohabitation1. Elected directly by the people initially, for a 7-year Term, changed to a 5-year term in 2002 2. Most powers are spelled out in the Constitution 3. President is commander-in-chief 4. By convention, the President also sets the foreign policy agenda, more difficult in cohabitation 5. President appoints the PM 6. Can dissolve Parliament once a year 7. Has sweeping emergency powers under Article 16 of The Constitution Very Gaullist institution 2. Supposed to be non-partisan (au dessus de la melée) 3. President can appeal directly to the people 4. Can use a referendum to consult the people, with Parliament's assent (note exception of 1962 amendment to the Constitution) President is head of state as well as head of government (but must share power with PM in a situation of cohabitation)

Luxembourg Compromise

1966, appease France, member allowed to veto a proposal that directly affected its national interests, but rather vague language of what that meant. The so-called 'Luxembourg Compromise' of 1966 resulted in a more intergovernmental approach to policy making in the European Community.

Vichy France

A Nazi-controlled puppet state in Souther France established by Hitler and headed by Marshal Philippe Petain

Customs Union

A group of countries committed to (1) removing all barriers to the free flow of goods and services between each other and (2) the pursuit of a common external trade policy.

National Socialism

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.

republican discipline

A party needs to get 12.5 percent of the registered voters on the first round in order to go to the second round 5. This rule forces parties to cooperate (republican discipline)

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

The German Question

A series of questions used to study Germany's unique circumstances. Whither the German Question? Did Unification resolve the 'question?" 1. Territorial dimension seems to be settled 2. European integration seems to have resolved the strategic issue 3. But the political and social dimension of the question remains open and seems to have been exacerbated by unification strong support for extremist parties in the states of the old East Germany, threatens liberal democracy

Neocorporatism

A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy

Nature and organization of French interest groups

A. Labor 1. CGT a. Marxist-Leninists b. Still tied to the PCF 2. CFDT a. affiliated with the socialists, formerly CFTC b. Follows a syndicalist model 3. FO, founded with support of the AFL-CIO & CIA Anti-communist 4. Labor is badly divided, ideologically split 5. Weak, except for the CGT in public sector unions Electricite et Gaz de France... B. Capital or business 1. Legacy of Vichy, collaboration and war 2. CNPF represents big business 3. CGPME represents small business 4. How do these groups relate to political parties? C. Farmers 1. One of most powerful interests in France 2. FNSEA 3. Corporatist ties to the Ministry of Agriculture 4. Importance of CAP C. Teachers and other public sector unions 1. FEN 2. CGC 3. Power to shut things down D. How to characterize French interest groups? Mix of Leninist, syndicalist, corporatist, and statist

German Confederation (1815 - 1866)

After the Congress of Vienna (1815) a centralized German state was not created. During the Napoleonic period, Prussia incorporates much of the French system of public administration, and the grip of feudalism, especially the Junkers, begins to weaken. Beginnings of the Rechtsstaat (a constitutional state and rule of law, closely associated With the liberal Prussian thinker, Immanuel Kant)

Externalization of border control

Amsterdam Treaty (1999) brings JHA pillar to the fore, including free movement, migration & asylum into EU framework (core competence), gave the Commission greater powers in regards to migration, Amsterdam also inscribes the idea of EU citizenship into the law

"Wir schaffen das"

Angela Merkel's statement, Wir schaffen das (we can do this) as a strategy for managing refugee migration does entail a moral hazard.

Positive vote of no confidence

As in any parliamentary system, the government Must maintain the confidence of the house, Through majority control, or via a coalition However, votes of no confidence are extremely rare, because they must be a 'positive vote of no Confidence,' meaning that MPs must agree on the New leader and composition of the government, Before the sitting government can be removed and Replaced.

resistance & collaboration

Backbone of the resistance is the French communists. However, originally communists were hesitant to join arms. Communists organized cells but these cells were not connected. Therefore as a result after the war, the French Communists are the most powerful.

May 1968 Student Uprising in Paris

Beginning in May 1968, a period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting some seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes, and the occupation of universities and factories. At the height of events, which have since become known as May 68, the economy of France came to a halt. Beginning in May 1968, a period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting some seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes, and the occupation of universities and factories. At the height of events, which have since become known as May 68, the economy of France came to a halt. Both the women's liberation movement and the gay rights movement in France grew out of the 1968 upheaval and the intellectual ferment of the time.

European Commission

Body responsible for proposing EU legislation, implementing it, and monitoring compliance

DGB and BDI

Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI) 1. Powerful business association (like US Chamber) 2. Small number of large firms, peak interest group 3. Close ties to government, ministries Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund; DGB (German Trade Union Federation) 1. Almost one third of German workers belong, Compare to AFL-CIO, 7-8 % 2. Close ties with SPD and government, corporatist 3. Mitbestimmung (Co-determination) allows DGB to Transcend class politics, eschew strikes, etc. 4. Low levels of unemployment...

SPD (Social Democrats)

By 1914, Germany has the largest (and still disenfranchised) socialist party (SPD) in Europe. largest leftwing party in Europe in the late 19th century, governing party during Weimar, Bonn, & Berlin Ideology and history: one of oldest and best Established parties in Germany, dating back to 19th century and especially Weimar (party of Government) and the Nazi period (main party Of opposition to Hitler). Fairly hard socialist party after WWII, led by Kurt Schumacher, made it not competitive Also partition of Germany costs SPD many voters In the east. Note the uprisings in GDR (1952) and Hungary (1957) led to drop in support, distrust of SPD Foreign and defense policies in the 1950s Working class image, hard trade unionists with a Marxist bent, alienated middle class voters, Similar to the Old Labour Party in UK Strongly anti-clerical, like French socialists, hurt the party with religious voters Brandt elected to head the party in 1958 Bad Godesberg conference in 1959, complete Reform under Willy Brandt, Karl Schiller, and Helmut Schmidt, turning the party into more of A conventional Scandinavian-style social democratic party—note influence of Brandt who Spent the war in Sweden and Norway Embraced Keynesian economics, in line with postwar consensus, showing an embrace of free market capitalism, trade, etc. Brandt's Ostpolitik and reconciliation with Poland and GDR, seeking penance for the Holocaust and German crimes against humanity during the Nazi period. With Schmidt as Minister of Defense, he showed Strong support of NATO, etc. in 1970s Another moment in the sun, 1998 to 2005, under Red-Green coalition Gerhard Schröder and Agenda 2010, reform of Labor market and public finances, welfare state War in the Balkans, Kosovo, etc. Bases of support: move away from narrow Working class base in the 1960s, attracting many Younger voters (my friend DT). Became a party of government in 1960s, first in Grand coalition (1966 to '69), with Schiller as Minister of Economic Affairs and Brandt as Foreign Minister, improving its image as a party Of government. Breakthrough in 1969 (see the chart), move to The middle, becoming more of a catchall party But the party would split in the 1970s, as radical Young Socialists embraced environmentalism, anti-nuclear power, pacifism and disarmament Brandt aligned with the young radicals after his fall from grace in a spy scandal (in 1974), and Schmidt with the older conservatives, workers Began to lose support in 1976 but still a powerful, governing party, The real split came in 1980 with the founding of The Green Party, and euromissile controversy Party would lose control, confidence of Bundestag In 1982 and remain out of power until 1998 Leadership from 1998, Red-Green agenda, and Then long slow decline, from 2005 to the present as SPD becomes junior partner in grand coalition governments with Merkel and the CDU In 2000, the Red-Green coalition government passed a law making it much easier for foreigners in Germany to naturalize and become citizens.

Republicans (neo-Gaullists)

Center right (Gaullists-les Républicains) led today by Édouard Philippe, Prime Minister of France.

Helmut Kohl

Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany. Longest-serving Chancellor in history of FRG Seen as a very provincial politician, but He was a tough leader of CDU-CSU-FDP Coalitions H-D Genscher (FDP), F-J Strauss (CSU), larger Than life figures. Cut a deal with F. Mitterrand to launch EMU and Creation of the €uro

religion versus class in French politics

Class structure in 19th century France is very Different than in England. a. peasant freeholders b. petty bourgeois (small business class) c. small town elite (notables) d. liberal or professional class (sans culottes)

Mitbestimung (Co-determination)

Close cooperation between capital and labor Mitbestimmung (codetermination), highly Organized form of capitalism, peaceful industrial Relations, contrast with UK & France

PCF (Communists)

Communists (PCF), hard left, today La France Insoumise, one of the major parties of the 5th Republic 2/3 of socialists accepted Lenin's demands at the Congress of Tours (1920) Formation of a new Communist Party, committed to Moscow (first Lenin and then Stalin, the Commintern Rejection of social democracy and 'eurocommunism) 5. Favors revolutionary communism, including Dictatorship of the proletariat Socialization of the means of production One-party rule... vote for me and you will never vote again! 6. PCF evolved into a nationalist and étatist party Secular, working class, heavy industry 2. Note legacy of Resistance 3. Power of the CGT, still the base, note the strikes 2019 4. Was getting one in four voted in the 1960s and '70s 5. Joined Mitterrand and 'Common Programme' in 1981... come into my parlor said the spider to the Fly 6. Rapid decline in the 1980s because of deIndustrialization

Gaullism and the Gaullists*

De Gaulle and his officers were the only legitimate political leaders in France after the war. Liberated Paris under De Gaulle. Traditionally jacobin, étatiste, and Bonapartiste 2. Nationalist (force de frappe) and republican 3. Modernizing centralism, flirting with neo-liberalism 4. Pompidou, Chirac, and Sarokzy 1. Traditionally Catholic and conservative... until 1960s 2. Became more of a catchall party, support cuts across class lines, but garnering business support 3. Today, more of a business/elite party, Le Figaro Gone through many changes evolving into elite run Cadre-type party, with a tight, central leadership

Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

Democratic government established in Germany after World War I. The electoral system of the Weimar Republic was based on PR. By the late 1920s, the Weimar Republic had almost entirely lost public support (rampant inflation contributes to this). German political groups on the left and the right targeted the Republic as an ineffective government Hitler and the Nazi contended that the German army had not lost World War I on the field, but on the home front. In 1932, Hitler lost his bid to be elected chancellor, but came to power a year later. Nazis and Communists were adamantly opposed to the the Weimar Republic and helped to bring about its downfall. The leading party in the founding of the Weimar Republic is the SPD (social democrats) 4. SPD had supported the war, but remained divided, And it was dependent on various right-wing Parliamentary groups to gain a peace (armistice) and create a republic Imposing a democratic system on a fundamentally Authoritarian political culture (Dahrendorf) The Weimar Constitution resembled Fifth Republic France in many respects 1. A powerful (although indirectly elected) President Baron von Hindenburg. 2. A popularly elected Assembly (the Reichstag) could Be dissolved by the President, who also had the Authority to appoint the Chancellor (PM). 3. Like the French President, the Weimar President Was given sweeping emergency powers to rule by Decree if necessary 4. Cabinet was weak because it was subject to shifting Parliamentary majorities 5. System of PR weakened parties and the party system 6. But the biggest strike against Weimar turned out to Be economic. 7. Hyperinflation wiped out the savings of the middle Class and the workers

reparations payments

Due to revanchism, the French pushed hard for reparations by Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. Occupation of the Ruhr by French troops (1923-24) 1. Germany was unable to make reparations payments Under the terms of the hated Versailles Treaty. 2. The French decided to take control of the Ruhr industries to exact reparations. 3. Not until the Americans stepped in with the Dawes Plan (1924) was the reparations crisis resolved and French troops withdrawn 4. Dawes Plan (1924) provided Germany with enough cash to begin to stabilize its currency (the mark)

Three Pillars of European Integration*

EMU, JHA, and CFSP

ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fürher

Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Fürher evokes a totalitarian political ideology.

free holding peasants in the Rhineland

Emergence of freeholding peasantry - This leads to a strong burgher or bourgeois class in The West, especially in the Rhineland and among the merchants of the Hanseatic League. This leads to "Germany" is split between East and West (social and political) and North and South (largely cultural and religious).

ERM

Exchange Rate Mechanism

Chancellor

Executive (Chancellor, head of government) sits in the legislature and must maintain the confidence of the house, fairly strict party discipline Sets the policy agenda 2. Can appoint and dismiss ministers, like British PM, But need for balance, to make sure all factions in The party or governing coalition area represented 3. Chancellor cannot be immediately dismissed, however, if there is a vote of no confidence 4. Until a successor has been chosen (the positive vote Of no confidence), to assure continuity in Government, prevent political instability, as in Weimar, and to prevent a power vacuum.

Constitutional Court

Federal Constitutional Court (sits in Karlsruhe) has sweeping powers of judicial review, similar to US Supreme Court, but it is not an appellate court; Rather it is a constitutional watchdog with jurisdiction over institutions, almost any person, institution, agency has standing, Constitutional Court has power to ban A political party if it is deemed to be antiDemocratic 8 judges are elected by secret ballot, half by Bundestag and half by Bundesrat, on secret ballot

Hapsburgs versus Hohenzollerns

First Reich (Kingdom) emerged in 15th century, in 1415 the House of Hohenzollern moves to Brandenburg (area around Berlin) 2. Hohenzollerns will become a major player in the Holy Roman Empire, which is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire, even at the height of its Power under Charlemagne (768 to 814) The Hapsburgs in Austria are a far more powerful player in Germanic Europe (at this stage) than are the Prussians.

Origins of the EU

France and Germany were the key players in founding of the European Community, later the EU.

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969. 'I don't want my name used even in the form of an adjective?'

1789

French Revolution began. Headed by the Jacobins who were led by Robespierre.

Jacques Chirac

French conservative president elected in 1995; pursued a plan of sending illegal immigrants back to their home countries; an outspoken opponent of the US invasion of Iraq. (1995-2007), glad handing man of the people, not clear what his core principles are, partisan

Constitutional Council

French council created in 1958 with the power to supervise elections and rule on the constitutionality of bills passed by the National Assembly before they formally become law.

Revolutionary land settlement

French revolutionaries persuaded the peasants to join them by giving the land to peasants i.e. legal title to the land. Only one problem with this is that the French did not have primogeniture (first son would get the land) instead they divided the land among sons. This caused the French population to decline. Very Malthusian in resources (land/food are limited so had to control the population)

Crises of decolonization (1950's)

French were reluctant to give up their empire 2. 1954 Geneva peace agreement, negotiated by Pierre Mendes-France with Vietnam 3. Suez crisis in 1956 4. The Algerian War (200k-300k Algerians were killed) Attempted putsch by army officers in Algeria, Jan, 1958. From the defeats in Vietnam and the Suez Canal, the army clung onto Algeria. Military wanted to set up a military government but the 5th Republic shut that down. -settled at Evian in 1962 The French believed that maintaining their empire would mean that they would maintain dominance.

Frontex

Frontex is the European Union agency for external border security. It is responsible for co-ordinating the activities of the national border guards in ensuring the security of the EU's borders with non-member states. Frontex is headquartered in Warsaw, Poland.

What happened to French Christian Democracy?

Got included into REM

Fifth Republic*

Government established in France in October 1958. General de Gaulle comes to power in 1958 with the idea of returning France to Great Power status. 1. He sets out to build a strong presidential regime 2. Weaken the power of parliament and political parties 3. Build a French nuclear strike force (la force de frappe et la défense tous azimuts)

Adolph Hitler and the Brown Shirts

Hitler is named as Chancellor in 1933 by President von Hindenburg 1. the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP or Nazi Party) wins the largest number Of seats in the Reichstag 2. Identified by their brown shirts (Prof. Katzenstein) 3. Hitler comes to power LEGALLY B. Burning of the Reichstag in early 1933 allows him to Seize power and suspend the Constitution 1. At first the 'establishment,' administrative and Political elite, as well as general staff of the army opposed him 2. But Hitler had a series successes including the Retaking of the Ruhr and the Saar from French And Belgian occupiers in 1935-36 3. Rearmament of Germany began and economic recovery was in full swing by 1936-37 Foundations of Nazi ideology - Mein Kampf - Fuhrerprinzip - Aryan Race - Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Furher - Cooptation of army, civil service, business 6. Most groups in German society were able to Rationalize their tacit or overt support for Hitler

republican synthesis

In 19th century, triumph of republicanism. Two events precipitated the triumph of republicanism a. The French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War 1870--French lost Alsace-Lorraine and Bismarck established the Second Reich b. The Paris Commune--in the words of Karl Marx it was the French working class which First tore the veil of ignorance from the Workers of Europe--but the Commune was Brutally suppressed by French troops, under the watchful eyes of the Prussian army.

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Functionalism

Jean Monnet employed functionalism.

Jean Monnet and Monnetism*

Jean Monnet, the founding father of the European Community, was famous for developing a functionalist approach to European integration.

rise of the Junkers

Junkers were the landed nobility in East Prussia. East Prussia and its landed nobility (the Junkers) Will become the power base for the Hohenzollern Monarchs, eventually backbone of Protestantism/ Lutheranism. The rise of a new Baltic grain trade reinforces traditional Prussian society, enriches the Junkers, and helps to fund FTG's wars, such as the the seizure of Silesia from Maria Teresa of Austria in 1740. But, even though the Junkers are turned into a Commercial agricultural class, they retain their grip on Prussian politics. When Chancellor General Caprivi in the 1890s moves Germany towards free trade, the reactionary Junkers and others agitate against free trade by using anti-semitic slogans, which marks the beginning of a new nationalism, that would lead to fascism

federal dimension of German Politics

Just as in the U.S., the FEDERAL dimension of politics is Critical. 1. Elections in the Länder to the Landtag are closely Watched 2. Bavaria is like Texas—a one-party state, CSU and GOP, very conservative. 3. North-Rhine Westphalia would be like Ohio or Michigan on steroids 4. Hesse would be like New York (Frankfurt) or Pennsylvania 5. Thuringia like Georgia, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Like West Virginia or Kentucky, etc. 6. Only defense and foreign affairs are outside the Purview of the Land 7. States rights are enshrined in the Basic Law 8. As in the U.S., states have a big role in Administering and implementing federal laws Including tax collection 9. Police powers are vested in state and local Governments, see the imprint of the American Occupation authorities in the design of the FRG 10. Desire to break-up the old Prussian model of the Administrative state 11. In West Germany, 10 states, including city states like Hamburg and Bremen, plus West Berlin 12. In unified Germany, fünf neuen Länder 13. All states must guarantee republican and Democratic governance 14. All states, except Bavaria, have bicameral Legislatures, and they are governed by a 15. Ministerpräsident, a prime minister, but roughly The equivalent of a US governor, and these executive positions can be a stepping stone to federal/national office, Armin Laschet, MinisterPresident of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), leading candidate to succeed Angela Merkel

Perpetual Peace

Kant's idea that a system could be established in which all nations work with each other to end all wars forever. This state of perpetual peace must be achieved by a bottom-up approach.

Jacobinism

Left-wing radical revolutionary politics that spurred from the French Revolution in the 18th century led by Robespierre, believed in the "good of society". Victorious group of the political debate in the 1790s. Trying to consolidate a French state. Laicite meaning secularism

"whatever it takes..."

Mario Draghi was the European leader who vowed to do 'whatever it takes' to save the €uro.

MoDem (Liberals)

MoDem French is a centrist political party in France that is characterized by a strong pro-European stance. MoDem was founded by François Bayrou to succeed the Union for French Democracy (UDF) and contest the 2007 legislative election, after his strong showing in the 2007 presidential election.

exchange rate stability

One of the objectives of the central bank is to reduce exchange-rate fluctuations making it stable.

National Assembly (Chamber of Deputies)

Parliament is elected for 5-year terms (maximum). Can be dissolved by the President, but only once a year. National Assembly can override a Senate veto. It is NOT supreme, as in the UK. It is a deliberative body that passes legislation. President can force passage of a budget, if Parliament has failed to act after 60 days

Reenserfment in East Prussia

Politics of late development - Reenserfment of peasants in East Prussia, compared With emergence of a freeholding peasantry in Western Germany, France, and the Low Countries. = lead to a strong burgher or bourgeois class in the West

PIIGS countries

Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain

Mario Draghi

President of the European Central Bank. was the European leader who vowed to do 'whatever it takes' to save the €uro.

grandes ecoles

Prestigious and highly selective schools of higher education in France that train top civil servants, engineers, and business executives.

Ministerpräsident

Prime Minister, Equal to U.S. governor.

Jacques Delors

Prominent French Socialist politician, who was president of the European Commission, 1985-95

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule. Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor, pursued the Kleindeutsch option to create a unified Germany. Like other Junkers, Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor, was strongly anti-socialist. The Kulturkampf was a movement launched by Bismarck to exclude Catholics from politics of southern Germany (Bavaria) from power, Because they are opposed to centralizing power in Berlin 2. Members of the Catholic Center Party are branded as Reichsfeinde (enemies of the Reich). 3. The anti-Catholic campaign continues until the 1880s In 1863-65, Prussia defeats Denmark and seizes Control of Schleswig-Holstein 2. Bismarck, now the Prussian Chancellor or First Minister, vows to achieve by "blood and iron" what the liberals failed to do by parliamentary means at Frankfurt 3. In 1866, Bismarck leads Prussia in a successful Military campaign against Austria 4. During this campaign, Bismarck splits his liberal opponents, gains widespread support for his policies, and establishes Prussia as the dominant German state 5. 1867 marks the establishment of a new North German Federation, with Bismarck as the leader. 1863 Bismarck passes the Sickness Insurance Law, The first of several measures to create a Paternalistic welfare state (Wohlfartstaat), allowing him to in effect buy off the workers. Workers, trade unionists, etc. are excluded from political participation/citizenship but they are given social rights. In 1878, Bismarck pushes through the anti-Socialist Law, banning the large and popular Social Democratic Party (SPD) from participating in politics. In 1878, Bismarck pushes through the anti-Socialist Law, banning the large and popular Social Democratic Party (SPD) from participating in politics. He engineers the marriage of iron and rye. 1890 marks the end of the Bismarckian era, when Kaiser Wilhelm dismisses The Iron Chancellor. In the 1890s, the new Chancellor, General Caprivi, Moves Germany back in the direction of free trade—a move that was vigorously opposed by the Junkers

Stalemate society

Reason for why there is a division in France, why modernization was difficult for France. Stalemate is the Jacobian state versus conservative society. Napoleon and the French Revolution consolidated stalemate society, exacerbated the tension between Paris and the provinces which is run by the notables (notaire). Politically paralyzed France before WWII. It inhibited France from combatting fascism and Nazism

Legalistic tradition (Rechtsstaat)

Started developing in 1815-1866 - a constitutional state and rule of law, closely associated With the liberal Prussian thinker, Immanuel Kant

nature and organization German interest groups

Strange nature of German capitalism 1. Cartelization of industry, like Japan, late capitalism development 2. Close association with banks 3. Helps to avoid cutthroat competition 4. By having power concentrated in the hands of a few Large firms and banks 5. Emphasis on exports and comparative advantage 6. Industrial policy, Verbände, industrial associations

Popular Republican Movement (MRP)

The 'Center' traditionally a coalition of parties, today République en Marche. Inherited the MRP and Christian Democracy from 4th Republic, but mostly secular and liberal, progressive 2. Mix of very traditional, hard right groups, like Independent Republicans of Giscard 3. To UDF, Raymond Barre, François Bayrou, and 4. Finally Emmanuel Macron and the REM, a movement party and politician, personality cult, dedicated to reform 5. Liberal and technocratic (énarques ou énarchie) 5. No longer 'le marais,'

Marriage of Iron and Rye

The 'marriage of iron and rye' brought together the Junkers in the east and the National Liberals in the west, to complete the unification of Germany in the Second Reich. a coalition of the landed Nobility of (East) Prussia, known as Junkers, and the Industrialists of western Germany, the National Liberals of the Rhineland, the Ruhr and the Saar. Led to - more conservative, authoritarian politics - rise of protectionism for German industry - defeat of free trade wing of the liberals - reinforces the anti-socialist bloc - further weakens the parliament (Reichstag)

Schengen Agreement

The 1985 agreement between some - but not all - European Union member countries to reduce border formalities in order to facilitate free movement of citizens between member countries of this new "Schengenland." For example, today there are no border controls between France and Germany or between France and Italy. Schengen agreement allows countries to impose border controls

Bad Godesberg Program (1959)*

The Bad Godesberg Program (1959) brought about fundamental reform of the SPD

Brexit

The British Exit from the European Union. The freedom of movement of the EU has proved to be most controversial from a political standpoint, contributing heavily to the leave vote in the Brexit referendum

Eurobonds

The EU does not have eurobonds which makes fiscal and monetary policy complicated. Germany has not embraced mutualization of Eurozone debt and the creation of 'Eurobonds.'

Visegrad Group

The East European member states of the EU—sometimes referred to as the Visegrad Group—have not accepted large numbers of refugees. They are among the migrants in some cases like Albanians and Poles

Idealists versus Realists

The European Community (EEC) was founded to give Europe more clout in international affairs. This is an example of a realist argument for European integration.

Force de Frappe

The Force de frappe (French for: strike force), or Force de dissuasion after 1961 , is the designation of what used to be a triad of air-, sea- and land-based

PS (Socialists)

The French Socialist Party (PS) has been consistently republican in orientation. It was started in the late 19th century. It was small because there was a small working, industrial class. Socialists (SFIO to PS), soft left, shadow of its former self, leader is Olivier Faure. Oldest, continuous, political party in modern French Politics, lots of ups and downs. 2. A mix of radical republicanism and democratic socialism, with a 'tinge' of social democracy late in 20th century. *Congress of Tours More democratic socialist and republican but with 'liberalizing elements... Macron' 10. Became very 'Atlanticist' and pro-Israel under Mitterrand Social bases of support (lost largely to REM in 2017- ) 1. From a party of old men (G. Deferre) in the 1950s60s 2. Garnering the anti-communist working class vote (CFTC and CFDT) 3. Highly secular, laïc, and anti-clerical (rads-socs) Still heavily republican in ideology 4. Strong support among public sector unions, teachers, Healthcare workers. 5. Became quite a 'yuppie' party, of the liberal elite under Mitterrand.

Greens

The Green Party (Die Grünen oder Grüne founded 1980, merged with East German Greens in Alliance 1990) Ideology: started out quite radical Realos v. Fundis Red, Green, and Brown Greens in the early days Shifts to simply a Green Party in the 1990s, eventually becoming a party of government in 1998 (triumph of the realos). Wants to eliminate nuclear power Combat climate change, eliminate fossil fuels, and deindustrialize Strongly pro-immigration and pro-refugees Keynesian economic policies, strong supporters of Welfare state, social policy, etc. Voting and social support: move away from single issues, broadening of its base, to include, young well-educated voters, professionals, etc. still opposed by Unions and industrial working class Benefits from ticket splitting, getting party votes, Vote for SPD candidate and Green party Now almost the largest leftwing party in Germany, bigger than SPD, powerful at the state level too, highest federal score 11% in 2009, about 10% in 2017 Filling the electoral space being vacated by SPD

Emmanuel Macron

The Republicans are part of the coalition government of Emmanuel Macron. Macron created the REM, the centrist party.

Senate

The Senate (return of the rads socs et les notables) 1. Has some powers to veto or block laws 2. Representation is based on 96 departments with an electoral college of local officials 3. Over represents rural communes, making it a very conservative body (les notables, Paris v. Provinces)

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War left the German states divided between Prussia (in the north) and Austria-Hungary (in the south). a. Starts as a conflict between the Protestant, Frederick V (Elector of Palatine) and the Catholic, Ferdinand II (Hapsburg ruler and German Emperor). b. Prussia will emerge from the Thirty Years War as one of the Great Powers of modern Europe. The Treaty of Westphalia... Münster (cages on the cathedral) and Osnabrück. c. Frederick William of Prussia (The Great Elector) comes to the throne in 1640, determined to rid Prussia of outside powers (Austrians and Swedes) and to build a modern state on the French model.

the völkisch tradition

The Volksgemeinschaft can best be described as a nationalist ideology. The völkisch ideal of German citizenship had a strong ethnic bias. Hitler builds on the Völkisch tradition But transforms it from an ethno-cultural into an Ethno-racial ideology. The idea that the German Race is superior to all others.

Zollverein

The Zollverein (1819) was primarily a customs union But Germany remains politically divided, with Prussia as the dominant state.

Basic Law (Grundgesetz)

The authors of the Basic Law sought to ensure that a potential dictator would never again have the chance to come into power in the country. Still hope for unification someday. Basic Law wanted to avoid mistakes of Weimar. Strong emphasis on viable, democratic political Parties—seen as the key to stability. Anti-democratic parties and anti-system radicals would be banned. Strong emphasis on civil rights and liberties, making Sure the individual is protected from power of State 8. Equal protection and due process (contrast with France, étatiste tradition) 9. The goal of the Basic Law was to create institutions That would guarantee the republican government and Protect civil liberties and the democratic process 10. A return to federalism (der Deutsch Bund) and parliamentary democracy (Weimar) Institutions - federal with an element of separation of powers - President indirectly elected by Members of the Bundetag and equal number of MPs from the state parliaments (Landtag) Federal President, with mostly Symbolic and ceremonial powers, moral figurehead, can veto legislation that threatens the Basic Law, also some role in foreign affairs, but minimal. The President should remain above partisan politics - Bicameral legislature with division of labor/powers

FRG

The defeat of Nazi Germany brought partition (Potsdam). Founding of the BRD in 1949 by the western powers. Social and Christian Democrats in the west. West Germany (FRG) was about half the size of pre WWII Germany. Still caught in the middle of Europe, but this time between two heavily armed nuclear powers. Wealthy in natural resources, human capital, and heavily industrial. Would become an export-led powerhouse economy. Capital of FRG was in the sleepy, Rhineland city of Bonn, hence the Bonn Republic A FEDERAL state, designed with the help of US advisors 1. Departure from the Prussian model 2. FRG turned out to be remarkably stable 3. Anchored by der Alte and a conservative Christian Coalition (CDU-CSU, 1949-1966). Legitimacy of CDU and SPD (Kurt Schumacher) 7. Many conservative voters in the West were fearful of the social democrats because of the threat of communism (from the east). Denazification (how deep do you go?) Decentralization (of power in the western zones) Democratization (again only in the west)

Konrad Adenauer

The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government. first Bundeskanzler, founding Father of FRG

GDR (German Democratic Republic)

The founding of the DDR shortly afterward, also 1949. Ruled by KPD (Communists) in the east. GDR very much a puppet and rump state, 50 armored Soviet divisions, poised on the Oder-Niese Line, the Fulda Gap. Economically devastated and dismembered and politically servile. Berlin would become a divided city, with East Berlin (the Soviet zone) as the capital of the GDR, and West Berlin as an outpost of the West. The founding ideal of GDR was that the German people were not to blame for the war, because they were led by an illegitimate and criminal band of fascists. Communism purportedly offered a fresh start and the 'sins of the past' could be blamed on the Nazis, and simply forgotten

Bundestag

The lower house in the German federal system; most legislative activity occurs in this house. Bundestag, the lower house, most powerful, directly elected parliament, with the maximum mandate of 4 Years. Bundestag elections held every 4 years unless parliament is dissolved—extremely rare. Districts are roughly equal in size, based on Population. Voting age is 18, like in the U.S. Hybrid electoral system: two ballots, one vote for a Political party (based on PR), and a second for a candidate (based on FPTP) Half of MPs elected on PR, other half on FPTP.

FDP (Liberals)

The most 'liberal' party in Germany in the (neo) classical sense. National Liberal Party, important in Second Reich, its Successor, liberal party in the FRG is the Freie Demokratische Partei (or FDP) Ideology is classically liberal, free market, but it Has some roots in the National Liberal Party and Is strongly pro-business. Some of its older members were supporters of the Nazis, as were many leaders of German industry, etc. Flirting today with the AfD, more on them in a Moment, FDP has taken an increasingly strong Anti-immigration stance, at odds with its liberal, Free market, ideology Leadership: played a big role in German Governments from the early years of the FRG Until 1998, as a member of coalition governments With CDU in the 1950s and '60s, and with SPD in 1970s, back to CDU in the 1980s and '90s, kingmaker Walter Scheel, H-D Genscher, Otto Lamsdorf, Guido Westerwelle... Christian Lindner Bases of support: mostly big business, intellectuals, academics, etc. Struggled in recent years to make the 5 percent hurdle, disappearing from Bundestag in 2013 after several years in coalition with CDU, bounced back in 2017 Never more than 14% of the vote (2009, briefly Back in coalition with CDU, but support Collapsed, as it was unable to distinguish itself From CDU. Under Lindner, FDP has moved to the hard right. On cultural and immigration issues, trying to Compete with AfD

moral hazard problem

The possibility that individuals or institutions will change their behavior as the result of a contract or agreement. Example: A bank whose deposits are insured against losses may make riskier loans and investments.

Frederick the Great of Prussia

The ruler who consolidated Prussian rule and built a strong administrative state with a 'military ethic'. When Frederick the Great comes to power (1740) as the second King of Prussia, Prussia is a legitimate power, with a strong military state (feudal ethic of order and obedience, etc.). FTG consolidates Prussian power and builds a strong public Administration on the model of the French Absolutist monarchs. seizure of the Austro-Hungarian province of Silesia from Maria Theresa (1742) a classic example of Realpolitik (similar to Putin's seizure of Crimea from Ukraine), taking territory from a neighboring state in a moment of weakness. FTG brings feudal values of discipline, obedience to authority to the new German union/state, a profoundly conservative political culture.

the snake and EMS

The snake, EMS, ERM and ultimately EMU were designed by European leaders to deal with exchange rate stability

The Maastricht Treaty, EMU and the €*

The two European leaders who struck a deal to bring about EMU and the creation of a single currency, the €uro, were Kohl and Mitterand. German unification was one of the push factors for the creation of the euro. The advent of the €uro led to a housing boom and then a bust in many Eurozone countries.

Bundesrat

The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature). Bundesrat, the upper house, is indirectly elected by The Landtag. A fairly powerful body can initiate legislation represents the Länder and Has veto power overall social and economic policies, including taxation, education, police and criminal justice, transportation, energy, etc. (note current controversy in U.S. over federal authority) Much greater power than French Senate or British House of Lords, less powerful than US Senate, in part because of turnover due to Frequency of state elections, every 5 years Composed of delegates chosen by the majority Parties in the Landtag (State diet or parliament)

Jean Monnet

The visionary but practical French economist and businessman who recognized that European unity had to start with economics. Leader like Schumann (France), Spaak (Belgium), Adenauer (Germany) and De Gasperi (Italy) were in favor of economic integration. Monnet's 1952 plan finally led to the ECSC(European Coal and Steel Community).

Willi Brandt

This Social Democratic Chancellor of West Germany from 1969-74 pursued improved relations with East Germany, the USSR, and the rest of the communist bloc, a policy dubbed Ostpolitik ("East Policy") in which he sought to increase communication and understanding between the West and the communist states First SPD Chancellor, Lord Mayor of West Berlin, Ich bin ein Berliner... Leader of the political resistance against Hitler In exile in Sweden during WWII Bad Godesberg Conference (1959) and reform of SPD Foreign Minister in coalition government Ostpolitik would win him the Nobel Peace Prize

grands corps*

Top bureaucrats of France, will become a part of it if you are a part of the higher French civil service

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s. After four years of horrific warfare, an Armistice is Declared on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 and the guns fell silent on the Western front. 2. Note that this was an Armistice, not a surrender 3. The Kaiser abdicated and a new civilian government was created by politicians in Weimar. 4. Germany was compelled to accept the humiliating Terms of the Treaty of Versailles 5. Loss of territory (see the new map), brought back The German Question with a vengeance: Wo ist Deutschland? 6. Germany was beaten but unbowed—leading to Recriminations and political instability 7. And of course the settlement at Versailles sowed the Seeds for a resurgent, militaristic, and aggressive Germany less than two decades later 8. France regained the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine 9. Germany loses territories in the east— pourquoi mourir pour Danzig!?—the Baltics and Ostpreussen, which becomes a new source of conflict between Poland and Germany. 10. Reemergence of Poland, creation of Czechoslovakia, disappearance of AustroHungarian Empire and redrawing of boundaries Across Europe

Second Reich (Germany)

Unification of Germany through bullying, economic coercion, and war. Prussia held the most political power under the constitution of the Second Reich Founding of the Second German Reich (1871) The Reichstag in Berlin is elected on the basis of universal, manhood suffrage, representing all of the new Germany 1. BUT, the real power lies with the Prussian Landtag, which has a complicated three-tier voting system, that over-represents the old Junker class 2. The Reichskanzler, also Minister-President of Prussia (Bismarck) holds all the cards!

Democratic Deficit (EU)

Used to describe what some people say is a gap between the powers of the EU and the power of its citizens to influence EU decision-making.

Helmut Schmidt

West Germany chancellor who believed that if a war arose between East and West Europe, Germany would suffer and lose no matter what; tried to ease tension. Finance and Defense minister under Brandt Recession and financial crisis of 1974 Founder of G-7 along with Giscard Led Germany through economic crises of 1970s, Kept growth steady and unemployment low Favorable macroeconomic balance, pro-trade, and Pro-Europe Confronted the split in SPD, Young Socialists Would form the Green Party

Traditional society

William the Conqueror brought feudalism. Catholicism one unifier of the French people.

Ostpolitik

Willy Brandt's policy of "opening toward the east" that increased relations between West and East Germany in 1972

Fascism/Totalitarianism

a government in which the state comes before all else. Example of the Nazis and Italians

Malthusian attitudes

a part of the stalemate society

Anti-system parties

a political party that rejects the legitimacy of the political system in which it is operating and actively seeks to undermine it

Bonapartism

a style of government that fuses personal leadership with conservative nationalism; for Marxists, it reflects the relative autonomy of the state. Return of Bonapartism in 1852 with the republican overthrow. Bonapartism is consfiscation of power through plebiscite (strong-man leader, leader feels he has a direct connection to the people)

Unanimity Rule

all group members must agree on the same position before a decision is finalized

CSU- Christian Social Union

conservative political party in Germany, predominantly Roman Catholic base. CSU (the Bavarian sister party) is much more devoutly Catholic, less Protestant, hence more conservative

Council of Ministers (EU)

consists of foreign ministers, finance ministers, the president of France, and all the prime ministers of the other members. They pass any laws initiated by the EU Commission. This body is intergovernmental.

Third Republic of France

ends in World War I, legalized trade unions, created state schools, built colonial empire, Eiffel Tower, Dreyfuss affair weakened it. Republic by default i.e. the only option due to being beat by Germany. founded in 1875, anticlerical, underpinned by notables, stalemate society, agrarian and rural society but also radical urban society. Republican in nature (democratic, direct democracy heavy egalitarian, secular). Did not break the stalemate society because it was dominated by notables (local elites, radical republicans), socialists were weak

Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)*

farthest to the right, anti-immigration, nationalistic, xenophobic. The AfD gets more electoral support in the states of eastern Germany. Started as anti-EU and anti-Euro party Morphed into a strongly anti-immigration party Support from far, extreme right Powerful in the east, doing well in state elections

Four Freedoms

freedom of movement, freedom of capital, free movement of goods, and freedom to establish and provide services

Single European Act of 1986

laid down a detailed legal framework for establishing a single market, which would add the free movement of labor, capital, and services to the existing free trade in goods

François Mitterrand

longtime leader of the Socialist party, (1981-95), opportunist, Machiavellian, but in tune with "la France profonde". Brief return to PR for legislative elections in 1986, reversed immediately by PM Chirac's government of cohabitation 1. Strategic move by Mitterrand to split the right

dirigisme, colbertisme (economic planning)

mercantilist, statist system where state controls the economy, very far from liberal free trade, Cartesian tradition.

FN (National Front)

most nationalist and anti-immigration. Marine Le Pen is the current leader. Brief switch back to PR in 1986 legislative elections creates electoral space for the National Front, which receives 33 seats in 1986, compared to 1 in 1988 This reform was enacted by President Mitterrand and the socialist controlled National Assembly Return of old French right, Vichy and the 'club de l'horloge' 2. Started with a small group around J-M Le Pen 3. Elections in Dreux circa 1984 lead to the entry of FN in a local government council 4. La France aux français... être français, cela se mérite ! 5. Nationalist, xenophobic, racist, anti-semitic. Anti-Europe 7. Charismatic and flamboyant leader, former para, J-M Le Pen, proud of torturing prisoners in Algeria 8. Attempt at moderation by daughter, Marine Le Pen Re-naming of party after 2017 elections, Rassemblement National— Social bases of support - 1. Poorly educated, white, working class, male, Anti-immigrant, anti-globalization

Council of State

one of the grands corps, ultimate court of appeal if the individual feels like they have been wronged. In France, you cannot sue the state. The government cannot be challenged by the individual. Have to go through administrative court of appeals if you have problem with the state. Courts are not independent in France i.e. the state is judging itself.

Anti-clericalism

opposition to the political power of religious institutions or the clergy

le malaise or le mal français (1920's)

period of enormous creativity, rise of theatre of absurd, dadaism, cubism, and surrealism. Rejection of everything modern, very difficult for political leaders. Time of political, economic, and social stalemate society

Dublin Convention

refugees have certain rights; those who accept them have certain obligations. Dublin Convention (1990) one stop asylum shopping, eliminates venue sopping Creating safe third countries and 'buffer' states never worked

Laïcité is the term for:

regulations that define the separation of church and state

Paris Commune

revolt led by workers where they declared the Paris Commune i.e. the first communist uprising. The Paris Commune was slaughtered by French military.

importance of parties and party system

since Germany was not a true parliamentary Democracy before WWI, political parties Were not the key players in politics, unlike The, UK. Germany traditionally has had a multi-party system. Necessity of coalition governments in Bonn and Berlin Republics 5. Today many grand coalition governments, weakens Political parties and the party system, no clear Choice for the electorate... Parties are key to legitimacy of the state—system parties fulfill the aggregative function of parties. Parties are publicly financed (1967 parties law). All mainstream parties in FRG were opposed to Nazis. Basic Law bans anti-system parties

Holy Roman Empire and the German states

the HRE is a political entity with some political authority over the largely German-speaking states (principalities) of Northern Europe.

Michel Debré

the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962.

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

the principle that decisions by international organizations are made by weighted majority votes, as in the European Union today

Paris and the Provinces

there is no rural exodus in France like we saw in Britain--the bulk of the French population remains on the land, working in agriculture 4. This exacerbates the tension between Paris and the Provinces and delays the rationalization of agriculture until after 1945--even today French farmers have more political clout than farmers in any other advanced industrial democracy

5 percent rule

to get any representation, to Prevent a fragmented parliament. A party must win either 5 percent of the registered 'party vote' or 3 district (candidate) contests to gain representation. The votes for parties that do not pass the 5 Percent hurdle, are distributed equally among the winning parties. If a party wins more 'district seats' than it is Entitled to under PR, it retains the seats and the Size of the Parliament is increased.

hybrid German electoral system

two ballots, one vote for a Political party (based on PR), and a second for a candidate (based on FPTP) Half of MPs elected on PR, other half on FPTP

dual ballot electoral system

under 5th republic - shift from PR to a dual ballot system with a measure of FPTP. Majority wins on the first round and plurality on the second. Artificially creates a two-party or two-block system

ticket splitting

voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election. Votes are converted into seats in two ways: Combination of plurality/FPTP (district vote for a Candidate) and PR (vote for a party) Half of MPs elected by PR (from party lists put Together by the parties in the Länder) and half By FPTP/plurality, candidates also chosen by parties Voters cast two ballots. The party votes determine the actual percentage of Seats won by each party With seats won in candidate votes deducted from The total in each district/constituency

Gerhard Schröder

(1998-2005) First Red-Green coalition Bit of a sleazy politician (Gazprom) Opposed the US in 2nd Gulf War Best known for Agenda 2010 Reform of German economy, welfare state, labor relations

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet