PLSI 120- Quizzes Study Set

Which of the following are examples of moral hazard?

-After someone buys homeowners's insurance, they decide to stop locking the door to their house because they can get the insurance company to pay for their stuff if its stolen -Because governments bail out banks that make too many risky loans, banks feel encouraged to continue making such loans

Due to which reasons was the world able to escape the Malthusian dilemma?

-Agricultural productivity increases happened faster than predicted -As societies became wealthier, women started having fewer children

Choose all of the following that are traditionally thought of as part of the Washington Consensus.

-Liberalization of trade -Government deregulation -Privatization of industry

Which of the following are arguments against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)?

-NAFTA has not led to a decrease in poverty in Mexico -The United States has lost manufacturing jobs to Mexico

Which of the following made the Eurozone crisis worse in PIGS countries, such as Greece and Portugal?

-PIGS countries could not control their own monetary policy -PIGS countries had no formal way of receiving money from wealthier EU nations -PIGS countries had large budget deficits and no way of financing them

Which statements about comparative advantage are correct?

-States are likely to import products that use resources they lack -States are likely to have a comparative advantage in areas where they have lots of resources

Choose all of the following that are tactics that states can pursue if they believe that another state is committing human rights violations.

-States may use economic incentives to persuade another state to improve its human rights record. -States may use economic incentives to persuade another state to improve its human rights record -States may use economic incentives to persuade another state to improve its human rights record.

Which of the following are reasons that democratic states tend to promote political and civil rights in their foreign policy?

-States sharing such similar values are more likely to trade with one another (trade liberalization is a key component of many liberal democracies) -States sharing similar values are less likely to go to war with one another (ties with democratic peace theory) -Democracies tend to believe in the protection of individual liberties (the defense of individual liberty is a core component of modern Western democracy)

Place these important moments in the history of international human rights in chronological order

-The International Committee of the Red Cross is formed -The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is ratified -The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights is ratified -The responsibility to protect (R2P) norm is slowly adopted by states

Which of the following statements about the modern international monetary system are correct?

-The most important currency in the world is the U.S. dollar -The value of the U.S. dollar is allowed to float and is based on market forces

Which of the following are correct statements about the 2008-09 global financial crisis?

-There was a sharp decline in international trade during the crisis -Several european countries faced balance-of-payment and debt crises -Globalization made the crisis worse because of the interconnected nature of the global economy

Which of the following would an economic liberal support regarding multinational corporations?

-They invest in capital stock worldwide -They help move money to where it can be used most efficiently -They finance projects that improve industrial and agricultural output

Which of the following are reasons why states might not want to encourage free trade?

-They may worry more about domestic employment than economic growth -They may prioritize their own labor and environmental standards and regulations -They may have certain new sectors of the economy that they want to protect so they can grow -They may believe certain sectors of the economy are too vital to allow outsourcing

Which of the following are arguments in favor of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)?

-They strengthened the American agricultural sector -Foreign direct investment between the three countries has gone up substantially -They increased trade between the three countries in the agreement

How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the international economy? Choose all that are correct.

-Unemployment rose significantly worldwide -Countries relying on petroleum exports faced budget issues -Global GDP dropped precipitously in 2020

Place the steps of the creation of a treaty in order from first to last...

1. Negotiation- the first stage involves negotiating what will be in the treaty 2. Adoption- once the states involved are satisfied with the content of the treaty, they adopt it, meaning negotiations are over 3. Signing- those states present who want to sign it, can do so. For some treaties, this is official; for others, it must go to the individual states for further actions 4. Ratification- is when the government of. a state votes or otherwise shows its acceptance of terms of the treaty 5. Enters into force- some treaties go into place immediately; others specify that they will "enter into force" at a later date 6. Acceded to- any states that want to join after the treaty is already in place are said to "accede to" the terms of the treaty

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativism?

A state argues that a law prohibiting women drivers should be judged by that society's standards and not Western standards of gender relations

How do constructivists explanations of democracy and cooperation differ from liberal explanations?

Constructivists place more emphasis on the idea that the identity and norms associated with democracy lead to more cooperation; It is not that countries are democracies in the eyes of constructivists, but that they self- consciously identify such and are used to the norms of cooperation that come about domestically because of democracy

What is one of the most important international agreements specifically related to women's rights?

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

Some argue that human rights are culturally determined and therefore are only relevant depending on the culture or society. This argument is known as _____________.

Cultural relativism; a very controversial idea, particularly among those who believe that human rights should be universal in nature.

Match each source of law with its correct descriptions

Customs- more limited because it develops slowly over time; can be ambiguous because it's not written down Treaties- subject to formal negotiations; must be ratified

What makes the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the New Development Bank different from the World Bank?

Developing countries particularly China, have much more power in their decision making

An outbreak of _____ in West Africa in 2014 demonstrated how weak global coordination in responding to pandemics remains. A longer-running campaign to fight the spread of ________ has been ongoing since the 1990s and has been made possible through the development and widespread dispersal of antiretroviral therapies.

Ebola; HIV/AIDS

_________ which lost popularity in the late 1900s as ideas like the Washington Consensus gained traction, has seen a major resurgence in the twenty-first century.

Economic Liberalism

Match each economic philosophy with the statement that describes it.

Economic Liberalism- the economy should be as free as possible from government control Economic Radicalism- conflict between the owners of wealth and workers is inevitable Mercantilism- states should accumulate gold and silver to guarantee power

What does it mean for development to be sustainable?

Economic development must take account of the environment and whether resources are renewable or not.

States decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic, including reshoring supply chains especially for essential pharmaceuticals, diversifying distribution networks, and moving away from just-in-time supply chains to ensure provision of essential goods, were most consistent with which economic theoretical perspective?

Economic nationalism; was already resurging prior to the pandemic, but the pandemic helped reinforce the state-centric nature of the international system

Identify whether or not these groups are entitled to legal international protection and asylum

Entitled: Refugees; Not entitled: economic migrants, internally displaced persons

The most advanced regional trade agreement in terms of fostering political and economic integration is ______. Despite the close linkages among member states, some economic sectors, most notably _____, have caused tension among participating countries.

European Union; agriculture

Match each theoretical perspective with its view on migration. Constructivism

Identities play a crucial role in how states respond to migration

Which situations would be referred to the International Criminal Court?

International Criminal Court: one side is suspected of having committed genocide; local or regional courts are unwilling or unable to try a powerful individual.

Why might a multinational corporation (MNC) move production abroad for political reasons?

MNCs may wish to get around tough government regulations in their home country

Choose all of the following that are tenets of economic liberalism

Markets should be free from government interference; when there are many buyers and sellers, competition will ensure prices will be as low as possible.

Place these historic economic theories in chronological order.

Mercantilism, economic liberalism, economic radicalism

Match each economic policy with the examples that fit under its umbrella.

Microeconomic: A Government sues a company for violating antitrust laws A government creates a law to regulate environmental waste Macroeconomic: A government balances its budget A government raises the income tax rate A government tries to lower short-term interest rates to boost economic growth

Why are political leaders so hesitant to call certain situations a genocide?

Once an ongoing incident is named a genocide, states are usually obligated to intervene.; If a state does not want to intervene, they will go to great lengths to not name something a genocide until after the fact.

Liberal political theorists like John Locke focused primarily on which kind of rights?

Political and Civil; these rights have been enshrined in documents like the Magna Carta and the U.S. Bill of Rights

What best describes the relationship between mercantilism and protectionism?

Protectionism represents a set of policies that a mercantilist government might follow.

An arms race, in which each country feels like it must invest more and more in its military and its weapons to prevent its enemies from gaining an advantage, is an example of the problem of focusing on ______.

Relative gains (can hinder cooperation in international relations even when everyone involved would be be made better off by cooperating)

Match each theoretical perspective with its view on migration. Liberalism

State-level views on migration are the result of domestic politics and the views of different subnational populations

Which statement about the relationship between economic conditions and human rights is most accurate?

States experiencing declining economic conditions are more likely to repress human rights.

Match each theoretical perspective with its view on migration. Realism

States may have to turn away refugees in the name of national security, eve if it violates international agreements

According to economic liberals, what is the role of the state in international economics?

States provide market rules and a level playing field; economic liberals prefer the state to have a smaller role in the economy, but they do allow for the state to create the conditions for a free market.

What does it mean for a country to accede to a treaty?

The state agrees to follow a treaty after it has entered into force.

Which of the following reasons explain why R2P has been controversial?

There has been disagreement on what requires intervention; states object to the way that it undermines sovereignty

How do institutions help make a state's commitments more credible?

They make a state commit to do something in a public and formal manner

Which of the following are sources of international law?

Treaties and customs; treaties can be bilateral (between two states) or multilateral (between many states)/ customs, where traditions in the international realm can become law if they are carried on for long enough and are supported by stronger states

Recent years have seen a shift in global attitudes away from economic liberalism and toward antiglobalization and economic nationalism

True

The four Geneva Conventions and three later protocols form the core of international humanitarian law.

True

During the past 30 years, a growing share of money going to developing countries has come from private sources, such as multinational corporations, rather than public sources, such as the World Bank or large developed states.

True; This has been one of the most profound shifts in international finance in the past 50 years.

The idea of humanitarian intervention conflicts with the Westphalian system of state sovereignty.

True; Westphalian sovereignty is based partly on the notion that states can manage their own people however they see fit, without outside intervention.

Specific crimes against humanity are outlined in the Rome Statute to the International Criminal Court.

True; acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack

According to liberals, economic interdependence between countries makes war less likely because it raises the cost of war for both sides.

True; if countries have strong economic linkages, particularly when it comes to trade, they both have more to lose if they go to war

The United Nations Charter makes human rights an explicitly international issue, overruling state sovereignty when human rights are at stake.

True; the charter is quite conspicuous in saying that it does not "authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state."

The sector that has proven most resistant to economic liberalization has been agriculture.

True; there are several reasons for this, including a hesitation by state leaders to allow others to control their food supply

Although international organizations can help, the mainstay of enforcement for women's rights will remain at the state level.

True; this is one area where NGOs have been critical, by helping monitor and publicize state efforts related to women's rights.

Which situations would be referred to a truth commission?

Truth Commission: blame is to be apportioned to both sides of a conflict; the two sides involved must continue to live peacefully side-by-side

Which documents are part of the International Bill of Rights?

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

In 1999, a Spanish court tried several former leaders of Guatemala for genocide, despite the crimes not being committed in Spain and not being committed against Spanish citizens. This is an example of what kind of jurisdiction?

Universal jurisdiction (very controversial and has not been used much beyond Spanish borders

Which of the following are Bretton Woods institutions?

World Bank, International Monetary Fund, GATT/World Trade Organization

Some academics, including Stephen Walt, believe that the COVID-19 pandemic will lead to what?

a more protectionist and less open world; the reassertion of the importance of the state as a unit of analysis during the pandemic has led many to predict a less open, more protectionist world in the future.

Structural adjustment programs

a package of reforms recommended or required by Western economic policy makers

Tom Brady is way better at earning money by playing football than I am. Tom Brady is also much more efficient at earning money doing yard work than I am, because he's in much better shape. We would say that Tom has a(n) _____ advantage over me in both football and yard work. However, I am more efficient at earning money by doing yard work than I am by playing football. Thus, we would say I have a(n) _____ advantage in doing yard work.

absolute; comparative (the key to understanding comparative advantage is that everyone has a comparative advantage; everyone has something they are better at doing than anything else they could be doing)

Early efforts to enforce international human rights law involved the use of ________________. More recently, enforcement has been done through the _______________.

ad hoc United Nations tribunals; the International Criminal Court of Justice

What is R2P?

an international norm for protecting human rights

Intergovernmental Organization

create international standard for governments to follow related to human rights ( main level at which states come together on international standards)

The general category of heinous offenses used against civilians is known as ________________. A specific example of that broader category of offenses is ________, which is when a state or actors try to exterminate, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

crimes against humanity; genocide

Which of the following are included in a country's balance of payments?

current and capital accounts

Economic radicalism developed as a direct reaction to the excesses of _____.

economic liberalism; Many economic radicals believed that capitalist systems contained within them the seeds of their own inevitable end.

Vertical Enforcement Definition

exemplified by the European Union; enforced by international orgs

International criminal law has seen advances in a couple of key areas. The first, which involves sending an accused individual from one state to another to stand trial or serve a sentence, is known as _________. The other, called ___________, helps authorities solve crimes by sharing information and resources.

extradition; mutual legal assistance

There are several different kinds of exchange rates. If a country allows the value of its currency to be determined by the market, we say it has a _______ exchange rate. If, on the other hand, a country pegs the value of its currency to the value of precious metal, such as gold, or to the value of a different currency (usually the U.S. dollar), we refer to this as a ________ exchange rate.

floating, fixed; floating: we say the exchange rate "floats" because it changes freely in response to market forces, such as the supply of the currency and the global demand for it// fixed: because it is set to match the value of some other underlying currency or commodity.

The term for killing members of a specific national, ethnic, racial, or religious group with the intent to destroy them is known as _______ and the first international convention outlawing it was created after the events of ____________.

genocide; World War II

International finance works through many mechanisms. Sometimes a corporation from one state will build a factory in another state, which is an example of ___________. Other times the mechanism is less direct, such as when people in one country invest their retirement savings in government bonds issued by a different country, an example of ___________.

investment; portfolio investment

Horizontal Enforcement Definition

involves the use of statecraft, such as sanctions or diplomacy

Which of the following are criticisms of the International Criminal Court?

it has focused too much on African cases; it infringes on state sovereignty

Direct cash trasnfers

money given by governments or organizations to individuals with few or no strings attached

Remittances

money sent by foreign workers back to individuals living in the countries from which they came

Which activities do intergovernmental organizations undertake to support human rights globally?

monitoring state behavior when it comes to human rights, bringing offending state leaders to international courts, setting the standards that states should adhere to

Which statements explain why it has been difficult to monitor and enforce international agreements against the trafficking of women and children?

much of trafficking happens out of public sight, disagreements remain at the local level about what constitutes trafficking

Nongovernmental Organization

organize transnational protests against human rights abuses (particularly well-suited to organizing protests as they are transnational and flexible)

In the world of finance, what is a derivative?

product that allow investors to bet on the future prices of asset classes; derivatives can play a helpful role in mitigating risk for financial actors, but they also spread risk more broadly in the financial system

Which protections are covered under the Geneva Conventions?

protection for prisoners of war, protection for civilians in time of war, protection of wounded armed forces

Which element of the women's rights movement has proven most controversial?

protections against human rights abuse in the private sphere

World Bank

provides loans for development projects, often based around infrastructure

International Monetary Fund

provides short-term loans and advice to countries facing budget crisis

Choose all of the following that are activities that nongovernmental organizations regularly participate in.

publicizing issues, leading advocacy networks, and putting pressure on states

GATT/World Trade Org

pushes for the reduction of tariff and nontariff barriers between countries

States competing against one another for personal protective equipment and vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic is most consistent with the _______ theoretical perspective.

realist

State

repress political or civil rights (this remains a serious concern in many countries)

Microfinance

small loans for individuals or groups to invest in their businesses or themselves

The state of Midgard signs a trade agreement with the neighboring state Junon. In this agreement, both agree to provide the other country with the same treatment that they give to their best trading partners. This is an example of _______. This concept was at the core of the real-world _______.

the most-favored-nation principle; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

What best summarizes the reaction of economic liberals to the economic crises of the past 10 years?

the system needed some changes, but it is fundamentally sound and headed in the right direction

The work that the World Trade Organization does is most consistent with the theory of economic liberalism.

true

The international Court of Justice provides legal judgments about whether states have violated international law. This is an example of ____ enforcement. Another way of enforcing laws is through ______ enforcement; for example, when states places economic sanctions on South Africa in the 1980s to try to end apartheid.

vertical, horizontal; Horizontal-enforcement is what has been used for centuries to compel other states to follow international law; vertical- enforcement is most effective when it is either seen as legitimate or is backed up with some implicit force

The Beijing Consensus states that economic developments happens because of privatization, trade liberalization, and government deregulation.

False

The global financial crisis of 2008 and 2009 began in the Eurozone.

False; began in the US

A weaker domestic currency leads to more imports and fewer exports.

False; generally countries prefer a weaker currency because they prefer to have a positive current account.

In 1995, the _____ transformed into the _____, which is dedicated to fostering free trade and resolving trade disputes.

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade; World Trade Organization (the WTO plays a role in encouraging member states to lower trade barriers and settling disputes between countries, but it has been contentious since its founding.

Which of the following best captures the evidence on the effectiveness of IGOs and NGOs in protecting human rights?

The evidence is mixed, in that they may help but by themselves are often insufficient; NGO monitoring alone is insufficient, but there have been some successes when states pursue multilateral enforcement and encouragement.