plt edu 4

Discovery Learning Strengths

- encourages active engagement - promotes motivation - promotes autonomy, responsibility, independence -the development of creativity and problem solving skills. -a tailored learning experience

How Can Educators Stimulate Classroom Discussion?

(a) PROBE for students' understandings (b) HELP articulate their ideas by adding to their vocabulary, sharing their thoughts with others and listening to others closely (c) ENCOURAGE all students to take risks and solve problems, model--> teach (d) STIMULATE & PROMOTE curiosity

Reinforcing and maintaing on-task behavior

(a) Responding to their questions and ideas (b) Engaging them in conversation (c) Challenging their thinking

knowledge centered curriculum theory

- curriculum theoriest= Bruner; goal of curriculum= each child learns at his/her level of understanding in all subj areas that fit childs cog abiltieis; teacher role= develop childs critcal/creative thinking throu problem solving;methods= exp using blooms thinking skills- know, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and eval; source of know= using obj, ideas, and info with analytic thinking skills.

Positive reinforcement

Response to an action or a behavior that strengthens the likelihood of that action or behavior being repeated. Also known as a reward.

Cerebral cortex

The largest, most complex structure of the human brain; responsible for higher level thinking and intelligence; surrounds the rest of the brain (much like a half-shelled walnut).

Punishment

The process by which a stimulus or event weakens the response that it follows, reducing the probability of a response

Reinforcement

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows

Guided Practice

an activity designed to reinforce and apply learning that includes feedback from other students or the teacher.

Thematic Units Approach

an approach used by ece teachers to teach meaningful curriculum; a curriculum approach that relates learning exps to key cocnepts/ideas abt a particular topic of study and last over a period of time; uses variety of relevant exps in more than one content area and are interesting to the child; help child link their learning from many diff subj area, generalize know/skills from one exp to another, and connect what they are learning to real life; takes many diff forms; it must include childs ideas/interest, previous exps, and know worth knowing.

Developmental Domains Approach to curriculum

an approach used to organize the written curriculum; it is areas of children's development to organize the curriculum; this approach is learner centered; it teaches the WHOLE CHILD; allows children to integrate their developing knowledge, skills, abilities, and dispositions as the teacher decides what, how, &when to teach certain concepts and skills. It provides a broad view of curriculum, a balanced view of the whole child, and helps teachers match content to each childs abilities to achieve post outcomes.

brainstorming

an interactive instruction instructional strategy; order to generate creative ideas, learners are asked to withhold judgment or criticism and produce a very large number of ways to do something, such as resolve a problem. For example, learners may be asked to think of as many they can for eliminating world hunger. Once a large number of ideas have been generated, they are subjected to inspection regarding their feasibility.

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Integrated Curriculum Approach

another approach to curriculum development; joining all parts of something together to make a whole; it joins learning in more than one develop domain, more than one content area, or across domains and content areas; the linkage is based on the study of a broad concept/theme, and on the developmental needs of the learners; has orgins in the ideas of Dewey, Kilpatrick, and Piaget; curriculum is holistic and know should be integrated and include child directed activity ; meanigful b/c children can make connect among concepts, exps, and school to what they know.

Emergent Curriculum Approach

another approach used to organize the curriculum; it considers childs interests, needs, prior know, cult bckgrnds, and quest as the core of the curriculum; it responds to childs needs & interest, involves children in teacher in planning/eval projects/learning activities, has general learning object, and doc childs learning; emphasizes childs interest; when curriculum is developed around childrens interest they are more likely to be engaged in the content to be studied; based on belief that the charateristics of the learner and way child learn=most import consideration in curriculum.

Culturally Responsive Curriculum

another way to organize the curriculum; acknowledges diversity in the class and accomodates it in the curriculum in 3 ways- 1. accepts/affirms differences 2. accomodates diff learning styles by using variety of approaches 3. uses childs cultural bckgrnds to promote pride and motivation and build posti self-esteem of oneself and others;

enrichment strategies

self-paced instruction, mentoring, ability grouping, compacting, telescoping, tiered lessons

Mrs. Smith uses a token economy as part of her classroom management plan. Students "earn" tickets for good behavior, and then use those tickets to purchase items from the classroom store. This is an example of:

Extrinsic motivation

What is the key tool to planning?

Finding out about each childs interest

Propose a strategy for: helping the students with ADHD in the cases to stay on task (i.e. in listening to a lecture, following a demonstration, doing written work).

-Divide the lesson up into chunks for shorter periods of focused attention. -Make goals/expectations clear along with an explanation/presentation of end result for students who have trouble focusing on the main task. -Provide guided practice to keep students actively engaged, provides positive reinforcement, and shifts within activities address the short attention span, task completion and short-term memory difficulties. -Provide closure to lessons to create support for students to make connections among the day's concepts.

Which of the following strategies would be most useful in addressing cultural or racial prejudice in a school setting? -Supporting cultural identity groups for students who belong to cultural minorities. -Using a variety of disciplinary measures to change the behavior of students engaged in prejudicial activities. -Making all students view videos about cultural differences. -Making all students read and sign a statement condemning prejudice. -Encouraging minority students to be less sensitive about prejudice.

-Supporting cultural identity groups for students who belong to cultural minorities.

Behaviorism

-operates on a principle of "stimulus-response; behavior is determined by environment not hereditary; by controling the stimuli in classroom the teacher can influence stud behavior; school enviro= organized & curriculum based on developed behavioral objectives; know is best described as behaviors that are observable; teachers role= develop learning enviro that lead to desired behaviors in studs; reinforcement=critical; behavior not reinforced will be extinguished; learning takes place when approved behavior is observed & positively reinforced.

How to incorporate intrinsic learning in the classroom 3 ways

1) encourage learners to create their own goals; 2)encourage students to look into subjects that interest them; 3) assign projects that give students the option to include their interests

How should a teacher give feedback that has the greatest motivational value?

1) focus on ability 2) focus on effort 3) be specific re: student's actions 4) show an expectancy of success, all students can learn attitude 5) Formal means of rewarding student 6) Frequent feedback on progress

Implementing a token economy

1) identity and define the target behaviors 2) identity the items to use as tokens 3) identity and procure back-up reinforcers 4) decide on a schedule of reinforcement for the delivery of tokens 5) decide on the token exchange rate 6) determine the time and place for exchanging tokens 7) determine whether response cost will be included 8) train staff to carry out program successfully 9) monitor and evaluate the clients' progress and the staff's implementation of the program

Name ways teachers can increase a student's motivation to learn?

1) use intrinsic motivators 2) Use rewards with immediacy 3) Arouse interests and curiosity 4) Express clear expectations 5) Teach students to praise themselves 6) Assign Value Task 7) Freq Post Feedback 8) Include stud in instructional decisions 9) De-emphasize grades

What is the teachers role in developing the curriculum includes your?

1. Ability to use know of child development 2. The Content youre teaching 3. Strategies you incorp to teach content 4. Diverse population rep in classroom 5. Your own values, beliefs, and expectations.

The best planning is characterized by what 4 principles?

1. Accountability to local, state, and national stands 2. Grouping patterns that meet needs of all learners 3. A way for every child to be sucessful in school 4. Best practices based on research

Questions to ask for effective planning

1. Before Teaching- what do i want child to know and do, how can i meet needs and provide active involvement, how will i assess, & stud bckgrnd know 2. During- is what i planned engaging child, am i using childs prior know, do child understand, do i need adaptations 3. After- what parts of the plan worked/needs changing, how intentional was my planning, how well did i assess children, what will i do differently next time.

Effective Thematic Curriculum Should Enable Children to:6

1. Build on what they already know, stimulate quest they want answered, capitalize on interest, and relate it 2. Understand basic concepts/processes from subj area 3. Learn accurate facts/info related to unit study 4. Integrate content and process from all subj areas 5. Engage in hands on activites as they inquire 6. Grow in each of developmental domains.

What are the 3 domains Bloom catergorized educational objectives into?

1. Cognitive- thinking/reasoning abilities 2. Affective- attitudes, emotions, values 3. Psychomotor Domains- learning physical skills

6 components of interdisciplinary units

1. Collaborating 2. Generating applicable topics 3. Developing an integrative framework 4. Planning instruction for each discipline 5. Designing integrative assessment 6. Recoginzes role in collaborating w/ instructional partners in instruct. planning.

Strategies for children w/ special needs

1. Consistency & structure 2. Audiotape materials for child who cant read 3. Visual Reminders 4. Give directions in small steps 5. Capitalize on childs interest/strengths 6. Provide circle time space for every child 7. Demo new materials/activities 8. Be sensitive

5 principles of a good curriculum that leads to a meaningful curriculum

1. Content worth knowing 2. Cultural Relevance 3. Clear Outcomes 4. All areas of development 5. Teachers that believe in themselves and their pract.

What are the 5 important components of planning?

1. Goals/Objectives 2. Processess & Procedures 3. Activities & Lessons 4. Assessment and Eval 5. Differentiation

Appropriate teaching strategies that can be included in the curriculum

1. Hands on learning 2. Investigations 3.Units/Projects 4. Choice of learning exps 5. Coaching or guiding child w/ skill acqusition and use of reference materials 6. Demonstrations 7. Modeling 8. Role-Playing 9, Problem Solving

3 ways an integrated curriculum promotes childrens learning

1. Helping children connect past exp to current learning by focusing on processes and concepts in each content area and connecting them to other content areas 2. Emphasizing child actual exps/interest and their interactions with each other, w/ materials, and with ideas, and promoting active learning throu hands on exps. 3. Providing ample time for children to exp with and explore ideas that promote all aspects of childs develop as well as developing know, skills, and dipositions.

8 Strategies for cultural and ethnic diversity

1. Incorp home cult in class & activitities 2. Active Participation from families 3. Culturally relevant curriculum materials 4. Identify myths 5. Demo concepts, use maniplitives, and show correct way to do something 6. Culturally relevant environments 7. Various grouping patterns and opport for children to work together 8. Model respect by listening and acceptance

6 Levels of blooms cognitive behavioral domain

1. Knowledge(old); Remembering (New) 2. Comprehension (old); Understanding (new) 3. Application (old); Applying (new) 4. Analysis (old); Analyzing (new) 5. Synthesis (old); Evaluating (new) 6. Evaluation (old); Creating (new)

4 grouping practices that can be used to facilitate individual learning?

1. Large Group (Whole)- class meetings, demos, or sharing. 2. Small Groups- for peer teaching/tutoring, centers, skill building, or interest groups 3. One-on-One Interactions- for observation, assessment or adaptive teaching 4. Individualization-choices, projects, or contracts.

Hows does knowledge of human motivation & behavior influence strategies for organizing & supporting individual & group work in the classroom?

1. Personal interaction: placing S. in close proximity to one another & requiring them to interact to complete tasks 2. Positive Interdependence: S. believe each individual can achieve only if the group can achieve 3. Individual accountability: each group member is responsible for doing their portion of the work.

What should teachers do in a discovery learning environment?

1. Provide examples 2. Provide access to experiences 3. Allow collaborative work 4. Provide questions to answer or possible next steps 5. Provide already worked examples to trigger 6. background knowledge

4 components of a thematic unit

1. Selecting a theme 2. Designing integrated learning activities 3. Selecting resources 4. Designing assessments

what are the five key curriclum theoriest?

1. Traditional -Hirsch 2. Knowledge-Centered- Bruner 3. Experimental (Learned)-Dewey 4. Behavioral (Skinner) 5. Piaget (Constructivist)

Goals and Objectives

1. _____ broad purposes for learning; they take into account learners needs, content to be learned, & community values/interest 2. _____ define the specific behavior, skill, or concept you wish the child to attain; specific behaviors that child. will show as result of their learning; All ____ should answer the question " What should child know/and do when this lesson is finished"

Bruners 3 essential modes of learning

1.) enactive mode- learning by doing 2.) iconic mode- learning by forming mental images 3. ) symbolic mode- learning through series of abstract symbols or representation

Benefits of Concept Mapping

1.helps students visualize how ideas are connected and how knowledge is organized 2. shows relationships among ideas 3. improves comprehension & problem solving skills

Projects

2nd approach used by ece teachers to teach meaningful curriculum; ___ are focused, in depth studies of something that children, in collab w/teachers, initate, direct, organize, and develop; these deep investigations can take diff forms(proj approach, emergent curricu, & long term studies); they support childs natural ways of learning, promote their thinking bc its meaningful, and spark curiosity; roots in dewey and kilpatrick; can last for day, week, month;

Affective Domain

2nd behavioral domain; involves feelings, attitudes, interests, preferences, values, and emotions. Emotional stability, motivation, trustworthiness, self-control, and personality are all examples of ______ characteristics; focuses on attitudes, engagement, and motivation -- receiving (listening) -- responding (participating) -- valuing (being involved) -- organizing (advocating) -- characterizing (changing behavior or lifestyle)

Comprehension or Understanding Level (Blooms)

2nd level of blooms; can the student explain ideas or concepts; verbs used=classify, describe, discuss, explain, identify, locate. Demonstrating understanding of facts/ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions and stating main ideas. Ex= Retell in your own words, What was the main idea...?, orExplain how the main character felt at the beginning, middle, and /or end of the story.

Psychomotor Domain

3rd behavioral domain; includes physical and manipulative activities; Shooting a basketball, setting up laboratory equipment, building a bookcase, word pro- cessing, holding a pencil, buttoning a jacket, brushing teeth, and playing a musical instrument are examples of activities that involve _______ behaviors; particular important for young children; includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas;demonstrates accuracy and skill through motor activities -- action (basic movement) -- coordination (synchronized movement) -- formation (body movement) -- production (combining verbal & nonverbal movement)

Application/Applying Level (blooms)

3rd level of blooms; Apply abstractions, general principles, or methods to specific concrete situations; verbs=use,compute, solve, demonstrate,apply, construct, show,sketch, solve, illustrate, use, write; use information in new situations, solve problems; using new info in different contexts.

Analyzing Blooms Levels

4th level of blooms; verbs= Analyze, Compare, Contrast, Correlate, Diagram, outline, Dissect, Differentiate, Distinguish, & Infer; Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations. ex= what is the theme, whats the relationship b/t, & what conclusions can you draw. Activity= compare/contrast two characters.

Synthesis or Evaluating Bloom Level

5th level of blooms; Student creatively applies knowledge and analysis to integrate concepts or construct an overall theory; verbs=Assemble,Create, Construct, Design, Develop, Formulate, Generate, & Hypothesize; ex=What would happen if...?, Can you invent...?, & Why do you think...? ; activity= Use your imagination to draw a picture about the story, or Create a poster to advertise the story so people will want to read it.

Evaluation or Creating Bloom Level

6th & highest level of blooms; Present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria; verbs=award, choose, conclude, criticize, decide, defend, determine, dispute, evaluate, judge, justify, measure, compare, mark, rate, recommend. Ex= Do you agree with the actions/outcome...?, What is your opinion of...?; activity= Judge whether or not a character should have acted in a particular way and why.

Observable Behavior

A behavior which can be noted through one of the senses (seen, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt). ____ ____ are usually described by action words such as touching, walking, saying, or writing. These do not include feelings or intentions which are inferred from other behaviors.

Discovery Learning

A constructivist approach to teaching in which students are encouraged to discover principles for themselves. It encourages independent learning, inspires active engagement, and develops problem-solving and critical-thinking skills.

Redirection

A guidance strategy for changing children's unacceptable or disruptive behavior. The idea is to help children move their energy in a different direction and involve them in some positive activity. _____may look like distraction, but it is different.

transitivity

A skill learned during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development in which individuals can mentally arrange and compare objects.

Reciprocal Teaching

A small-group teaching method based on principles of question generation; through instruction and modeling, teachers foster metacognitive skills primarily to improve the reading performance of students who have poor comprehension.

Thorndikes law of effect

An act that is followed by a favorable effect is more likely to be repeated in similar situations; an act that is followed by an unfavorable effect is less likely to be repeated

Shaping

An operant conditioning principle in which desired student outcomes are shaped by rewarding successive approximations of the desired outcome. This is an alternative approach to comprehending the teacher's role in discovery learning.

Brain Plascity

Capacity for regions of the brain and individual neurons within these regions to adapt and take on different functions as a result of experience.

_____ development is affected by cognitive ability, hearing, and gender

Language

Constructivist Curriculum Theory

Piaget's curriculum theory; goal- development of cognition; source of know- meaning and understanding in learning content & in learning to think abt world; teacher role- facilitate thinking and concept develop in learning to make sense of wrld; focus on child outcomes; Methods- group proj using real, active, and purposeful learning exps related to thinking, reasoning, and prob solving.

Positive Reinforcers vs Negative Reinforcers

Post= things students like (praise, privlages, and good grades) Negative= things students wish to avoid (reprimands, extra homework, and lower grades

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs/activities that receive federal financial assistance. It does not provide funding for special education or related services, but it does permit fed gov to take funding away from programs that don't comply w/the law.

Watson

Recognized the implication of Pavlonian theory and founded American behaviorism; believed that most fears are conditioned responses to stimuli that were originally neutral. Demonstrated that phobias can be taught (Little Albert being taught to be afraid of a rat; Applied classical conditioning to humans

Concept Learning

Refers to learning about something in general rather than learning-specific stimuls-response chains. Same as cognitive learning; a complex cognitive process.

Prosocial Skills

Sharing, Helping, Taking turns Cooperating, Compromising Demonstrating empathy, perspective taking, or sympathy Impulse control, Delayed gratification Problem-solving, Conflict resolution

Behavioral Curriculum Theory

Skinner curriculum theory; goal- student achievement for observable & measurable objectives mastery learning; source of know- predetermined standards & goals, precise objectives, carefully seq object in content areas; teacher role- efficient & effective means to achieve specific ends; methods- scope/seq of learning tasks; reinforce correct responses, modeling, guided practice, & independ tasks.

Assisted learning

Social interaction, according to Lev Vygotsky, supports early language development as well as problem solving. The belief is that children's learning is assisted by their interactions with more knowledgeable people; co-constructed.

Free and appropriate public education (FAPE)

Special education and related services that (a) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction and without charge; (b) meet the standards of the state educational agency; (c) include an appropriate preschool, elementary, or secondary school education in the state involved; and (d) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program.

What is true according to the attribution theory of motivation? -Students respond best to a consistent system of rewards. -Students are motivated primarily by external forces. -Students are strongly motivated by the chance to feel good about themselves. -Students respond more positively to rewards than punishments. -Students should be rewarded for the effort they put into an activity, regardless of the outcome.

Students are strongly motivated by the chance to feel good about themselves.

How do students benefit from learning objectives?

Students benefit from learning objectives because they are able to easily understand what is asked of them. Clear learning expectations help students identify and organize critical concepts and objectives required to be successful in a course.

Check list for lesson planning

What do they know already? How can i build on that? What have they thought of? Is the theme or activity appropriate for the age & stage of the children? Are the selections too general or broad? Are multicultural and anti-biased activities included? Is the lesson plan flexible enough to allow for unexpected events or spontaneous moments? Is there a wide selection of books, songs, finger plays? Are the units of instruction open-ended, allowing for exploration & learning opportunities to occur?

Positive Punishment

When a response is followed by the presentation of or increase in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus (thus, response is less likely to occur)

Blooms Taxonomy

____ _____ is a classification of educational objectives used for developing higher level thinking skills. It is a process-oriented model that allows teachers to present ideas and concepts at many different levels to meet the needs of a variety of learners; important framework for teachers to use to focus on higher order thinking.

Written Curriculum

a comprehensive document for each grade level that contains the general goals, objects, or outcomes that every child should meet, a seq of study for selected topics, and suggested learning activities; it can be general (developed by state curric office for use across the state) or specific (developed by a local school district or specific school). Purpose is to standardize the learning expectations using local, state, or national standards to determine what children should know and be able to do at a particular grade level.

Meaningful curriculum

a currculum that is relevant to that particular group of children and considers their developmental needs/interest and the enviro/cult they live in; it promotes active learning of age app, subj area know for every child; it is comprehensive and teaches the whole child'; it is active and engaging; culturally relevent and inclusive; aligned with standards; two ways to teach it is by using thematic units and projects*

Content Areas Approach to curriculum

another way to organize the written curriculum;b/c a large portion of the curriculum comes from the specialized knowledge of each content area this approach makes sense to many teachers, school boards, and curriculum developers; expert based; limiation- much of the content is difficult for children to understand; it can also lead to fragmented isolated skill development or the exclusion of other kinds of know and skills essent to childrens sucess in society;

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990:

civil rights legislation for persons with disabilities ensuring non-discrimination in a broad range of activities - provides protections in specific areas of employment, transportation, public accommodations, state & local government, & telecommunications.

The _____ includes what children are expected to learn (the content), how children will learn it (instruction), when the material is best learned (the timing), and documentation that children have learned the stated objectives (assessment). It is a plan for what children need to learn in schools, how and when they will learn it, and ways to teach it.

curriculum

A regular education teacher who is a member of a student's individualized education program (IEP) does not have the responsibility of ________

determining the services that will be provided to a student with special needs.

Constructivism

educational philosophy that emphasizes developing personal meaning throu hands on activity based teaching/learning; associated w/ existentialism; believes teaching tech, should include variety of diff learning activities during which child is free to infer and discover their own answers to quest; encourages development of critical thinking and the understanding of big ideas;

Curriculum Content

key concepts, ideas, skills, and processes that are unique to the subjects of language arts, math, science, social studies, tech, the arts, health, and pe;

Knowledge or Remembering Level (Blooms)

first level of blooms; lowest level of questions & requires students to recall information.Verbs= Arrange,Define,Describe, identify, label, list, order, match; know, who, define, what, name, where, list, and when. Can the student recall or remember info; exs= Write a list of keywords you know about, Make a chart showing, Make a concept map of the topic, Find the definition of. Match character names with pictures of the characters.

Benefits of cooperative learning groups

higher thought processes result from active engagement. Improves teacher-student relations and student-student relations.Students learn group roles and their functions.

number sense

individual's basic understanding of numbers and operations and how to apply this knowledge to solve dilemmas and make decisions about mathematical problems and concepts

Progressivism

influenced by Dewey; educational theory that emphasizes that ideas should be tested by experimentation and that learning is rooted in questions developed by learners; favors human exp as basis for knowledge; favors scientific method of teaching & learning; schools should actively prepare children for change; emphasize learning HOW to think rather than WHAT to think; encourages divergent thinking; life exp determine curriculum content; student centered; working model of democracy.

When teachers plan _____ they plan specific objectives in all learning domains, use child develop know, teaching strat that accomodate diff types of learning and decide what materials, interactions, and learning exps are likely to be effective for the group/individ child

intentionally

Creative thinking

involves creating something new or original. It involves the skills of flexibility, originality, fluency, elaboration, brainstorming, modification, imagery, associative thinking, attribute listing, metaphorical thinking, forced relationships. The aim of _____ _____ is to stimulate curiosity and promote divergence.

Critical thinking

involves logical thinking and reasoning including skills such as comparison, classification, sequencing, cause/effect, patterning, webbing, analogies, deductive and inductive reasoning, forecasting, planning, hypothesizing, and critiquing.

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) requires that schools do all of the following EXCEPT: -notify students before destroying student records -allow students aged 18 or older to inspect their records -obtain permission from parents before releasing student records -maintain the confidentiality of student records -allow parents to request corrections in student records that they consider inaccurate

notify students before destroying student records

_____, ______, and _____ espouse a student centered approach to subject matter, classroom organization, teaching methods, and assessment

progressivism, humanism, and constructivism

Experimental(Learned) curriculum theory

proposed by Dewey; goal= experience is the source of the curriculum; know is constantly changing; source of know= childs real life exps, needs, & interest; teachers role- to connect childs learning w/ past exps; stimulate interest and ideas to increase understanding; methods= self directed learning, learning contract, prob solving, child-centered practice.

Advantages of state curriculum framework

provides philosophy that guides curriculum implementation. discusses progression of essential content taught from grade to grade. shows movement of students through increasingly complex material. notes modifications of curriculum to special populations.

Maria Montessori

she focused on early childhood development and believed students should learn and be nurtured through their interest. So, the classrooms were child-centered which incorporated hands-on learning teaching students how to develop skills at a pace they set themselves. When the child/children is/are ready to learn something new the teacher has to guide the interest away from bas habits.

Performance Standards

show what children can do in a particular subj area or a particular developmental domain. concrete statements of how well students must learn what is set out in the content standards, often called the "be able to do" of "what students should know and be able to do"; essential in determining what children can do in particular content areas;describe the knowledge or skill that students should acquire by a particular point in their schooling, usually tied to grade or age level

Attribution Theory

social cognitive theory of motivation addressing the way individuals explain their behavior and outcomes of events, such as success and failure;concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior; developed by weiner; a theory of motivation that focuses on how people explain the causes of their own successes and failures;student's motivation is a function of conscious perceptions about outcomes.

Standards-Based Curriculum

specifies what children should learn, focuses on practices that meet those standards, and continually assesses children to see if they have met the standards; its one way to ensure that each child has the same opportunity to achieve excellence and equity;

one-to-one correspondance

the pairing of one object to another object or 1 group of objects to another group of equal numbers

As winter approaches, a teacher brings in materials, books, and learning materials about animals in winter. For two weeks, most of the activities and learning centers include concepts about hibernation, food storage, and other animal adaptations for cold weather. Which of the following is the approach used by this teacher?

thematic unit

Self-determination theory

theorists propose that human beings have three basic needs: a need to be effective in dealing with the environment (competence), a need to control the course of their lives (autonomy), and a need to have close, affectionate relationships with others (relatedness). Learners are more effectively motivated to learn school subject matter when these three needs are met; we all need to feel capable & competent in our interactions in the world; the need for autonomy= central to ______ _____.

advantages of a token economy

tokens can be used to reinforce immediately, desirable target behaviors are reinforced consistently, tokens act as reinforcers, tokens are easy for the recipients to accumulate and dispense, can be quantified easily, recipient can learn skills involved in planning for the future

Content Standards

what learners should know and be able to do in the subject areas at specific grade levels, include the knowledge, skills, and dispositions toward learning that children need to develop;describe the knowledge and skills that students should attain, often called the "what" of "what students should know and be able to do." They indicate the ways of thinking, working, communicating, reasoning and investigating the important and enduring ideas, concepts, issues, dilemmas and knowledge essential to the discipline