POL 223 Quizzes Combined

Which US president initiated the Clean Power Plan, which was an effort to use the power of the executive branch to combat climate change in the absence of legislation being passed in Congress? George W. Bush (Bush Jr.) Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton Richard Nixon Barack Obama Donald Trump

Barack Obama

If we assume people are rational, self-interested actors, then which of the following policy types can NOT be used to address externalities? Market-based Policy Government service provision Regulatory Policy Information Provision

Information Provision

Was the Kyoto Protocol ultimately consistent with the Berlin Mandate? (Did it do what the Berlin Mandate said that it should do?) A) No, because the Kyoto Protocol did NOT impose binding targets on developing countries. B) No, because the Kyoto Protocol did impose binding targets on developing countries. C) Yes, because the Kyoto Protocol did NOT impose binding targets on developing countries. D) Yes, because the Kyoto Protocol did impose binding targets on developing countries.

C) Yes, because the Kyoto Protocol did NOT impose binding targets on developing countries.

According to Pigou, as cited in your reading by Cabral, in the case of a positive externality, which of the following is an appropriate way to solve the market failure? (Hint: an example of a positive externality is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions that arises from my decision to purchase solar panels.) A) an output tax on the product causing the externality B) direct regulation banning the use of the product causing the externality C) an output subsidy on the product causing the externality

C) an output subsidy on the product causing the externality

In the 1930s, the federal government made long-term, low interest loans available to facilitate homeownership, but neighborhoods deemed too risky were not eligible, and risk was determined by factors including "inharmonious social groups" and "undesirable populations." This describes which of the POL 223 course concepts listed below? Framing Redlining Astroturfing Greenwashing Gerrymandering

Redlining

Which category of policy instruments does the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative fall into? Government Ownership Information Provision Market-based Policy Regulatory Policy

Regulatory Policy

Which of the following is NOT one of the key steps or stages in the linear model of the policymaking process, as outlined by Judith Layzer? Agenda Setting Evaluation Implementation Alternative Formulation Decision Making Resource Gathering

Resource Gathering

Which of the following is an example of a Republican presidential administration during which major domestic environmental legislation was passed? George W. Bush (Bush Jr.) Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton Richard Nixon Barack Obama Donald Trump

Richard Nixon

Supporters of the Precautionary Principle in policy-making are most likely to have which set of risk preferences? Risk-Seeking Tendencies Risk Aversion Risk Neutrality

Risk Aversion

Who helped to unionize rubber tappers in the Brazilian Amazon and protested deforestation by cattle ranchers? Robert Bullard Evo Morales Chico Mendes Wangari Maathai Jair Bolsonaro

Chico Mendes

In your case study, Judith Layzer says that the New England fisheries story "illuminates the complexity of managing common pool resources". In order to be considered a "common good" or "common-pool resource" according the definition we discussed in lecture, the fishers would have to be characterized by which of the following? Low Subtractability and High Excludability High Subtractability and High Excludability High Subtractability and Low Excludability Low Subtractability and Low Excludability

High Subtractability and Low Excludability

Which of the following statements about concentrated vs diffuse costs and benefits is NOT TRUE according to your reading by Deborah Stone? Choose the statement that Stone would DISAGREE with. A) An inherent and unchanging characteristic of Social Security policy is that it involves diffuse benefits. B) Efforts to frame a policy in a certain way can include manipulating perceptions of costs and benefits, as well as by casting interests as "good" or "bad." C) Politics shapes the way policy issues are portrayed and perceived, so that issues can sometimes fit into more than one box. D) Whether an unequal political contest is described as having concentrated costs (and diffuse benefits) vs concentrated benefits (and diffuse costs) depends on whether you define it from the vantage point of proposed change or the status quo.

A) An inherent and unchanging characteristic of Social Security policy is that it involves diffuse benefits.

Which of the following statements is true about developing countries (as compared to developed countries like the U.S.) with respect to climate change? A) Developing countries have emitted less of the greenhouse gases that drive the problem, and are likely to be affected more by climate change impacts such as food and water insecurity, and increases in infectious disease. B) Developing countries have emitted more of the greenhouse gases that drive the problem, and are likely to be affected less by climate change impacts such as food and water insecurity, and increases in infectious disease. C) Developing countries have emitted less of the greenhouse gases that drive the problem, and are likely to be affected less by climate change impacts such as food and water insecurity, and increases in infectious disease. D) Developing countries have emitted more of the greenhouse gases that drive the problem, and are likely to be affected more by climate change impacts such as food and water insecurity, and increases in infectious disease.

A) Developing countries have emitted less of the greenhouse gases that drive the problem, and are likely to be affected more by climate change impacts such as food and water insecurity, and increases in infectious disease.

What was the outcome of The Green Revolution? A) New technologies in agriculture led to unprecedented crop production, reducing world hunger but with some side effects B) Measures against deforestation were pushed for, resulting in the formal protection of 40% of the Amazon C) International agreements were made to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions D) Increased emphasis on clean energy led to the more widespread implementation of solar panels and wind farms internationally

A) New technologies in agriculture led to unprecedented crop production, reducing world hunger but with some side effects

Which of the following statements about the judicial branch is FALSE? (Choose the statement that is NOT TRUE.) A) The Supreme Court accepts about 50% of cases that request review. B) Justices are nominated by the President and approved by the Senate. C) The Supreme Court is made of 9 justices. D) The Supreme Court has authority over all other courts in the United States, including state courts which rule on state law. E) Federal judges serve lifetime appointments.

A) The Supreme Court accepts about 50% of cases that request review.

Which political actor, during his time in the Senate, co-sponsored a bill on environmental justice, later helped negotiate the Kyoto Protocol as vice president, and eventually won a Nobel Prize for his work on building awareness related to climate change? Al Gore Joe Biden Ed Markey John McCain George HW Bush

Al Gore

During a fuel shortage in the late 1970s, President Jimmy Carter urged all Americans to set their winter-time thermostats to a maximum of 65 degrees to save energy. There was no actual law mandating this, President Carter simply asked Americans to do so. Assume that some US citizens actually reduced their energy consumption in response. Which behavioral bias might help explain that response? Loss Aversion Path Dependence Anchoring / Reference Points Overconfidence

Anchoring / Reference Points

Which example best illustrates a positive policy feedback loop? A) A member of congress votes for/against a policy that will impact their represented district. Their constituents reach out to the representative's office to voice their opinions. B) A policy is passed with provides grants for research in hybrid vehicles. Companies which receive the funding form interest groups to retain/expand the policy and funding. C) A collation of HVAC professionals form together to protest proposed regulatory policy which restricts the sale of inefficient air conditioning units. D) A ban on plastic cups is implemented into federal law. Plastic companies invest into lobbying to repeal the regulation so they may begin selling cups again.

B) A policy is passed with provides grants for research in hybrid vehicles. Companies which receive the funding form interest groups to retain/expand the policy and funding.

Which of the following would be an example of venue shopping? A) Republican senators are down 3 votes on new hunting legislation which allows you to shoot hibernating bears, so they go and try to convince other senators to vote with them in exchange for a vote of their choice. B) Facebook wants the social media app Tiktok to be taken down. Their lobbyists first try to get it outlawed in congress, but fail. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg then decides to meet with the Trump administration and tries to convince them to enact an executive order to outlaw Tiktok. C) A state settles on an area to place a chemical dumping ground. No one representing the community has come forward in opposition of the decision, but this decision was made close to the general election, and received little attention in comparison. D) Former President Trump would like Wisconsin ballots to be recounted so he sues them and asks the Supreme Court to hear the case. E) Nancy Pelosi tells Mike Pence she likes his tie, and then they fall in love, decide to drop out of government, and go on an around-the-world vacation together.

B) Facebook wants the social media app Tiktok to be taken down. Their lobbyists first try to get it outlawed in congress, but fail. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg then decides to meet with the Trump administration and tries to convince them to enact an executive order to outlaw Tiktok.

Imagine dam supporters put out a survey asking the public "Considering the devastating earthquake and wildfires the inhabitants of San Francisco have suffered, would you favor providing the city a higher quality water source by building a dam in Hetch-Hetchy Valley?" Using this question, they find high levels of public support for the dam and report this to Congress to sway the decision in their favor. Which POL 223 course concept does this hypothetical example illustrate? A) Regulatory Policy: By proposing a policy in the form of regulation, public support increased because most people perceive regulatory policy as the most effective method of policy-making. B) Framing: By framing or presenting the issue in a particular way, the dam supporters were able to sway perceived public opinion toward their preferred outcome, without directly addressing the conflict of values. C) Cornucopianism: By emphasizing technological optimism and economic growth, the public was persuaded to support the dam because of their underlying cornucopian values. D) Feedback: By sharing accurate and complete information about the existing state of the issue, the government was able to recognize something as a problem and act to solve it.

B) Framing: By framing or presenting the issue in a particular way, the dam supporters were able to sway perceived public opinion toward their preferred outcome, without directly addressing the conflict of values

Which of the following statements about the Acid Rain Program is FALSE? (Choose the answer that is NOT TRUE.) A) Media coverage of the acid rain problem alerted the general public to the issue in the late 1970s B) The Acid Rain Program was eventually signed into law under the Reagan administration after public criticism of Reagan's anti-regulation rhetoric. C) The goal of the Acid Rain Program was to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere by coal plants. D) The Acid Rain Program was created through the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and took the form of market-based policy as a cap-and-trade program. E) Nearly 2/3 of the American public supported government action to mitigate the effects of acid rain by the early 1980s. F) President Ronald Reagan initially was opposed to the program and emphasized the economic costs and scientific uncertainty of the legislation.

B) The Acid Rain Program was eventually signed into law under the Reagan administration after public criticism of Reagan's anti-regulation rhetoric.

Which of the following is an accurate explanation of the two components of environmental justice as we have defined them in class, and the way each is described by the EPA's formal definition on its website? A) The EPA's use of the phrase "equal protection" corresponds with procedural justice, and the phrase "meaningful voice" corresponds with distributive justice. B) The EPA's use of the phrase "equal protection" corresponds with distributive justice, and the phrase "meaningful voice" corresponds with procedural justice. C) The EPA's use of the phrase "equal protection" corresponds with criminal justice, and the phrase "meaningful voice" corresponds with procedural justice. D) The EPA's use of the phrase "equal protection" corresponds with distributive justice, and the phrase "meaningful voice" corresponds with criminal justice.

B) The EPA's use of the phrase "equal protection" corresponds with distributive justice, and the phrase "meaningful voice" corresponds with procedural justice.

Which of the following is FALSE about the Supreme Court's decision in West Virginia v Environmental Protection Agency? [Choose the statement that is NOT TRUE] A) The court's decision was consistent with the "Chevron Doctrine", in that it deferred to agency interpretations of ambiguities in the law as written. B) The court's decision relied heavily on something called the "Major Questions Doctrine", suggesting that particular clarity is required from Congress in the case of very important policy issues. C) The majority decision constrains the EPA's ability to regulate carbon emissions through regulation of the power sector. D) The case was initiated in reaction to an Obama-era executive branch action called the Clean Power Plan

B) The court's decision relied heavily on something called the "Major Questions Doctrine", suggesting that particular clarity is required from Congress in the case of very important policy issues.

The Byrd-Hagel Resolution, which passed 95-0 in the Senate, established what primary reason for not wanting to ratify the Kyoto Protocol? A) They didn't think it was necessary because the scientific evidence for climate change wasn't certain enough. B) They would not consent to any agreement that did not set binding targets for developing countries. C) They said it was a communist idea, and that greenhouse gas emissions were essential to freedom. D) They thought the goal set for the United States was too unrealistic and would harm the economy.

B) They would not consent to any agreement that did not set binding targets for developing countries.

What is the Kuznets Curve? A) A scientifically proven law that states that environmental degradation will first increase but eventually decrease as an economy grows. B) A scientifically proven law that states that states that the depletion of natural resources will inevitably occur because of the finite resources on the earth and the exponential economic growth. C) A theory with some empirical support that states that environmental degradation will first increase but eventually decrease as an economy grows. D) A theory A theory with some empirical support that states that the depletion of natural resources will inevitably occur because of the finite resources on the earth and the exponential economic growth.

C) A theory with some empirical support that states that environmental degradation will first increase but eventually decrease as an economy grows.

Which of the following statements about federalism in the United States is TRUE? A) It is estimated that states operate only about 25% of all federal environmental programs that could legally be delegated to them. B) All states have the authority to establish emissions standards for cars and trucks that are sold within their borders. C) All states have constitutional authority to tax all forms of energy including transportation fuel and electricity. D) State attorney generals can sue the federal government, but only in cases where they believe the federal government has gone too far in enforcing environmental legislation.

C) All states have constitutional authority to tax all forms of energy including transportation fuel and electricity.

Which of the following is NOT true of the Superfund Act? A) It established a fund for cleaning up hazardous waste, to be financed by taxes on chemical products. B) It decreed that companies are retroactively liable for cleaning up waste, even if they were unaware of the health hazards at the time of dumping. C) It earmarked $1.6 billion which turned out to be more than enough money to clean up all the hazardous waste sites on the National Priority List within 10 years. D) The Love Canal case opened up a policy window that led to swift passage of the bill by an overwhelming majority in Congress, and President Jimmy Carter then signed it into law.

C) It earmarked $1.6 billion which turned out to be more than enough money to clean up all the hazardous waste sites on the National Priority List within 10 years.

Which of the following is NOT true of the 1970 Clean Air Act? (Choose the statement that is FALSE.) A) It gave the EPA authority to set limits on any pollutants with adverse health effects. B) It required states to develop State Implementation Plans for meeting EPA standards. C) It required all existing stationary sources of pollution to convert to the best available technology for reducing pollution. D) It tasked the EPA with setting emissions standards for mobile sources like cars and trucks.

C) It required all existing stationary sources of pollution to convert to the best available technology for reducing pollution.

Which of the following is an example of an informal institution? A) Individual transferable quotas that limit the amount of fish one can catch B) The Superfund Act, establishing retroactive liability for health impacts of waste disposal C) The expectation that if someone buys you dinner, you should offer to pay the next time D) Highway speed limits that indicate the maximum allowable speed for your car

C) The expectation that if someone buys you dinner, you should offer to pay the next time

According to our readings, which of the following statements about environmental values and the Hetch-Hetchy Dam controversy is the MOST correct / accurate? A) Conservationists, like Gifford Pinchot, supported the dam because most of them lived in San Francisco (and the Secret Order of Conservationists was headquartered there), so they expected to personally benefit directly from the new water source. B) Conservationists, like Gifford Pinchot, supported the dam because it would allow more people to appreciate the intrinsic value of the surrounding natural environment, thus increasing support for more National Park designations. C) Preservationists, like John Muir, opposed the dam because they felt it would ruin the natural beauty of the place, and since it had already been designated as a National Park, it would set a dangerous precedent that it was acceptable to allow construction in other protected areas. D) Preservationists, like John Muir, opposed the dam because it was not the wisest and most efficient use of resources to ensure the future provision of material resources.

C) Preservationists, like John Muir, opposed the dam because they felt it would ruin the natural beauty of the place, and since it had already been designated as a National Park, it would set a dangerous precedent that it was acceptable to allow construction in other protected areas.

Which of the following statements is true about the political reception of the Montreal Protocol within the United States? A) Public opinion polls showed only 20% of Americans were in support of its ratification, and so Washington didn't bother ratifying it. B) President Reagan wanted to see it ratified, but partisan gridlock within the Senate prevented it. C) President Reagan supported it and it passed the Senate easily despite heavy industry lobbying against it. D) The Senate ratified it despite no presidential support.

C) President Reagan supported it and it passed the Senate easily despite heavy industry lobbying against it.

Which of the following is NOT true about evaluating scientific evidence and the role of science in policy-making? A) Framing around scientific uncertainty can be used by opponents to delay policy action B) Correlation does not imply causation, and causality can be hard to establish C) Science can be especially helpful in resolving disputes that center around differences in values D) Scientific consensus is built over a long time horizon, whereas policy-makers sometimes need to make decisions more quickly in order to be effective.

C) Science can be especially helpful in resolving disputes that center around differences in values

Which of the following is NOT true of the Love Canal Case study? A) Local citizens set a fire in the shape of the letters "EPA", and the Love Canal Homeowner's Association held two EPA representatives hostage to put pressure on the president to take action. B) The events at Love Canal garnered national media attention and ultimately led to the passage of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. C) Scientists had already arrived at a consensus on the link between the waste leakage and health problems in the Love Canal area, but citizens weren't aware of it until the reporter Michael Brown broke the story. D) Hooker Chemical, the company responsible for the original waste dumping in the canal, was aware that the chemicals it dumped were hazardous to human health, and sold the land to the Board of Education for a symbolic fee of just one dollar.

C) Scientists had already arrived at a consensus on the link between the waste leakage and health problems in the Love Canal area, but citizens weren't aware of it until the reporter Michael Brown broke the story.

Which bipartisan pair of senators presented a bill limiting greenhouse gas emissions to the Senate floor in 2003? The unsuccessful bill would have established a cap and trade system for greenhouse gases. They also tried again in 2005 and 2007. A) Sen. Chuck Hagel, R-Nebraska & Sen. Robert Byrd, D-West Virginia B) Sen. Robert Stafford, R-Vermont & Sen. George Mitchell, D-Maine C) Sen. John McCain, R-Arizona & Sen. Joseph Lieberman, D-Connecticut D) Sen. Jon Kyl, R-Arizona & Sen. John Kerry, D-Massachusetts E) Sen. John Ensign, R-Nevada & Sen. Joe Biden, D-Delaware

C) Sen. John McCain, R-Arizona & Sen. Joseph Lieberman, D-Connecticut

Which of the following statements is TRUE about policy related to WIND energy in Texas? A) While the solar energy industry in Texas flourished, opponents were able to organize against later efforts to support wind energy. They did so not by stopping the legislation from being passed but rather by interfering with its implementation. B) Corporate interest groups successfully defeated the renewable energy target before it could be passed into law, effectively eliminating the wind industry in Texas. C) Texas was an early leader in clean energy, acting even before California. Early successes in wind energy created economic benefits and thus new supporters, allowing the wind industry to expand in the early years of policy implementation.

C) Texas was an early leader in clean energy, acting even before California. Early successes in wind energy created economic benefits and thus new supporters, allowing the wind industry to expand in the early years of policy implementation.

Think back to the Hetch Hetchy Dam case study. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY applies a concept from the Multiple Streams Framework to help us understand the decision to build the dam? A) The national mood was firmly in favor of dam creation with widespread support across the country making it difficult for politicians to oppose the policy. B) John Muir can be considered a policy entrepreneur because he actively helped make conditions right for this policy action to be taken. C) The 1906 San Francisco earthquake can be considered a focusing event, because it gave new urgency to the problem of fresh-water shortage and drew people's attention to it. D) Interest groups played very little role in this case because there were no identifiable businesses or social groups who stood to gain or lose directly from the construction of the dam.

C) The 1906 San Francisco earthquake can be considered a focusing event, because it gave new urgency to the problem of fresh-water shortage and drew people's attention to it.

Which of the following major pieces of environmental legislation was passed thanks to an override of a presidential veto? A) The Antiquities Act (1906) B) The Clean Air Act (1970) C) The Clean Water Act (1972) D) The Endangered Species Act (1973)

C) The Clean Water Act (1972)

Which of the following is NOT an assumption made by the Multiple Steams Framework? A) Individual policymakers can only actively consider a small number of issues at one time B) Each stream (policy, problem, politics) develops independently C) The composition of decision making bodies is generally identical over time D) Multiple possible solutions exist to any given problem

C) The composition of decision making bodies is generally identical over time

Wind turbines can provide energy to the electrical grid while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but locals feared that the proposed wind turbines to be placed in Nantucket Sound would ruin the landscape and be a nuisance. Which phrase best describes the costs and benefits of the proposed Cape Wind project (as described in this question)? A) Diffuse Costs and Diffuse Benefits B) Concentrated Costs and Diffuse Benefits C) Diffuse Costs and Concentrated Benefits D) Concentrated Costs and Concentrated Benefits

Concentrated Costs and Diffuse Benefits

All of the following major environmental policies were passed during the so-called "Environmental Decade" that followed the first Earth Day, EXCEPT for... Strengthening of the Clean Water Act Strengthening of the Clean Air Act Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency Creation of Yosemite National Park

Creation of Yosemite National Park

All of the following are ways that interest groups can use their financial resources to influence policy, EXCEPT: (Choose the INCORRECT answer.) A) Hiring full-time interest group lobbyists to attempt to directly influence politicians. B) Encouraging and financially backing candidates to primary challenge more moderate candidates. C) Financing lawsuits in an attempt to alter the interpretation of law or its method of implementation. D) Gerrymandering congressional districts to ensure that politicians with views favorable to theirs have safe seats. E) Creating fake grass-roots organizations to skew policy maker's perception of public opinion also known as astroturfing.

D) Gerrymandering congressional districts to ensure that politicians with views favorable to theirs have safe seats.

In the period BEFORE the 1970s (up to and including the 1960s), which of the following best describes the predominant types of environmental policies being implemented at the national level? A) Nudges / Information Provision - for the promotion of energy efficient individual behaviors B) Regulatory policy - for the reduction of air and water pollution C) Market-based policies - for combatting concrete issues like acid rain D) Government ownership - for the creation of parks and protected areas

D) Government ownership - for the creation of parks and protected areas

Think back to Judith Layzer's argument in the introduction to your textbook about the role of values, framing, and problem definition. Based on her argument, which of the following would President Nixon be LEAST likely to argue in his public opposition to Muskie's proposal for the water pollution control? [Choose the argument Nixon would probably NOT make publicly.] A) It was unrealistic. The objectives put forth in the bill were simply not technically feasible. B) It was inequitable. It would impose a disproportionate burden on certain industries, causing some to bear a much greater cost than others. C) It was simply too costly. The bill was three times as expensive as Nixon's own proposed bill. D) It was incongruent with his own values. Economic growth should be weighted more heavily than environmental protection.

D) It was incongruent with his own values. Economic growth should be weighted more heavily than environmental protection.

According to our course lectures, all of the following statements about market-based policy are true EXCEPT for which? [Choose the statement that is FALSE about market-based policy.] A) Market-based policy can be used to incentivize socially beneficial behaviors, but in some cases, they can also signal that selfishness is an appropriate response. B) Market-based policy can generate revenue for the government (through taxes) or create new market opportunities (like in some cap-and-trade programs) but can also cost the government money (in the case of providing subsidies). C) Market-based policy does not directly restrict freedom of choice, but some might still consider it coercive. D) Market-based policy does not directly change the material costs and benefits associated with an action but can still influence behavior because it engages with principles of human psychology.

D) Market-based policy does not directly change the material costs and benefits associated with an action but can still influence behavior because it engages with principles of human psychology.

Which of the following statements is true about the classic prisoner's dilemma game/metaphor? A) The Nash Equilibrium outcome is what people always do when asked to play the game in a laboratory setting. B) The Nash Equilibrium outcome is for both prisoners to remain silent. C) The Nash Equilibrium outcome is the one that is best for everyone involved. D) The Nash Equilibrium outcome is for both prisoners to betray each other.

D) The Nash Equilibrium outcome is for both prisoners to betray each other.

All of the following are tools that can be used within Congress to prevent policy action or maintain the status quo, EXCEPT for which? [Choose the one that is FALSE.] A) Subcommittees can delete things they don't like from pieces of legislation B) Senators can use the filibuster to delay a vote from happening C) Opponents can add things to a bill that they know will make it unpopular D) The minority leader in the House can veto any vote they dislike E) Committees can prevent a bill from being voted on

D) The minority leader in the House can veto any vote they dislike

According to your readings, which of the following is NOT a true statement about the Flint Water Crisis case study? (Choose the FALSE statement.) A) The decision to switch to Flint River water was made by an emergency manager, who was not an elected official, but was appointed by the state governor. B) The new water source was corrosive, causing lead from the city's pipes to begin leaching into the water. C) General Motors stopped using Flint water because it was too corrosive, and residents complained for months before any action was taken. D) Exposure to even low levels of lead as a child can lead to lifelong cognitive problems, including decreased IQ. E) After the decision to switch back to water from Detroit, lead levels in Flint city water returned to their previous levels, well below the legal limit. F) Beyoncé announced she was starting a fund to benefit the children of Flint, and released a music video that highlighted issues of racial justice.

E) After the decision to switch back to water from Detroit, lead levels in Flint city water returned to their previous levels, well below the legal limit.

Who became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Economics, thanks to her work documenting successful cases of avoiding the tragedy of the commons? Elinor Ostrom Judith Layzer Lois Gibbs Rachel Carson

Elinor Ostrom

The protests credited with launching the environmental justice movement in the United States took place in 1982, in opposition to the siting of a toxic waste dump in which location? Warren County, North Carolina Flint, Michigan Bhopal, India Kyoto, Japan Love Canal, New York Institute, West Virginia

Warren County, North Carolina

When Jair Bolsonaro assumed the Brasilian presidency in 2019, he slashed funding for environmental protection agencies, made environmental fines easier to ignore and encouraged his supporters to continue mining illegally. From 2019 to 2021, approximately how many square miles of the Amazon jungle were lost in Brazil? ~10 ~100 ~1,000 ~10,000 ~100,000

~10,000