POL Chapter 5
Which statement is TRUE about shaping? A) It is a difficult and time-consuming process. B) It has not yet been successfully used for modifying human behavior. C) It is a good way to train an animal very quickly. D) It involves giving bigger rewards as one gets closer to making the correct response.
A
Why is dopamine believed to be involved in reinforcement? A) Dopamine release is triggered by primary and secondary reinforcers. B) It leads to activity in brain areas known as the dopaminergic region. C) It leads to extinction. D) All of the answers are correct.
A
A postreinforcement pause is seen when _____ schedules of reinforcement are used. A) variable-interval and variable-ratio B) fixed-interval and fixed-ratio C) variable-interval and fixed-ratio D) fixed-interval and variable-ratio
B
If a pigeon is allowed to peck at the switch in order to receive food whenever it chooses, this is an example of which type of paradigm? A) learning B) free-operant C) operational conditioning D) discrete trial
B
Suppose a person is trying to save for a new television, but his friends are pressuring him to go out with them tonight to the new club in town. He is MOST likely to stay home and save his money if he: A) is a teenager. B) has arranged for his paycheck to be automatically deposited into a savings account. C) knows it will be a long time before he has enough money to buy the television. D) All of the answers are correct.
B
The orbitofrontal cortex is particularly important for learning: A) automatic S-R associations. B) to predict the outcomes of behaviors. C) R-O associations. D) the hedonic value of a stimulus.
B
In a _____, items called "tokens" work like secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for items of value. A) primary reinforcer B) negative reinforcer C) token economy D) token system
C
In the case of Thorndike's cats learning to escape from a puzzle box, the stimulus (S) was _____ and the response (R) was _____. A) their movements that opened the door; escaping and getting food B) escaping and getting food; the box C) the box; their movements that opened the door D) escaping and getting food; their movements that opened the door
C
Increasing dopamine appears to: A) decrease how much one wants something but not how much one likes it. B) decrease how much one likes something but not how much one wants it. C) increase how much one wants something but not how much one likes it. D) increase how much one likes something but not how much one wants it.
C
Interfering with dopamine seems to: A) impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer. B) reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses. C) reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer. D) reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior.
C
Lauren is trying to stop her son from banging his spoon on the table during meals by praising him whenever he uses his spoon to eat his food. This is an example of: A) extinction. B) distancing. C) reinforcement of alternative behaviors. D) delayed reinforcement.
C
The doctor advises Vince that his blood pressure is high and that he must make changes in his diet, which consist of three pots of coffee a day. After leaving the doctor's office, he walks into a coffee shop and orders two espressos to go. Vince is exhibiting the sign of _____ addiction. A) neurological B) behavioral C) pathological D) nonspecific
C
Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer? A) money B) praise C) water D) grades
C
Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the striatum? A) the nueral cortex B) the orbitofrontal cortex C) the substantia nigra pars compacta D) the ventral tegmental area
C
26. Which statement is TRUE about punishment? A) There is a general agreement that it is an ineffective way to change a behavior. B) It is considered a good way to change behavior, regardless of how it is used. C) It is most effective when one begins with a weak punishment and gradually works up to a stronger punishment. D) Its effects can be counteracted if the punished behavior is simultaneously being reinforced.
D
7. Skinner's method of studying learning is known as a: A) discrete-trial paradigm. B) behavioral economics method. C) drive-reduction paradigm. D) free-operant paradigm.
D
A pigeon is given a choice between pecking an upper key on a VI 2' schedule and pecking a lower key on a VI 4' schedule. According to the matching law of choice behavior, the pigeon should: A) always peck the lower key. B) always peck the upper key. C) peck the lower key twice as frequently as the upper key. D) peck the upper key twice as frequently as the lower key.
D
In rats, dopamine is released from the VTA/SNc is triggered by encounters with: A) food. B) sex. C) secondary reinforcers. D) All of the answers are correct.
D
In the brain, what are the naturally occurring substances that have effects similar to those of opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine? A) opiates B) amphetamines C) dopamine D) endogenous opioids
D
Negative punishment involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior. A) adding; increase B) adding; decrease C) taking away; increase D) taking away; decrease
D
Parents who decide to use punishment on a misbehaving child should: A) spank the child, as spanking is the only effective punisher. B) make sure that the punishment involves giving the child lots of attention. C) not use spanking because it has been shown to be completely ineffective. D) also reinforce good behavior.
D
Suppose a man has his driver's license revoked due to several unpaid traffic tickets. The taking away of his license would be _____ of the man's behavior of not paying tickets. A) positive reinforcement B) positive punishment C) negative reinforcement D) negative punishment
D
The dorsal striatum seems to be particularly important for learning which association(s) in operant conditioning? A) S-R B) R-O C) S-O D) All of the answers are correct.
D
Which area of the brain was informally known as the "pleasure center" after Old's experiment where the rats "liked" the electrical stimulation? A) the nueral cortex B) the orbitofrontal cortex C) the substantia nigra pars compacta D) the ventral tegmental area
D
Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex? A) the nueral cortex B) the orbitofrontal cortex C) the substantia nigra pars compacta D) the ventral tegmental area
D
Which statement demonstrates the use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children? A) giving children praise whenever they are behaving well B) making children stay after school when they misbehave C) awarding children successively more privileges for longer periods of good behavior D) awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys
D
Behavioral addictions: A) seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do. B) do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms. C) activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions. D) do not usually produce cravings.
A
A person has been working for 2 years and was told that he would receive a $2.00 raise and only received 25 cents. The _____ is responsible for reducing the motivation in this time of situation. A) dACC B) negative construct C) insular cortex D) orbitofrontal cortex
A
If a pigeon is being trained to peck at a disc for a food reward, which delay between pecking and receiving the reward will lead to the FASTEST learning? A) 0 seconds B) 2 seconds C) 5 seconds D) 10 seconds
A
A child is given a gold star every time she gets an "A" on a test. This is an example of: A) partial reinforcement. B) a fixed-interval schedule. C) continuous reinforcement. D) a variable-interval schedule.
C
Cocaine and amphetamine work by: A) increasing the levels of endogenous opioids. B) decreasing the levels of endogenous opioids. C) increasing the levels of dopamine. D) decreasing the levels of dopamine.
C
Electrical stimulation of the _____ is reinforcing to rats. A) orbitofrontal cortex B) dorsal striatum C) ventral tegmental area D) motor cortex
C
After working for $15 an hour, Sally's pay was cut to $8 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $8 an hour all along. This is an example of: A) negative contrast. B) negative reinforcement. C) positive punishment. D) negative punishment.
A
33. Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cookie would be _____ of the child's behavior of whining. A) positive reinforcement B) positive punishment C) negative reinforcement D) negative punishment
A
A hotel maid is allowed to take a 15-minute break every time she cleans three rooms. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-ratio D) variable interval
A
A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-ratio D) variable-interval
C
If an organism expects its favorite reinforcer but receives a less-preferred reinforcer, the phenomenon of _____ predicts that the organism may respond less than if it had received that less-preferred reinforcer at the start. A) negative contrast B) negative reinforcement C) negative behavior D) negative correlation
A
If one has just finished eating one's favorite meal, then that meal will probably have _____ hedonic value and _____ motivational value. A) high; low B) low; high C) high; high D) low; low
A
In humans, through the use of PET and f/MRI, increased activity can be seen in dopamine target sites such as the striatum. What triggers this activity? A) video games B) cocaine C) both video games and cocaine D) None of the answers is correct.
A
In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? A) In classical conditioning, learning is fastest during the early trials, while, in operant conditioning, learning is fastest during the later trials. B) In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response. C) Classical conditioning can be used to train animals to make responses they would not normally make; operant conditioning cannot be used to do this. D) Extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.
A
James's grades are dropping, and he has isolated himself in his room and doesn't have any interactions with individuals. His only focus is playing his game. As punishment for his grades dropping, he is grounded from any games. His parents have caught him trying to play at night, and he has even tried to go to his neighbors to do so. What type of addiction is James exhibiting? A) behavioral B) pathological C) nonspecified D) neurological
A
One suggestion regarding the roles of dopamine and opioids in the brain is that: A) dopamine is involved in "wanting" a drug, whereas opioids are involved in "liking" a drug. B) opioids are involved in "wanting" a drug, whereas dopamine is involved in "liking" a drug. C) dopamine and opioids are both involved in "wanting" a drug. D) dopamine and opioids are both involved in "liking" a drug.
A
Positive reinforcement involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior. A) adding; increase B) adding; decrease C) taking away; increase D) taking away; decrease
A
Suppose one's roommate has gotten into the bad habit of talking whenever the roommate is trying to study. The roommate decides to ignore this habit. This is an example of: A) extinction. B) distancing. C) reinforcement of alternative behaviors. D) delayed reinforcement.
A
The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves: A) avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response. B) removing the reinforcement for producing the unwanted response. C) increasing the amount of time between the unwanted response and reinforcment. D) rewarding desirable responses instead.
A
What neurotransmitter is damaged in individuals suffering from Parkinson's disease? A) dopamine B) seratonin C) striatum D) endorphins
A
What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in the basketball game? A) the insular cortex B) the frontal cortex C) the dACC
A
Which is an example of a behavioral addiction? A) addiction to exercise B) addiction to alcohol C) addiction to cocaine D) addiction to caffeine
A
Which item is an example of a secondary reinforcer? A) money B) food C) sleep D) sex
A
Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations? A) the dorsal striatum B) the orbitofrontal cortex C) the sensory cortices D) the ventral tegmental area
A
Which statement demonstrates operant rather than classical conditioning? A) A car salesperson receives a bonus for doing a good job at work. Afterwards, she continues to work hard at selling cars. B) A toddler squeals and curls up in a ball when his mother moves her fingers as if she is going to tickle him. C) A diner begins salivating as soon as he sees the waiter bringing dessert to the table. D) Hearing the music of an ice cream truck causes children to get excited.
A
41. A professor gives her class donuts every Monday. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-ratio D) variable-interval
B
A man would be considered to have a pathological addiction to alcohol if he: A) drinks more than four drinks a day. B) suffers from a medical condition caused by his alcohol use. C) is caught driving under the influence of alcohol. D) regularly gets drunk with his friends on weekends.
B
According to the Premack principle, if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework: A) homework could be used as a reward for washing dishes. B) washing dishes could be used as a reward for doing homework. C) the child's desire to do homework will be increased by restricting access to washing dishes. D) the child's desire to do dishes will be increased by restricting access to doing homework.
B
According to the law of effect, which circumstance would lead to a weakening of the association between stimulus and response? A) giving candy to a whining child B) grounding a teenager for staying out too late C) giving a child $1 for doing well on a spelling test D) taking a painkiller to get rid of a headache
B
Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished. In this example, the attention serves as _____ for misbehavior. negative reinforcement positive reinforcement negative punishment positive punishment
B
Discriminative stimuli are: A) successive approximations to a desired response. B) stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome. C) outcomes that increase the probability of a behavior. D) outcomes that decrease the probability of a behavior.
B
Drug addicts continue taking drugs in part to avoid the unpleasant effects of withdrawal. In this case, the behavior of taking drugs is being: A) positively reinforced. B) negatively reinforced. C) positively punished. D) negatively punished.
B
Drugs that block opioid receptors: A) have been shown to be ineffective in treating addictions. B) have been shown to be effective for the short-term treatment of addictions. C) seem to be effective for treating behavioral addictions but not drug addictions. D) seem to be effective for treating drug addictions but not behavioral addictions.
B
Hedonic value refers to _____, while motivational value refers to _____. A) how much one wants a reinforcer; how much one likes a reinforcer B) how much one likes a reinforcer; how much one wants a reinforcer C) the strength of a reinforcer; the salience of a stimulus D) the salience of a stimulus; the strength of a reinforcer
B
1. The process by which an organism learns to produce a specific response in order to avoid or obtain an outcome is: A) observing. B) learning. C) operant conditioning. D) classical conditioning.
C
If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then: A) reward once the puppy comes all the way to him. B) reward when the puppy looks at him, then for turning toward him, and then for taking a few steps in his direction. C) jingle some keys or shake a dog toy to get the puppy interested enough to come over to him. D) pull the puppy with a leash, then reward when the puppy reaches him.
B
If an individual is restricted from performing a specific behavior, in an attempt to make an opportunity to perform this behavior more enticing, the use of the restricted behavior as a reinforcer is known as: A) free-operant paradigm. B) response deprivation. C) operant conditioning. D) classical conditioning.
B
The matching law of choice behavior states that, given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will: A) give only the response that provides the better rate of reinforcement. B) respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response. C) give both responses at roughly equal rates. D) become confused and stop responding altogether.
B
The process of providing consequences for a behavior that decreases the probability of that behavior is called: A) reinforcement. B) punishment. C) discrete-trial learning. D) free-operant learning.
B
The study of how organisms allocate their time and resources among possible options is known as: A) the matching law. B) behavioral economics. C) chaining. D) shaping.
B
Using an umbrella when it rains allows one to escape from getting wet. In this case, the stimulus is _____, the response is _____, and the outcome is _____. A) the rain; using an umbrella; staying dry B) staying dry; rain; using an umbrella C) using an umbrella; rain; staying dry D) rain; staying dry; using an umbrella
B
Which is the BEST example of extinction? A) A child is praised every time he raises his hand instead of shouting out the answer B) A young child throws a tantrum when he doesn't get what he wants. The parents decide to ignore the child every time there's a tantrum. C) John feels the need to smoke when he's around smokers, so he stays away from them. D) All of the answers are correct.
B
Which statement BEST describes behavioral economics? A) The average high school student spends $100 a week. B) A dieter on a fixed calorie diet must decide whether to eat several low-calorie meals or have a bowl of ice cream. C) An average college students spends more time studying than sleeping. D) If one allocates earnings, one can save enough for early retirement.
B
Which statement is an example of how discriminative stimuli can encourage cheating? A) A child who makes silly faces during class is reprimanded by the teacher, but his classmates tell him how funny he is. B) A teenager is punished for swearing at home but still swears when she is with her friends at school. C) A drug user is given a warning for his first offense and jail time if he repeats the offense. D) A politician who is exposed for illegally obtaining money one way will then find another way to obtain the money.
B
A _____ is a device that records total number of behavioral responses. A) stimulus reactor B) Skinner box C) cumulative recorder D) graphical log
C
For punishment to be MOST effective: A) it should start out weak and become gradually stronger each time the behavior is repeated. B) the organism should know under what circumstances a particular behavior will and will not be punished. C) the behavior cannot be concurrently reinforced. D) All of the answers are correct.
C
If one blocks dopamine in an amphetamine user, one would expect that it would: A) increase pleasurable feelings from the drug. B) suppress pleasurable feelings from the drug. C) suppress cravings for the drug. D) increase cravings for the drug.
C
If one has been reading for hours and the idea of taking a break to clean the room sounds very attractive, one is exhibiting: A) chaining. B) the Premack principle. C) response deprivation. D) classical conditioning.
C
In behavioral economics, the _____ refers to the distribution of resources that maximizes the individual's subjective value or satisfaction. A) behavioral economic B) economical distribution C) bliss point D) economical dispersal
C
People with long-term addictions to cocaine or amphetamine: A) have reduced cravings for the drug as well as a stronger "high" than they did in the early stages of addiction. B) have reduced cravings for the drug than they did in the early stages of addiction. C) do not receive the same "high" that they did in the early stages of addiction. D) receive a much stronger "high" than they did in the early stages of addiction.
C
Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie. A) positive reinforcement B) positive punishment C) negative reinforcement D) negative punishment
C
The incentive salience hypothesis says that dopamine: A) gives food its "goodness" qualities. B) is involved in predicting future rewards. C) provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement. D) reduces the ability of an organism to enjoy food and other rewards.
C
Which statement demonstrates the free-operant paradigm? A) After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is returned to the starting point by the experimenter. B) When a cat escapes from a puzzle box, the experimenter puts the cat back in. C) A rat in a Skinner box can press a bar at any time to receive food. D) After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is put back inside its home cage.
C
Which statement is TRUE regarding the orbitofrontal cortex? A) Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be pleasant, but not when it is expected to be unpleasant. B) Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be unpleasant, but not when it is expected to be pleasant. C) Neurons code the expectation as well as the specific outcome. D) Orbitofrontal neurons code the pleasantness of a stimulus, but not its identity.
C
A conditioning chamber called a _____ delivers reinforcement or punishment automatically whenever an animal makes a particular response. A) classroom B) Thorndike box C) pigeon box D) Skinner box
D
A mouse is placed in a maze and timed to see how long it takes him to reach the end. Once the first trial is completed, the experimenter places him back in the maze again to see if the speed in which he completes it changes; this is referred to as a: A) token response. B) drive-reduction method. C) free-operant paradigm. D) discrete trial.
D
A rat with a dorsal striatum lesion would have trouble learning to: A) press a bar for a food reward. B) jump over a barrier to escape shock. C) run in an exercise wheel to obtain a drink of water. D) receive food when a red light comes on.
D
A student watches for shooting stars on a clear night and sees one approximately every 2 minutes. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-ratio D) variable-interval
D
Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails. Whenever she gets the urge to bite her nails, she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge. This is an example of: A) extinction. B) distancing. C) reinforcement of alternative behaviors. D) delayed reinforcement.
D
Chaining involves _____, whereas shaping involves _____. A) reinforcement; punishment B) punishment; reinforcement C) reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior; training individual components of a complex response D) training individual components of a complex response; reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior
D
Rats that are given a dopamine antagonist will: A) prefer rat chow to sugar pellets if both are freely available. B) work for sugar pellets, even if rat chow is freely available. C) work for rat chow, even if sugar pellets are freely available. D) choose rat chow that is freely available over sugar pellets for which they must work.
D
Research on addiction to romantic love has shown that: A) romantic love is essentially just a drive to obtain sex. B) this kind of addiction is very clearly a pathological addiction. C) most people experience clinical depression after romantic rejection. D) viewing pictures of a romantic partner can activate reward centers in the brain.
D
The main difference between reinforcement and punishment is that: A) punishment involves adding a consequence, while reinforcement involves removing a consequence. B) punishment involves removing a consequence, while reinforcement involves adding a consequence. C) punishment increases a behavior, while reinforcement decreases a behavior. D) punishment decreases a behavior, while reinforcement increases a behavior.
D
_____ expresses that, if an organism has the option to perform, highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior. A) Response deprivation B) Preference response C) The matching law of choice D) The Premack principle
D