POL Final Exam Material
mentality in a time of national crisis in which government approval ratings increase
"Rally around the flag" mentality
SCOTUS decision that declared unconstitutional the state's power to tax a federal government entity
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
judicial review of doctrine of nullification
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Give an example of politicians favoring programs for demographics that are more likely to vote
Medicare v. Medicaid - Medicare helps the elderly, who vote unusually frequently - Medicaid aids the poor, who are less likely to vote as a voting bloc
SCOTUS case "diversity is not to be strangled by absolutism of imposed uniformity"
Miller v. California (1973)
SCOTUS case that determined a national obscenity law could not be made as the people of various states vary in their tastes and attitudes
Miller v. California (1973)
What was the central issue in the JFK documentary viewed in class?
The admission of two black students to the University of Alabama
We looked at a poll that had a biased question regarding polling in Trump and Obama's first year in office .... describe the flaw with this poll
Trump's MAGA Committee Poll asked how individuals would rate Trump v. Obama's first year in office. However, the poll only included options ranging from Okay-Excellent for Trump and included Poor-Excellent for Obama.
True/False: A Pew Research poll found that there was a 4% gap in the Democrat-Republican male vote, while there was a 20% gap in the Democrat-Republican female vote.
True
True/False: According to the authors, elections are key to understanding contemporary American Democracy?
True
True/False: An individual's views on policy may reflect their views on government policy
True
True/False: Campaigns are increasingly relying on 1970s-80s campaign strategies of door-to-door, face-to-face volunteer campaigning
True
True/False: Congress' status as a "professional legislature" is found to be alarming to the public/voters.
True
True/False: Despite being hot button issues in American politics for decades, in a recent Gallup poll only 1% of Americans answered that abortion/gun-control was the number one issue facing the nation
True
True/False: Federalism is fairly rare in the world.
True
True/False: Four times in US history a president has lost the popular vote
True
True/False: From a poll of 150,000 Brexit voters, immigration was found to be a key issue driving votes
True
True/False: In FY2018, states and local governments will receive $728 billion in federal grants
True
True/False: In LA you must register to vote 30 days before the election, while states like OR, NY, NJ, CA, AND MI automatically register to vote
True
True/False: In recent years, there is a growing gender gap in American politics in which more women vote Democratic than Republican.
True
True/False: Our authors are that campaigns are generally less important than perceived to be
True
True/False: Our authors argue that variety in state laws account for variations in political culture
True
True/False: Our authors contend that members of Congress are electorally sensitive
True
True/False: Our authors note the low turnout rate in the US, but do note that many Americans are still politically active by contacting representatives and volunteering
True
True/False: Over more recent decades, a more conservative court has pushed back against federal power, giving states more autonomy.
True
True/False: Over the past few presidential cycles, women have consistently supported the Democratic Party over the Republican Party while men have predominately supported the Republican Party with an exception to the 2008 election.
True
True/False: Political socialization takes place throughout one's life but the most important experiences usually occur early in life.
True
True/False: Polling has helped to improved politicians' understanding of their constituents' wishes.
True
True/False: SCOTUS allowed Congress to impose a 10% reduction in federal highway aid to states whose drinking age remained below 21 in South Dakota v. Dole (1987)
True
True/False: Short- and long- term factors influence American voters, many knowing who they'll vote for before a candidate or nominee is announced.
True
True/False: Some demographic groups overwhelmingly support one party over another.
True
True/False: The American populous agree on fundamental political principles more often than citizens of other democracies
True
True/False: The Constitution allowed for the continuation of the international slave trade until 1808
True
True/False: The tendency of House incumbents to raise more funds than their opponents discourages otherwise strong candidates from challenging their seat.
True
True/False: Washington DC has no representation in Congress, despite having a larger population than Vermont or Wyoming.
True
True/False: We observed an increase in the number of federal grants from 996 in 2012 to 1319 in 2017
True
True/False: While our authors do not dismiss that candidate qualities are an important factor, they do argue that views of a candidate are often filtered through party affiliation, past performance of a candidate, whether a candidate shares important policy positions with a voter, etc.
True
True/False: Only ~20-30% of the population is needed to elect a president.
True tea henny
True/False: Public broadcasting is an example of a public good, that will not be taken away whether the individual contributes or not, creating a free riding dilema
True tea sister
True/False: Most democracies automatically register their citizens to vote in elections.
True- the United States is an exception to this rule, in most states
In 2012 Rep. Judy Chu addressed the public with an official apology from Congress (and earlier from the State of California) for the
Chinese Exclusion Act
_____ as described by _____ "maximize individual liberty/action, typically by establishing minimal state and in market economics
Classical liberalism as described by Andrew Heywood
In the same Gallup poll, large majorities of Americans felt that the most important issue facing the United States was abortion. True or False
False
One of the arguments Justice Anthony Kennedy made in the Windsor case was that the legislation under consideration enhanced the authority of the States. True or False?
False
List countries that have also shown a rise in concern over immigration in recent years (discussed in class)
Germany Denmark Italy Brexit nations
This slavery abolitionist described the U.S. Constitution as "A covenant with death and an agreement with Hell." (A) Abraham Lincoln (B) Fredrick Douglass (C) William Lloyd Garrison (D) Morris Fiorina.
c
Our text focuses the economic power of the federal government (one of the expansions of power) by focusing on federal governments ability to provide ___ to state (and subsequently, local) government
grant
Campaign fundraising and shaping who initially gets elected is the primary focus of (lobbying/grassroots lobbying)
grassroots lobbying
tactic used by interest groups involving promoting indirect relationships with public officials by influencing the official's constituents, hoping the constituents will petition the official on behalf of the group's interest
grassroots lobbying
Personal experiences that shape political socialization can be shared with a ___ or even a ____
group, generation
Our authors are skeptical that political socialization alone accounts for American's embracing the ideals of classical liberalism because
it has been used by political parties to win immigrant support
The electoral college presents a tyranny of the ____ issue
minority
According to Schaffner and Clark, in her 2016 campaign Clinton failed to
mobilize support (especially in early votes, Midwesterners, and metropolitan areas)
provides a qualified endorsement for social/economic intervention as a means of promoting personal development
modern liberalism
Explain how self-selection plays a role in reinforcing classically liberal values in the United States
most people have voluntarily come to the United States, these individuals value individual initiative and are considered to act very 'American' regardless of nationality
doctrine that states have the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
nullification
Congress is the world's foremost example of a _____ legislature
professional legislature
aggregations of people's views about situations, issues, and public figures
public opinion
Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - joining Sierra Club / Save the Whales initiatives
purpose-driven reasons
Romanian and Serbo-Croatian immigrants faced discrimination on a _____ basis, with some believing them to be weaker and lesser than Northern/Western Europeans
racial
Constitution provided a strong central government while preserving existing sovereignty of states to win ____ debate
ratification
kind of political socialization concerned with an individual's shared characteristics and identity within a group
reference group
Following the Civil War, for 60 years SCOTUS generally defended (federal/state) sovereignty, especially in terms of economics and racial segregation
states
Strength of the Obama campaign
voter mobilization - wide volunteer base
A decline in social connectedness is believed to contribute to the decline of
voter turnout
Some argue that Congress' "professional legislature" status makes it _____ to issues, while others argue Congressmen persist because they are so ____ aware
unresponsive ; electorally
An NPR audio clip we listened to in class asked this question:
Would the US be better off with a parliamentary system?
grants that include regulation specifying how money is to be spent
categorical grant
Factor that shapes the vote that is central to the concept of retrospective voting
government performance
a "mid-range" issue for voters and research confirms it does influence the vote
government performance
Name two benefits of US federalism
- Allowed new territories to enter the union in an orderly fashion - Allows for adaptation to different cultural/economic conditions
List issues with question construction that can lead to measurement error in public opinion polling
- Confusion language -"Value-laden" language -Sometimes fail to gauge the complexity of views held on subject in question
What are the two propositions to resolve representation for Washington DC in statehood?
- DC statehood -DC dissolved into MD or VA
Five reasons our authors give for why voter turnout is declining
- Decline of competitive elections - poor voter mobilization - decline of social connectedness - lack of concern over phony politics - may actually represent civil harmony
List factors that have historically presented obstacles for voter turnout / access to polls
- Economic (like property-owning qualifications or poll taxes) - Religious factors - Race -Gender
List the expected/reality responses from CNN's 2011 polling on the federal budget
- Estimated 10-30% of budget was foreign aid (really 1%) - Estimated 5% of budget was public broadcasting (really 1/10 of 1%) - Estimated 10% was pension (really 3.5%) - Also overestimated military/welfare budgets
Two reasons our authors cite for America's ignorance on issues
- Information costs -Issues publics
three tactics used to overcome the free rider problem
- coercion -heightening the perception of participation - selective benefits
Why does "heightening the perception" help alleviate the free rider problem?
- develops a personal connection between the individual and the goal, individuals are more likely to believe their contribution will make an impact
The NRP discussion of whether the US would be better off in a parliamentary system focused on these two issues:
- gridlock in Washington - campaign finance issues
Two reasons to explain the behavior of political entrepreneurs
- selfish reasons - have significant resources
three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for why Americans join interest groups
- solidary reasons - material reasons - purpose-driven reasons
Name three effects education has on political socialization
- values tolerance -share belief that an individual has a duty to be involved in the political community - believe in political efficacy
Name three policies adopted by the US to address immigration fears
1. Chinese Exclusion Act 2.) Literacy Tests 3.) Preferential immigration status given to those from certain geographic regions (like North/West Europe)
Three reasons senate incumbents perform more poorly than house incumbents
1.) A more heterogeneous population of a state than a congressional district 2.) face "better challengers" due to prestige of the senate 3.) more ambitious and take on more controversial issues (can lead to accusations of "neglecting their state")
Authors note two major observations about American attitudes that differ from those of other democratic citizens
1.) Believe in individual responsibility, we take care of ourselves, if you work hard you can prosper 2.) Believe in equality of opportunity, but do not believe in equality of result (outcome), competing with each other and not all of us will win, "level playing field"
three examples of direct action taken by interest groups in US history
1.) Boston Tea Party 2.) Green Peace Activists - scaling building 3.) Demonstrations against World Trade Organization in 1999 in Seattle
Name three reasons why policy is emphasized less than other factors that shape the vote
1.) Complexity of proposals 2.) The paucity of knowledge individuals have on issues 3.) It is difficult to understand where a candidate stands on an issue
Three approaches to the question raised by our authors, "Do Congressional elections produce a representative body?"
1.) Demographic characteristics are unimportant for representational purposes 2.) In order to truly represent the American people, Congress must be descriptively similar (a microcosm) 3.) Demographics above all else serve a symbolic purpose (domestically and internationally)
2006 Gallup poll with confusion language yielded ambiguous results for this issue
1.) Do you favor or oppose foreign-owned companies operating US seaports? - 58% oppose 2.) Do you favor or oppose only American companies operating US seaports? -25% opposed foreign ownership
Four notions for why Americans believe in individual responsibility and equality of opportunity, not outcome
1.) Early American society and citizens fostered development for classical liberalism 2.) Political socialization 3.) Political dysfunction 4.) Idea of "Self-Selection" of immigrant population
Four factors our authors have determined shape the vote
1.) Party ID / affiliation 2.) Policy 3.) Government performance 4.) Candidate qualities
Two reasons federal government's power has increased over time
1.) SCOTUS interpretation of the Constitution 2.) Federal spending
In class we watched two clips of Democratic candidates proposing alternatives to the electoral college. Who were these candidates?
1.) South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg 2.) MA Senator Elizabeth Warren
Name four barriers for voting
1.) Voting takes place on a workday 2.) Varying registration requirements 3.) Long lines / poor polling facilities 4.) Voter ID laws
Four reasons authors give for low voter turnout
1.) Way turnout is calculated 2.) No compulsory voting laws 3.) Voter fatigue 4.) US has relatively weak institutions to mobilize voters
Name three factors that play a role in shaping House elections
1.) party affiliation 2.) incumbency 3.) Polling
Federal grants provide over ____ of funds which sates use for public assistance and health care
1/2
How much of state budgets is accounted for from federal grants?
1/3
The powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the State respectively, or to the people.
10th Amendment
Name five Amendments that have expanded democratic participation in the US
15th - Black male vote 19th- Women's vote 23rd- Residents of DC, right to vote in presidential elections 24th- Abolished poll tax 26- Vote for 18-20 year olds, nationally
Nullification was first used in ____ on this act
1798 Alien and Sedition Acts
Who gained the vote in the _____ 26th Amendment?
18-20 years olds nationally
state law in which gun licenses were legal voter IDs but student IDs were not
2011 TX voter ID law
Cite an example of long lines being a barrier to vote
2012: 6-7 hour long waits in FL, ~201,000 voters potentially prevented from voting
In a revised 1993 Roper's poll, _____% of respondents that it was possible the Holocaust never happened
22
Which Amendment gave the executive term limits?
22nd Amendment
In a Jan. 2019 Gallup Poll, Americans were asked what is the greatest issue facing the nation to date 29% said 21$ said
29% said poor leadership 21% said immigration
number of votes in the electoral college
538
Why does equal protection in United States v. Windsor fall to the 5th Amendment rather than the 14th Amendment?
5th Amendment guarantees equal protection with the federal government, 14th Amendment applies equal protection to the States
In a Gallup Approval Poll dating back to the 90s, the average of Congress' approval has stayed below ____%, except, notably, immediately after 9/11 when approval jumped to 80%, and in 2014 when approval fell to an all-time low of 9%.
60%
How many states allow for physician-assisted suicide?
7 states and DC
Categorical grants account for ___% of federal grant-in-aid assistance in 2016
92%
group that uses "selective benefits" to appeal to older Americans for medical care benefits
AARP
Example of social movement where individuals did not necessarily personally benefit from changes it sought
Abolitionist Movement
How could you change responses to Yes/No opinion polling?
Adding a "don't know" response option
Federalism Case National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012)
Affordable Care Act
Two demographic groups as examples used for groups traditionally aligning with the Democratic Party
African American voters Female voters
Give an example of a classic oversimplification of polling
American's on abortion
Which of the following arguments explaining the commitment of individuals in this country to classical liberalism do our authors question? A) The argument which highlights the importance of a plentiful supply of law and a scarcity of labor B) The argument which highlights the importance of political socialization C) The argument which focuses on the voluntary nature of the decisions of most immigrants to come to the US D) The argument that early American colonists were middle class
B (The argument which highlights the importance of political socialization)
Why have Americans historically feared Catholic immigrants?
Americans felt that Catholic immigrants had a split loyalty between the United States, the church, the Pope, and Rome
Americans giving opinions on the "wizniands" is an example of
Americans giving opinions on issues they know nothing about
feared threat of an overly-powerful national government in Pre-Constitutional United States
Anti-Federalists
What argument does political scientist, Marilyn Mertens make?
Argues that a wide variety in state laws leads to unequal treatment in the United States
Where is the electoral college named in the constitution?
Art. II, Sect. I
Where is the commerce clause found?
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3
the general welfare clause is found
Article I, Section 8
early legal document that granted significant state powers w/ very weak federal government
Articles of Confederation
Why does Dillon's Rule state that local governments are mere creatures of the state?
At any time state governments can violate the three principles of federalism for the local government
Name a country with compulsory voting laws
Australia - compulsory laws are not common in many democracies
One of the issues raised during the election of 1960 highlighted an important "cultural" concern about immigrants. That issue was a candidate's religion. That candidate was A) Jewish B) Catholic C) Mormon D) Baptist.
B (Catholic)
This case not only involved an attempt by a State to undermine the Bank of the United States by taxing it; it also led to a decision in which the United States Supreme Court argued that the supremacy clause gave it the power to strike down state laws that violated the Constitution. This case is A) Meyer v. Jacobson (1812) B) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) C) Madison v. U.S. Bank (1817) D) Hamilton v. Virginia (1801).
B (McCulloch v. Maryland (1819))
The Court provided "an expansive definition of interstate commerce" in a case which involved a farmer who grew winter wheat for his own personal use. This case is A) Johnson v. Mayer (1956) B) Wickard v. Filburn (1942) C) Congress v. David Hume (1923) D) Morgenthau v. Madison (1930)
B (Wickard v. Filburn (1942))
Political Scientist Marilyn Mertens argued that A) the Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) has damaged the country and should be overruled by the Court B) different state laws create an unfair situation for many citizens C) presidential powers should be curtailed D) the decline in the number of States having the death penalty as an option will likely continue.
B (different state laws create an unfair situation for many citizens)
Sven Steinmo argues A) that immigrants coming to the United States threaten core American values B) that the American political system is in an important sense quite dysfunctional, resulting in the fact that Americans look to themselves rather than the government to provide solutions to the problems they face C) that the Republican Party's policies on immigration cast doubt on the ability of the party to win significant immigrant support in the future D) that the United States should close its doors to immigrants immediately
B (that the American political system is in an important sense quite dysfunctional, resulting in the fact that Americans look to themselves rather than the government to provide solutions to the problems they face)
Example of political entrepreneurs
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Who gained the vote in the _____ 15th Amendment?
Black males
Republicans generally favor ____ grants. Why?
Block grants - grant maximum power to local and state governments
Federalism Case Printz v. United States (1997)
Brady Act
In class we watched a video about a litigation case brought by the NAACP. SCOTUS announced a unanimous decision. This case is
Brown v. Board of Education
United States v. Windsor (2013) was a civil rights case that dealt with which of the following political issues? (A) a woman's right to an abortion (B) the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (C) same sex marriage (D) free speech.
C ( same sex marriage)
Who wrote the following words, "Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them...?" A) George Washington B) John Adams C) Benjamin Franklin D) Alexander Hamilton.
C (Benjamin Franklin)
In which case, focusing on the constitutionality of the Social Security program, did the United States Supreme Court take a position on the spending clause that enhanced the power of Congress? A) Mill v. Farm Credit (1935) B) Johnson v. Mayer (1943) C) Helvering v. Davis (1937) D) Bank of America v. Gillerson (1933)
C (Helvering v. Davis (1937))
In which Supreme Court case, discussed in class, did Chief Justice Warren Burger highlight the importance of differences among areas of the United States, thus supporting the argument that cultural concerns are important when considering public policy? A) Texas v. Johnson (1989) B) Michigan v. Long (1971) C) Miller v. California (1973) D) Knight v. Arizona (1969)
C (Miller v. California (1973))
The authors highlight a number of arguments to explain why the United States continues to embrace a liberal political culture. One argument highlights the fact that individuals coming to the U.S. have done so, and continue to do so (with exceptions, of course), voluntarily. The authors use a term to describe this. That term is A) self-aggrandizement B) voluntary escape C) self-selection D) the immigrant springboard.
C (self-selection)
In class discussion, we noted that immigration has also been an issue in a number of other countries. All of the following examples were cited in class discussion except A) the British vote to leave the European Union B) the performance of an anti-migrant party in recent Swedish elections C) the rise of the Belgian One People Party D) the success of the Alternative for Germany party
C (the rise of the Belgian One People Party)
Give an example of the free rider issue being problematic when the individual feels that their contribution will not make an impact
Campaign to end world hunger
religion that has specifically been shunned by American populous in terms of immigration
Catholicism
Following 1932, SCOTUS sided more with federal authority and interpreted these two clauses more broadly
Commerce clause Necessary and Proper clause
Our authors note: "___ is the first, most powerful and most important, of our three branches of government, which bears the most responsibility for representing needs/values of the American public , needed to improve well-being in their lives"
Congress
On what basis did Congress claim it had the right to regulate wheat production in Wickard v. Filburn (1942)?
Congress claimed that Wickard's action to grow his own wheat to feed his animals rather than buy from the market affected prices on a state, federal, and international level
What criteria is used to judge Congress and what criteria is used to judge Congressmen?
Congress: Is Congress successfully addressing national problems? Congressmen: Are they serving their constituents?
When SCOTUS declares State laws unconstitutional, it generally expands the _____ power
Congressional
This case dealt with the issue of whether Congress could add a restriction to its spending power. The case involved highway funding and the drinking age. A) Texas v. Johnson (1989) B) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) C) Missouri v. Anheuser-Busch (1985) D) South Dakota v. Dole (1987)
D (South Dakota v. Dole (1987))
One of the most interesting aspects of federalism in the United States is the consequent diversity of state laws in a number of important areas. One of the arguments made in favor of this policy diversity is that the states can experiment with laws allowing other states to see what works and what doesn't work. The phrase used by the authors to describe this is that individual states act as A) the boot camp for policy debate B) the test tubes of America C) the base camps of the future D) laboratories of democracy.
D (laboratories of democracy)
DPIC
Death Penalty Information Center
Federalism Case United States v. Windsor (2013)
Defense of Marriage Act
Which legal doctrine states that local governments are mere creatures of the state?
Dillon's Rule
legal doctrine of the 19th Century Iowa Judge that local governments are mere creatures of the state
Dillon's Rule
What is the difference between district service and constituent service?
District service brings federal programs, grants, and aid to the Congressional district while constituent service involves cutting through bureaucracy to help a constituent solve an issue/ accomplish a task
the following items belong to this category of reasons Americans believe in individual responsibility and equality of opportunity, not outcome individuals would be "middle class" already shared liberal ideals from Europe nothing to contradict those values, no established feudalism, etc. idea of plentiful supply of land / scarcity of labor
Early American citizens/society
For a democratic government to be a federal system, each fundamental level must have its own: 1.) ____ 2.)____ 3.)____
Elected officials Capacity to raise revenues by means of taxation Independent authority to pass laws regulating the lives of citizens
According to Fiorina and his colleagues, most nations follow the principle of federalism. True or False?
False
According to a recent Gallup poll, a majority of Americans believe that "the most important problem facing the country today" is "immigration." True or False?
False
According to the authors, the powers of the federal government have grown to such an extent, that states and local governments are no longer important parts of the American political system. True or False?
False
Classical liberalism is a tradition within liberalism that embraces the idea of a strong state [government] which seeks to minimize the realm of unconstrained individual action. True or False?
False
True/False: According to Fiorina and his colleagues, the Constitution failed to address any of the "immediate problems" facing the country.
False
True/False: In general, Americans have an optimistic view of government?
False
True/False: John Locke rejected the idea of the separation of powers.
False
True/False: Public opinion needs to be actively expressed to be important.
False
True/False: Thurgood Marshall's speech on the bicentennial of the Constitution suggested that the Constitution as we understand it today was only a creation of the individuals who met during the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
False
True/False: The U.S. president is elected by a national popular vote?
False - electoral college
True/False: Aristotle divided government into four general categories.
False - three types
True/False: Our authors note that in recent years Americans have become hostile towards immigrants
False: Authors note that hostility towards immigrants has always been present in the United States
True/False: Due to the nature of our legislative process, the policy advantaging the majority, favoring change is the most effective.
False: Because our legislative process requires, the "building of many winning coalitions" it "works to the advantage of POLICY MINORITIES, especially those CONTENT with the STATUS QUO"
True/False: While some voters decide who to vote for prior to campaign season, campaigns play a significant role in deciding how most voters will vote
False: Campaigns generate excitement/publicity but will not change many minds
True/False: Literary Digest correctly predicted that FDR would win the 1936 presidential election
False: Due to sampling bias, Literary Digest incorrectly predicted that Alf Landon would win
True/False: American won't generally respond to opinion polls that they do not hold strong opinions on.
False: If you ask, Americans will generally respond, regardless of how strongly those opinions are held.
True/False: SCOTUS found Maryland's tax law to be constitutional, as states also share the power of taxation
False: Maryland could not tax the federal government, power to tax is the power to destroy
True/False: A majority of voters decide late into campaign season on who to vote for
False: Only a minority of voters decide late into the campaign who to vote for
True/False: Authors argue that Americans are not more ethnically or religiously diverse than other democracies in general
False: Our authors argue that Americans are the most ethnically and religiously diverse democracy in the world
True/False: Our authors believe that House members are unconcerned with many of their constituents' wishes.
False: Our authors argue that House members are extremely aware of their constituents concerns.
True/False: Policy concerns are the dominant influence of how a voter will cast their ballot.
False: Policy is an important factor but party ID/affiliation is the single best predictor of how voters will cast their ballots.
True/False: Policy often plays a minor role in shaping the vote because voters generally are neutral to policy.
False: Policy plays a minor role in shaping policy because policy is complex, voters have limited knowledge, and it is difficult to understand a candidate's stance on an issue.
True/False: Generally, Republicans and Democrats favor block grants, allowing states to dispense funds that meet broader goals.
False: Republicans and Democrats favor categorical grants, that grant authority to federal government
True/False: Social movements are distinguished from others types of reform because they mobilize large swaths of the population.
False: Social movements usually only mobilize a small, very passionate, portion of the population.
True/False: There is an upward trend in the number of states allowing capital punishment... up 8 states from 2006 to 2019
False: There is a downward trend in the number of states that allow capital punishment, down 8 states from 2006 to 2019
True/False: Gender is not a predictor of party affiliation.
False: There is a political gender gap in which women increasingly align with the Democratic Party.
True/False: Voter IDs are usually not free in voter ID states.
False: Voter IDs are free but the materials to get them, like birth certificates, are often not
True/False: Our authors believe that successful campaigns are the cornerstone of electoral success
False: While our authors acknowledge the importance of campaigns, they believe other factors play a larger role in shaping electoral outcomes
True/False: A majority of Americans are informed on the questions they are polled on
False: a majority of Americans are ignorant to many issues in which they respond to public opinion polls
FEMA stands for
Federal Emergency Management Agency
What is federalism?
Federalism: division of sovereignty between at least two different levels of government
written piece that challenged Hobbes' notion, arguing a concentration of power threatens individual liberty, dividing power reduces possibility of single majority controlling all facets of government
Federalist Papers
favored a strong national government, concerned w/ military strength and economic validity of Pre-Constitutional United States
Federalists
the earliest debate on federalism began with these two conflicting groups
Federalists and Anti-Federalists
explains why people hate Congress and love their Congressman
Fenno's Paradox
refers to the gap between election approval of individual members of Congress and unhappiness at the collective
Fenno's Paradox
Give an example of American's being inconsistent on their views
Freedom of speech? Yes Giving platform to offensive speech: begins to breakdown
Example of a public good creating a free riding issue
Fundraisers for public radio/broadcast
Describe the Gallup poll that resulted in response to Roper's double-negative Holocaust plausibility question
Gallup polled using the same double-negative question Roper used, and received the same response of 1/3 claiming it was possible the Holocaust never happened. They also introduced their own question, without the confusing language, and only 1/10 questioned the plausibility of the Holocaust.
developer of scientific polling methods, much easier to discover public opinion today than in the past
George Gallup
Federalism Case United States v. Lopez (1995)
Gun-Free School Zones Act
SCOTUS case claiming a social security program violated the Constitution because tax dollars were spent "specifically" on the welfare of the elderly rather than "general" welfare to benefit the public as a whole
Helvering v. Davis (1937)
Two SCOTUS cases that challenged the national powers related to the Spending Clause
Helvering v. Davis (1937) South Dakota v. Dole (1987)
FEMA is a part of the Department of _____
Homeland Security
(House/Senate) incumbents perform better in elections
House
Why do some believe that low voter turnout is not an issue?
Idea that "democracy is as good as the voters"
Maryland attempted to undermine the power of the federal government by taxing the Bank of the United States
McCulloch v. Maryland
"power to tax involves the power to destroy" landmark case
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Why do individual constituent goals harm Congress' perception as a body?
Individual constituent goals can clash with the ability of Congress to address national problems
List four groups that have historically been targets of discrimination in US immigration policy
Irish Eastern/Southern Europeans Chinese Catholics
Why did Congress cite the Necessary and Proper Clause in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?
It was necessary and proper for Congress to establish a national bank for the United States to hold funds.
What concerns did some voters have in the 1960 election regarding JFK?
JFK would be the first Catholic president
political scientist who notes solidary, material, and purpose-driven reasons for joining interest groups
James Q. Wilson
leader of the UK Labour Party
Jeremy Corbyn
We watched two video examples of constituency service casework. Who was the Congressman and what work was done?
Joe Donnelly - helped a vet with a purple heart application and helped secure a passport for missionary work
speaker of the British House of Commons
John Bercow
encouraged states to nullify federal legislation that harmed their interests
John Calhoun
classical liberalism is often associated with
John Locke
Examples of "heightening the perception" in free riding
Kiva - crowd funding individuals directly Insomnia infomercials sponsoring a specific animal with a wildlife organization
classic example of polling error by Literary Digest
Literary Digest surveyed 10 million Americans, with 2.4 million responses wanted to determine the outcome of 1936 election, conducted phone survey, collecting contacts via telephone directories, club memberships, and magazine subscribers - biased towards the affluent who overwhelmingly supported Alf Landon but FDR won by a landslide
(Lobbying/Grassroots Lobbying) Examples include meeting with legislators, testifying before Congressional committees, and help draft legislation
Lobbying
two tactics of interest groups
Lobbying and Grassroots Lobbying
Roles most associated with (federal, state, or local) government - Maintain parks/roads -Police, fire, sanitary services - Running schools
Local governments
Two things to keep in mind to avoid selection bias in public opinion polling
Make sure: 1.) Individuals chosen do not share common interests/characteristics 2.) Individuals chosen do not have characteristics that differentiate them from the general population in ways that are relevant to questions being surveyed
What solution has been proposed to deal with the issue of voting on a Tuesday?
Making election day a national holiday has been proposed to make accessibility easier, no need to request time off for some
Why did Chief Justice Marshall dismiss Maryland's claim that national government only had powers delegated to it by the states?
Marshall claimed citizens grant national authority, not states
Federalism Case Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act
Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018)
used litigation to break down segregation / Jim Crow laws (Plessy v. Ferguson)
NAACP
Federalism Case Affordable Care Act
National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012)
aka the elastic clause
Necessary and Proper clause
programs created by the FDR administration that expanded the power of the federal government for the purpose of stimulating economic recovery and establishing a national safety net for those in need
New Deal
Who gained the vote in the _____ 24th Amendment?
No one gained the right to vote here but the poll tax was abolished nationally which increased accessibility and democratic participation
factors that our authors argue filter a voter's perception of candidate qualties
Party affiliation past performance of a candidate whether candidate shares policy positions with a voter
Federalism Case Voting Rights Act of 1965
Shelby County v. Holder (2013)
authors take on federalism
Powers of national government has increased over time, but state and local governments are still important.
Example of confederation
Pre-Constitutional United States under Articles of Confederation
Presidential candidate who asked his audience to consider the question, "Are you better off today than you were four years ago?"
President Ronald Reagan
Is is PMQ and which type of democracy is it found in?
Prime Minister's Question Time and it is found in British Parliament
Federalism Case Brady Act
Printz v. United States (1997)
Federalism Case Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018)
Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act
Who gained the vote in the _____ 23rd Amendment?
Residents of DC, in presidential elections
Describe the classic example of confusing language leading to measurement error in public opinion polling
Roper's Holocaust question contained a double-negative that lead to nearly 1/3 of those polled to respond that they believed it was possible the Holocaust was staged
In 2000, US News and World Report's Jay Tolson wrote about a libel case and found that people were continuing to cite
Roper's Holocaust survey results
Entity that mainly sorts out the conflicts of federalism
SCOTUS
Two issues in public opinion polling
Selection bias Measurement error
House/Senate incumbents face better challengers to their seats
Senate
state that declared 1828 tariffs were unconstitutional and nullified them
South Carolina
This state and law presented a question of First Amendment expression but also could have been fixed with some zoning and regulation.
South Carolina tattoo law
SCOTUS case centered on provision in spending bill that allowed Congress to punish states whose drinking age remained below 21
South Dakota v. Dole (1987)
Roles most associated with (federal, state, or local) government - Education funding - Administering Medicaid / welfare -Highway/Park maintenance -Provide intergovernmental aid - Increasingly involved in economic development
State government
Two arguments in favor of diversity of state laws
States are laboratories of democracy States vary in taste and attitude
Why is there greater party competition in senate races than house races?
States have a more heterogeneous/diverse population than that of a Congressional district, making it more difficult for candidates to continue appealing to a diverse constituency
Constitutional provision that says the laws of the national government overrides contradicting laws of the states
Supremacy Clause
states the laws of the national government shall be the "Supreme law of the land"
Supremacy Clause
McCulloch v. Maryland challenged these two clauses
Supremacy Clause Necessary and Proper Clause
True/False: 3/538 electoral college votes belong to the District of Columbia
True
Why do senate incumbents win less than house incumbents?
The population of a state is more heterogeneous than the population of a Congressional district, so there is greater competition between the political parties
Prime Minister of UK, and her party
Theresa May, Conservative Party
_____ believed federalism would fail, speculating conflict would arise and sub-governments would eat away national power
Thomas Hobbes
In class we watched a video regarding sacrifice to support social movement.... What did this video discuss?
Three civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi in 1964 (Chaney, Goodman, Schwerner)
Example of coercion to overcome the free rider problem
Transport and General Workers Union (T&G Union) in the UK, forces members to join the union for job (closed shop politics)
According to Fiorina, Peterson, Johnson, and Mayer, not only has the United States always been diverse socially but the diverse citizenry of the United States has shown a high level of agreement on fundamental principles. True or False?
True
Another argument that our text outlines in favor of the diversity of state laws highlights the cultural diversity of states. True or False?
True
Fiorina and his colleagues provide specific definitions of categorical and block grants in their chapter on federalism. Block grants are best described as intergovernmental grants with a broad set of objectives, minimal restrictions, and maximum discretion for local officials. True or False?
True
One theme in the chapter on "American Political Culture" is that immigrants have often faced hostility from the American populous. True or False?
True
Our authors highlight two sorts of equality in their discussion of the principles which connect Americans together politically. According to Fiorina and his colleagues, the type of equality Americans embrace is "equality of opportunity" rather than "equality of condition." True or False?
True
The death penalty is an option in a majority of US states. True or False?
True
The federal legislative branch has issued an apology for the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. True or False?
True
Federalism Case Gun-Free School Zones Act
United States v. Lopez (1995)
Federalism Case Violence Against Women Act
United States v. Morrison (2000)
Court opinion in ______ -States have traditionally defined/regulated marriage -DOMA breaks tradition and introduces a federal definition - "DOMA undermines the authority of the States"
United States v. Windsor (2013)
Federalism Case Defense of Marriage Act
United States v. Windsor (2013)
SCOTUS case questioning Sect. 3 of DOMA when her same-sex partner died and left her estate to her "spouse" and was denied a federal tax exemption Sect. 3 however defined marriage as the union of two people of opposite sexes
United States v. Windsor (2013)
Legal Question of ______ Does DOMA violate equal protection of 5th Amendment? Court's Opinion: (Yes/No)
United States v. Windsor (2013) Yes
Federalism Case United States v. Morrison (2000)
Violence Against Women Act
What flaws in calculating voter turnout do our authors point out?
Voter turnout is calculated by (votes cast/voting age population) - voting age population includes felons, those confined to mental/correctional facilities, and non-citizens)
Federalism Case Shelby County v. Holder (2013)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
the ironic part of Fenno's paradox
We reward Congressmen with support and votes for failing to address national issues for the sake of appeasing constituents
What explanation does Fenno's Paradox give as to why there is such a gap between individual and collective approval in Congress?
We use different criteria to judge Congress and Congressmen
Give two examples of a"load language" terms
Welfare v. Assistance to the poor Raising taxes v. Raising revenue or Revenue-enhancing devices
Give an example of how Congress members responded poorly to a national economic need in order to appease constituents
When federal aid was allocated to "economically depressed" areas of the United States, 80% of the country was declared economically depressed in order to receive constituent benefits. Districts receiving money were happy but this failed to address the larger national economic issue at hand
SCOTUS case that challenged the commerce claues on the ground of the commerce in question was locally grown for personal use, not crossing state lines
Wickard v. Filburn (1942)
Who gained the vote in the _____ 19th Amendment?
Women
This political philosopher had a pessimistic view of human nature, believing that only an absolute monarch could keep law and order. He also described life in the state of nature as "nasty, brutish and short." (A) Thomas Hobbes (B) Karl Marx (C) John Locke (D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
a
When drafting the Constitution, large states and small states were divided over the following issue, how should the states be represented in Congress. In the end, an agreement was reached. In the House of Representatives each state would be assigned seats in proportion to its population. In the Senate, all states would have the same number of seats. This agreement is known as the (A) The Connecticut Compromise (B) The Virginia Plan (C) The Vermont Plan (D) The New Jersey Plan.
a
Which of the following techniques utilized by the Framers was linked to our discussion of the "necessary and proper" clause? A) using vague language B) making sure that their discussions in the convention hall were immediately available to people throughout the United States C) splitting the difference D) delaying the decision.
a
obstacles for social movements and the free rider problem include
a decline in the passion of some members, which are generally a small portion of the population to begin with
An individual's view on policy may be filtered through view of _______
a political party
Macridis / Hulluing would describe classical liberalism as
anti-state/ anti-government philosophy, values individual more than gov / gov - intervention
According to Schaffner and Clark, in his 2016 campaign Trump succeeded in
appealing to large demographics of rural, white, under-educated individuals, economically-dissatisfied individuals, and attracted some via rhetoric
2. Compared to previous historical eras, elections in America are (A) Less important today than they were in most earlier periods of American history (B) More important today than they were in most earlier periods of American history (C) Never were important to begin with (D) Stopped being important after the 1950s.
b
Citizens electing representatives who then have the authority to decide what the government does is an example of (A) Retrospective voting (B) Representative democracy (C) Direct Democracy (D) Deviated voting.
b
During our discussion of the power of government to infringe on personal liberties, we discussed a number of examples from other countries. All of the following were examples we discussed except A) restrictions on names given to children in Iceland B) seat-belt legislation in the Dominican Republic C) restrictions on free speech associated with Nazism in contemporary Germany D) restrictions on the ability to smoke in a car with children in Wales.
b
Fiorina, Peterson, Johnson, and Mayer begin their discussion of "The Colonial Experience with Democracy" by focusing upon an important seventeenth century agreement that highlighted consent. That agreement was the _________ Compact. A) Salem B) Mayflower C) Charlottesville D) Liberty.
b
In lecture, we watched a commercial that highlighted an example of direct democracy in action and one side of a debate over _____________. A) the death penalty B) marriage equality C) animal cruelty D) medical marijuana.
b
Our discussion of the creation of the Constitution suggested that it can be seen in terms of A) a car race B) a cooking program C) a game of baseball D) a hunt for treasure.
b
Voters who care so passionately about a single issue that their votes are determined by a candidate position on a single issue are known as (A) Interest groups (B) Single issue voters (C) Active voters (D) None of the above.
b
Which president's words, found in the Gettysburg Address, and noted in lecture, highlight this country's commitment to democracy? A) George Washington' B) Abraham Lincoln C) John Adams D) John Quincy Adams.
b
Government performance that takes place _____ the campaign influences the vote
before
intergovernmental grants with broad set of objectives, a minimal set of federal restrictions with maximal discretion for local officials
block grants
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - borrow money
both
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - establish/operate court system
both
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - levying taxes
both
All the following points are made by author H. W. Brands except A) admiration of the American people for the Framers has varied over time B) our reverence for the Framers, and for their handiwork, can be a problem C) admiration of the American people for the Framers has not varied over time D) there is something that the Framers possessed which we should emulate. This is their boldness.
c
Ballot initiatives and town hall meetings are examples of (A) Representative democracy (B) Retrospective voting (C) Direct democracy (D) Deviated voting.
c
Supporters of the ratifications of the Constitution wrote a series of essays in support of the new Constitution. These essays are known as the (A) Magna Carta (B) The Declaration of Independence (C) The Federalist Papers (D) Common Sense.
c
The Articles of Confederation made it difficult for the United States government to address a number of concerns. All of the following concerns were identified by the authors except A) they made it difficult to maintain the peace B) they failed to provide a platform for economic growth C) they made the national government too powerful to control D) they undermined the ability of the government to address foreign threats.
c
The first governing document of the United States before the Constitution was known as the (A) Bill of Rights (B) the Constitution (C) the Articles of Confederation (D) The Virginia Plan.
c
A 2011 CNN poll found that most Americans believe
government spends more on certain areas of the budget than it really does
Two types of grants discussed
categorical and block grants
ideological tradition authors associate with the philosophical unity of the American populous
classical liberalism
solution to avoid voter suppression
compulsory voting
The "opposite" of a unitary system
confederation
a form of government in which subunits retain all of their sovereignty, delegating only a few specific tasks to the central government
confederation
a Congressional member helps constituents who are having difficulties with the government get something accomplished
constituent assistance/casework
Ben Franklin's fear of German immigrants was mostly rooted in _____ differences, including language and customs
cultural
Abraham Lincoln made all of the following statements about the Founders except A) the Founders felt that slavery was wrong B) the Founders were unable to eliminate slavery and create a new nation C) by declining to use the word slave, the Founders better prepared the way for an eventual attack on the institution of slavery D) the failure of the Founders to give women the right to vote was a more significant error than failing to initially include the Bill of Rights in the Constitution.
d
In addition to protecting citizens from unlawful activity, government does which of the following functions? (A) Regulates the economy (B) Provides services to its citizens such as Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security and countless other services (C) Defends the country from foreign aggression (D) All of the above.
d
In order to increase the number of representatives in slave owning states, the Founders agreed to allow slaves to be counted as 3/5 of a person when calculating representation in the House of Representatives. This compromise is known as the (A) Missouri Compromise (B) The Connecticut Compromise (C) The Virginia Compromise (D) Three-Fifths Compromise.
d
Which of the following developments has contributed to the rise in the permanent campaign? (A) The growth of interest groups (B) The increased cost of campaigning (C) The rise of scientific polling (D) All the above.
d
Example used in class to illustrate the possibility inequality that arises from varying state laws
death penalty cases
The idea that voters are more likely to vote if they think their vote will impact the outcome is the logic behind this explanation of why voter turnout has declined
decline of competitive elections
Our authors would argue that today's Congressmen fall within the (delegate/trustee) model
delegate
most controversial tactic used by interest groups
direct action
bringing home to their district federal government grants, aids, and programs
district service
Our authors stress America's social _____ and philosophical _____
diversity, unity
most effective campaign strategy
door-to-door, face-to-face canvassing
A theory of federalism that challenged Hobbes notion that there may be only one final authority
dual sovereignty
a theory of federalism saying both national and state governments have final authority over their own policy domains
dual sovereignty
Sven Steinmo argues that political _______, through checks and balances, separation of powers, and federalism has caused Americans to embrace the ideals of classical liberalism
dysfunction
Chinese immigrants faced discrimination on an _____ basis, with some believing their willingness to work for less made them a threat to American workers
economic
In terms of the 2016 Presidential election, Schaffner and Clark proposed individuals considered the following three factors when casting their vote
economy popularity of incumbent president party affiliation
Our authors list this as a separate category of political socialization that generally causes members to value tolerance and believe in political efficacy
education
Our authors believe those who do not vote, in addition to not being represented, also lose an _____ benefit of voting, that develops democratic consciousness and a respect for democracy
educational
Art. II, Sect. I names the
electoral college
the difference in the percent of women and the percent of men voting for a given candidate
gender gap of politics
Retrospective voting is associated with
evaluation of government performance
A Yes/No question on abortion in the US may lead to skewed results due to a
failure to capture nuance/complexity of issue
Milo is a
father
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - Conduct foreign affairs
federal
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - coin money
federal
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - make laws "necessary and proper" to accomplish its tasks
federal
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - raise armies / declare war
federal
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate immigration / naturalization
federal
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate imports/exports
federal
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate interstate commerce
federal
Following 1932, SCOTUS sided more with (federal/state) authority
federal
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - provide for the general welfare
federal (ehhh kind of both)
The poor response to Hurricane Katrina is an example of a conflict of ______
federalism
divides sovereignty between at least two levels
federalism
division of sovereignty between at least two different levels of government
federalism
"amicus curiae" =
friend of the court
Milo's haters are a ___ just like the ___ _____
haters, wage gap
Our authors note the (important/minor) role that direct action taken by interest groups have played in American history
important
Electoral _____ lead members of Congress to organize their _____ and to use the Congressional process to satisfy ____ goals
incentives, chamber, electoral
The likelihood of free riding (increases/decreases) if the change sough is a ______ good
increases, public good
the electoral advantage a candidate enjoys by virtue of being an incumbent, above personal/political characteristics
incumbency advantage
possessing resources (like staff, travel subsidies, and free mailing privileges), commitment to "constituency service" (district service, casework assistance), and the tendency to out-finance their opponents are all advantages _____ enjoy
incumbents
In the US, there is an ______ burden to register to vote
individual
Name a reason for long lines in polling places
inequality in funding for various districts
Our authors note that a large number of Americans are members of
interest groups
court authority to declare laws null and void on the grounds that they violate the Constitution
judicial review
most powerful and important branch of government
legislative branch
If Washington DC were granted statehood it would be the most _____ state
liberal (90-10 in 2016)
22nd Amendment
limits the office of the presidency to two terms (plus two years vice presidential experience)
interest group tactic used to over the "separate but equal" doctrine in public education (not public transit!)
litigation
tactic used by interest groups in which a lawsuit if filed or the group files "amicus curiae"
litigation
tactic used by interest groups involving a direct relationship between group / public officials
lobbying
Dillon's Rule states
local governments are mere creatures of the state
Voter turn out is the US is (low/high)
low
Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - ability to obtain "tangible benefits"
material reasons
Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - access to jobs, company wants business deal through an association, etc.
material reasons
this is a source of political socialization that our authors describe as "sophisticated, and dependent upon many circumstances"
media
government performance is a ____-range issue for voters
mid-range
Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - Leader of the executive branch is chosen from a member of the legislative branch
parliamentary
Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - legislative branch is relatively weak and usually serves as a rubber stamp to the policy of the executive branch
parliamentary
Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - the executive is chosen by the legislative branch body
parliamentary
______ forms of government dominate the democratic process in most of the world's democracies
parliamentary
It is believed that compulsory voting would decrease ______, because candidates would have to appeal to all voters to win
partisanship
the best single predictor for how someone will vote or participate politically
party affiliation
PAC =
political action committee
belief that participation in politics can invoke change
political efficacy
those who carry the burden of free riders are referred to as
political entrepreneurs
Two main institutions used in US to mobilize voters (relatively weak institutions)
political parties and interest groups
the following items belong to this category of reasons Americans believe in individual responsibility and equality of opportunity, not outcome - family, schools, churches, organizations work together to have us embrace classically liberal values - authors skeptical of this rationale as it has been used as a tactic of political parties to win immigrant support
political socialization
Some refer to voter ID laws as the new
poll tax
Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - Our authors note that "legislators can be more independent and therefore more influential in a ____ system"
presidential
Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - the head of the executive branch is elected by those eligible to vote in national elections
presidential
staff, travel subsidies, and free mailing privileges are all examples of _____ that contribute to the incumbency advantage
resources
Low voter turnout is believed to represent voter
satisfaction
Sampling a group of vegans for a survey about attitudes on meat consumption is an example of an error in
selection bias
Property owners being concerned with property taxes is an example of this kind of political socialization
self-interest
ambitious incumbents that take on more controversial issues
senate
there is more prestige in being elected to the House/Senate
senate
two reasons Congress is considered a "professional legislature"
serve full-time and for long periods
major contradiction to the self-selection notion of adopting classical liberalism
slavery
Litigation is a way for _____ groups to push their agendas through the courts rather than through the democratic process
small / minority
Those concerned with "phony politics" believe politicians are too focused on ____ issues
social
degree to which individual is integrated into their society
social connectedness
interest group that may not care about personally benefiting, see themselves as dedicated to a "higher cause"
social movements
the end result of all processes by which social groups give individuals their beliefs and values
socialization
Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - the desire to simply associate with those particular kinds of people
solidary reasons
fundamental government authority
sovereignty
In addition to cultural and religious concerns, Americans have also been skeptical of those who
speak another language
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - exercise power not granted to other level of government
state
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate intrastate commerce
state
Since 1990s, SCOTUS has tended to favor (federal/state) authority
state
When SCOTUS declares Congressional law unconstitutional, it generally expands ____ power
state
Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - maintain the National Gaurd
states
In 1961, Washington DC was granted
sufferage
clause that gave SCOTUS the right to strike down state laws as unconstitutional
supremacy clause
this issue especially fuels contemporary concerns about immigration
the rise of illegal / undocumented immigrants
True/False: In the elections of 1876,1888,2000,2016 the president lost the popular vote
true
In the United States, federalism creates a ____-tiered government
two
suppression of the rights of imposed by those voted into power by the majority
tyranny of the majority
In Schaffner and Clark's model for predicting the electoral outcome of the 2016 election, they predicted a close race as
unemployment was slowly declining, but didn't translate into a significant boost to the incumbent president, and many voters, despite party affiliations, were undecided entering
Our authors note that Americans' opinions are generally ______ and are non-ideological and inconsistent
uniform --> They don't hold strong beliefs on many issues
systems under which all authority is held by a single, national government
unitary government
Federalism is a midpoint between ____ and ____
unitary governments and confederations
The vast majority of governments in the world are______
unitary systems
two major terms for chapter 4
unity diversity