POL Final Exam Material

mentality in a time of national crisis in which government approval ratings increase

"Rally around the flag" mentality

SCOTUS decision that declared unconstitutional the state's power to tax a federal government entity

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

judicial review of doctrine of nullification

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Give an example of politicians favoring programs for demographics that are more likely to vote

Medicare v. Medicaid - Medicare helps the elderly, who vote unusually frequently - Medicaid aids the poor, who are less likely to vote as a voting bloc

SCOTUS case "diversity is not to be strangled by absolutism of imposed uniformity"

Miller v. California (1973)

SCOTUS case that determined a national obscenity law could not be made as the people of various states vary in their tastes and attitudes

Miller v. California (1973)

What was the central issue in the JFK documentary viewed in class?

The admission of two black students to the University of Alabama

We looked at a poll that had a biased question regarding polling in Trump and Obama's first year in office .... describe the flaw with this poll

Trump's MAGA Committee Poll asked how individuals would rate Trump v. Obama's first year in office. However, the poll only included options ranging from Okay-Excellent for Trump and included Poor-Excellent for Obama.

True/False: A Pew Research poll found that there was a 4% gap in the Democrat-Republican male vote, while there was a 20% gap in the Democrat-Republican female vote.

True

True/False: According to the authors, elections are key to understanding contemporary American Democracy?

True

True/False: An individual's views on policy may reflect their views on government policy

True

True/False: Campaigns are increasingly relying on 1970s-80s campaign strategies of door-to-door, face-to-face volunteer campaigning

True

True/False: Congress' status as a "professional legislature" is found to be alarming to the public/voters.

True

True/False: Despite being hot button issues in American politics for decades, in a recent Gallup poll only 1% of Americans answered that abortion/gun-control was the number one issue facing the nation

True

True/False: Federalism is fairly rare in the world.

True

True/False: Four times in US history a president has lost the popular vote

True

True/False: From a poll of 150,000 Brexit voters, immigration was found to be a key issue driving votes

True

True/False: In FY2018, states and local governments will receive $728 billion in federal grants

True

True/False: In LA you must register to vote 30 days before the election, while states like OR, NY, NJ, CA, AND MI automatically register to vote

True

True/False: In recent years, there is a growing gender gap in American politics in which more women vote Democratic than Republican.

True

True/False: Our authors are that campaigns are generally less important than perceived to be

True

True/False: Our authors argue that variety in state laws account for variations in political culture

True

True/False: Our authors contend that members of Congress are electorally sensitive

True

True/False: Our authors note the low turnout rate in the US, but do note that many Americans are still politically active by contacting representatives and volunteering

True

True/False: Over more recent decades, a more conservative court has pushed back against federal power, giving states more autonomy.

True

True/False: Over the past few presidential cycles, women have consistently supported the Democratic Party over the Republican Party while men have predominately supported the Republican Party with an exception to the 2008 election.

True

True/False: Political socialization takes place throughout one's life but the most important experiences usually occur early in life.

True

True/False: Polling has helped to improved politicians' understanding of their constituents' wishes.

True

True/False: SCOTUS allowed Congress to impose a 10% reduction in federal highway aid to states whose drinking age remained below 21 in South Dakota v. Dole (1987)

True

True/False: Short- and long- term factors influence American voters, many knowing who they'll vote for before a candidate or nominee is announced.

True

True/False: Some demographic groups overwhelmingly support one party over another.

True

True/False: The American populous agree on fundamental political principles more often than citizens of other democracies

True

True/False: The Constitution allowed for the continuation of the international slave trade until 1808

True

True/False: The tendency of House incumbents to raise more funds than their opponents discourages otherwise strong candidates from challenging their seat.

True

True/False: Washington DC has no representation in Congress, despite having a larger population than Vermont or Wyoming.

True

True/False: We observed an increase in the number of federal grants from 996 in 2012 to 1319 in 2017

True

True/False: While our authors do not dismiss that candidate qualities are an important factor, they do argue that views of a candidate are often filtered through party affiliation, past performance of a candidate, whether a candidate shares important policy positions with a voter, etc.

True

True/False: Only ~20-30% of the population is needed to elect a president.

True tea henny

True/False: Public broadcasting is an example of a public good, that will not be taken away whether the individual contributes or not, creating a free riding dilema

True tea sister

True/False: Most democracies automatically register their citizens to vote in elections.

True- the United States is an exception to this rule, in most states

In 2012 Rep. Judy Chu addressed the public with an official apology from Congress (and earlier from the State of California) for the

Chinese Exclusion Act

_____ as described by _____ "maximize individual liberty/action, typically by establishing minimal state and in market economics

Classical liberalism as described by Andrew Heywood

In the same Gallup poll, large majorities of Americans felt that the most important issue facing the United States was abortion. True or False

False

One of the arguments Justice Anthony Kennedy made in the Windsor case was that the legislation under consideration enhanced the authority of the States. True or False?

False

List countries that have also shown a rise in concern over immigration in recent years (discussed in class)

Germany Denmark Italy Brexit nations

This slavery abolitionist described the U.S. Constitution as "A covenant with death and an agreement with Hell." (A) Abraham Lincoln (B) Fredrick Douglass (C) William Lloyd Garrison (D) Morris Fiorina.

c

Our text focuses the economic power of the federal government (one of the expansions of power) by focusing on federal governments ability to provide ___ to state (and subsequently, local) government

grant

Campaign fundraising and shaping who initially gets elected is the primary focus of (lobbying/grassroots lobbying)

grassroots lobbying

tactic used by interest groups involving promoting indirect relationships with public officials by influencing the official's constituents, hoping the constituents will petition the official on behalf of the group's interest

grassroots lobbying

Personal experiences that shape political socialization can be shared with a ___ or even a ____

group, generation

Our authors are skeptical that political socialization alone accounts for American's embracing the ideals of classical liberalism because

it has been used by political parties to win immigrant support

The electoral college presents a tyranny of the ____ issue

minority

According to Schaffner and Clark, in her 2016 campaign Clinton failed to

mobilize support (especially in early votes, Midwesterners, and metropolitan areas)

provides a qualified endorsement for social/economic intervention as a means of promoting personal development

modern liberalism

Explain how self-selection plays a role in reinforcing classically liberal values in the United States

most people have voluntarily come to the United States, these individuals value individual initiative and are considered to act very 'American' regardless of nationality

doctrine that states have the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

nullification

Congress is the world's foremost example of a _____ legislature

professional legislature

aggregations of people's views about situations, issues, and public figures

public opinion

Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - joining Sierra Club / Save the Whales initiatives

purpose-driven reasons

Romanian and Serbo-Croatian immigrants faced discrimination on a _____ basis, with some believing them to be weaker and lesser than Northern/Western Europeans

racial

Constitution provided a strong central government while preserving existing sovereignty of states to win ____ debate

ratification

kind of political socialization concerned with an individual's shared characteristics and identity within a group

reference group

Following the Civil War, for 60 years SCOTUS generally defended (federal/state) sovereignty, especially in terms of economics and racial segregation

states

Strength of the Obama campaign

voter mobilization - wide volunteer base

A decline in social connectedness is believed to contribute to the decline of

voter turnout

Some argue that Congress' "professional legislature" status makes it _____ to issues, while others argue Congressmen persist because they are so ____ aware

unresponsive ; electorally

An NPR audio clip we listened to in class asked this question:

Would the US be better off with a parliamentary system?

grants that include regulation specifying how money is to be spent

categorical grant

Factor that shapes the vote that is central to the concept of retrospective voting

government performance

a "mid-range" issue for voters and research confirms it does influence the vote

government performance

Name two benefits of US federalism

- Allowed new territories to enter the union in an orderly fashion - Allows for adaptation to different cultural/economic conditions

List issues with question construction that can lead to measurement error in public opinion polling

- Confusion language -"Value-laden" language -Sometimes fail to gauge the complexity of views held on subject in question

What are the two propositions to resolve representation for Washington DC in statehood?

- DC statehood -DC dissolved into MD or VA

Five reasons our authors give for why voter turnout is declining

- Decline of competitive elections - poor voter mobilization - decline of social connectedness - lack of concern over phony politics - may actually represent civil harmony

List factors that have historically presented obstacles for voter turnout / access to polls

- Economic (like property-owning qualifications or poll taxes) - Religious factors - Race -Gender

List the expected/reality responses from CNN's 2011 polling on the federal budget

- Estimated 10-30% of budget was foreign aid (really 1%) - Estimated 5% of budget was public broadcasting (really 1/10 of 1%) - Estimated 10% was pension (really 3.5%) - Also overestimated military/welfare budgets

Two reasons our authors cite for America's ignorance on issues

- Information costs -Issues publics

three tactics used to overcome the free rider problem

- coercion -heightening the perception of participation - selective benefits

Why does "heightening the perception" help alleviate the free rider problem?

- develops a personal connection between the individual and the goal, individuals are more likely to believe their contribution will make an impact

The NRP discussion of whether the US would be better off in a parliamentary system focused on these two issues:

- gridlock in Washington - campaign finance issues

Two reasons to explain the behavior of political entrepreneurs

- selfish reasons - have significant resources

three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for why Americans join interest groups

- solidary reasons - material reasons - purpose-driven reasons

Name three effects education has on political socialization

- values tolerance -share belief that an individual has a duty to be involved in the political community - believe in political efficacy

Name three policies adopted by the US to address immigration fears

1. Chinese Exclusion Act 2.) Literacy Tests 3.) Preferential immigration status given to those from certain geographic regions (like North/West Europe)

Three reasons senate incumbents perform more poorly than house incumbents

1.) A more heterogeneous population of a state than a congressional district 2.) face "better challengers" due to prestige of the senate 3.) more ambitious and take on more controversial issues (can lead to accusations of "neglecting their state")

Authors note two major observations about American attitudes that differ from those of other democratic citizens

1.) Believe in individual responsibility, we take care of ourselves, if you work hard you can prosper 2.) Believe in equality of opportunity, but do not believe in equality of result (outcome), competing with each other and not all of us will win, "level playing field"

three examples of direct action taken by interest groups in US history

1.) Boston Tea Party 2.) Green Peace Activists - scaling building 3.) Demonstrations against World Trade Organization in 1999 in Seattle

Name three reasons why policy is emphasized less than other factors that shape the vote

1.) Complexity of proposals 2.) The paucity of knowledge individuals have on issues 3.) It is difficult to understand where a candidate stands on an issue

Three approaches to the question raised by our authors, "Do Congressional elections produce a representative body?"

1.) Demographic characteristics are unimportant for representational purposes 2.) In order to truly represent the American people, Congress must be descriptively similar (a microcosm) 3.) Demographics above all else serve a symbolic purpose (domestically and internationally)

2006 Gallup poll with confusion language yielded ambiguous results for this issue

1.) Do you favor or oppose foreign-owned companies operating US seaports? - 58% oppose 2.) Do you favor or oppose only American companies operating US seaports? -25% opposed foreign ownership

Four notions for why Americans believe in individual responsibility and equality of opportunity, not outcome

1.) Early American society and citizens fostered development for classical liberalism 2.) Political socialization 3.) Political dysfunction 4.) Idea of "Self-Selection" of immigrant population

Four factors our authors have determined shape the vote

1.) Party ID / affiliation 2.) Policy 3.) Government performance 4.) Candidate qualities

Two reasons federal government's power has increased over time

1.) SCOTUS interpretation of the Constitution 2.) Federal spending

In class we watched two clips of Democratic candidates proposing alternatives to the electoral college. Who were these candidates?

1.) South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg 2.) MA Senator Elizabeth Warren

Name four barriers for voting

1.) Voting takes place on a workday 2.) Varying registration requirements 3.) Long lines / poor polling facilities 4.) Voter ID laws

Four reasons authors give for low voter turnout

1.) Way turnout is calculated 2.) No compulsory voting laws 3.) Voter fatigue 4.) US has relatively weak institutions to mobilize voters

Name three factors that play a role in shaping House elections

1.) party affiliation 2.) incumbency 3.) Polling

Federal grants provide over ____ of funds which sates use for public assistance and health care

1/2

How much of state budgets is accounted for from federal grants?

1/3

The powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the State respectively, or to the people.

10th Amendment

Name five Amendments that have expanded democratic participation in the US

15th - Black male vote 19th- Women's vote 23rd- Residents of DC, right to vote in presidential elections 24th- Abolished poll tax 26- Vote for 18-20 year olds, nationally

Nullification was first used in ____ on this act

1798 Alien and Sedition Acts

Who gained the vote in the _____ 26th Amendment?

18-20 years olds nationally

state law in which gun licenses were legal voter IDs but student IDs were not

2011 TX voter ID law

Cite an example of long lines being a barrier to vote

2012: 6-7 hour long waits in FL, ~201,000 voters potentially prevented from voting

In a revised 1993 Roper's poll, _____% of respondents that it was possible the Holocaust never happened

22

Which Amendment gave the executive term limits?

22nd Amendment

In a Jan. 2019 Gallup Poll, Americans were asked what is the greatest issue facing the nation to date 29% said 21$ said

29% said poor leadership 21% said immigration

number of votes in the electoral college

538

Why does equal protection in United States v. Windsor fall to the 5th Amendment rather than the 14th Amendment?

5th Amendment guarantees equal protection with the federal government, 14th Amendment applies equal protection to the States

In a Gallup Approval Poll dating back to the 90s, the average of Congress' approval has stayed below ____%, except, notably, immediately after 9/11 when approval jumped to 80%, and in 2014 when approval fell to an all-time low of 9%.

60%

How many states allow for physician-assisted suicide?

7 states and DC

Categorical grants account for ___% of federal grant-in-aid assistance in 2016

92%

group that uses "selective benefits" to appeal to older Americans for medical care benefits

AARP

Example of social movement where individuals did not necessarily personally benefit from changes it sought

Abolitionist Movement

How could you change responses to Yes/No opinion polling?

Adding a "don't know" response option

Federalism Case National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012)

Affordable Care Act

Two demographic groups as examples used for groups traditionally aligning with the Democratic Party

African American voters Female voters

Give an example of a classic oversimplification of polling

American's on abortion

Which of the following arguments explaining the commitment of individuals in this country to classical liberalism do our authors question? A) The argument which highlights the importance of a plentiful supply of law and a scarcity of labor B) The argument which highlights the importance of political socialization C) The argument which focuses on the voluntary nature of the decisions of most immigrants to come to the US D) The argument that early American colonists were middle class

B (The argument which highlights the importance of political socialization)

Why have Americans historically feared Catholic immigrants?

Americans felt that Catholic immigrants had a split loyalty between the United States, the church, the Pope, and Rome

Americans giving opinions on the "wizniands" is an example of

Americans giving opinions on issues they know nothing about

feared threat of an overly-powerful national government in Pre-Constitutional United States

Anti-Federalists

What argument does political scientist, Marilyn Mertens make?

Argues that a wide variety in state laws leads to unequal treatment in the United States

Where is the electoral college named in the constitution?

Art. II, Sect. I

Where is the commerce clause found?

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3

the general welfare clause is found

Article I, Section 8

early legal document that granted significant state powers w/ very weak federal government

Articles of Confederation

Why does Dillon's Rule state that local governments are mere creatures of the state?

At any time state governments can violate the three principles of federalism for the local government

Name a country with compulsory voting laws

Australia - compulsory laws are not common in many democracies

One of the issues raised during the election of 1960 highlighted an important "cultural" concern about immigrants. That issue was a candidate's religion. That candidate was A) Jewish B) Catholic C) Mormon D) Baptist.

B (Catholic)

This case not only involved an attempt by a State to undermine the Bank of the United States by taxing it; it also led to a decision in which the United States Supreme Court argued that the supremacy clause gave it the power to strike down state laws that violated the Constitution. This case is A) Meyer v. Jacobson (1812) B) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) C) Madison v. U.S. Bank (1817) D) Hamilton v. Virginia (1801).

B (McCulloch v. Maryland (1819))

The Court provided "an expansive definition of interstate commerce" in a case which involved a farmer who grew winter wheat for his own personal use. This case is A) Johnson v. Mayer (1956) B) Wickard v. Filburn (1942) C) Congress v. David Hume (1923) D) Morgenthau v. Madison (1930)

B (Wickard v. Filburn (1942))

Political Scientist Marilyn Mertens argued that A) the Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) has damaged the country and should be overruled by the Court B) different state laws create an unfair situation for many citizens C) presidential powers should be curtailed D) the decline in the number of States having the death penalty as an option will likely continue.

B (different state laws create an unfair situation for many citizens)

Sven Steinmo argues A) that immigrants coming to the United States threaten core American values B) that the American political system is in an important sense quite dysfunctional, resulting in the fact that Americans look to themselves rather than the government to provide solutions to the problems they face C) that the Republican Party's policies on immigration cast doubt on the ability of the party to win significant immigrant support in the future D) that the United States should close its doors to immigrants immediately

B (that the American political system is in an important sense quite dysfunctional, resulting in the fact that Americans look to themselves rather than the government to provide solutions to the problems they face)

Example of political entrepreneurs

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Who gained the vote in the _____ 15th Amendment?

Black males

Republicans generally favor ____ grants. Why?

Block grants - grant maximum power to local and state governments

Federalism Case Printz v. United States (1997)

Brady Act

In class we watched a video about a litigation case brought by the NAACP. SCOTUS announced a unanimous decision. This case is

Brown v. Board of Education

United States v. Windsor (2013) was a civil rights case that dealt with which of the following political issues? (A) a woman's right to an abortion (B) the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (C) same sex marriage (D) free speech.

C ( same sex marriage)

Who wrote the following words, "Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them...?" A) George Washington B) John Adams C) Benjamin Franklin D) Alexander Hamilton.

C (Benjamin Franklin)

In which case, focusing on the constitutionality of the Social Security program, did the United States Supreme Court take a position on the spending clause that enhanced the power of Congress? A) Mill v. Farm Credit (1935) B) Johnson v. Mayer (1943) C) Helvering v. Davis (1937) D) Bank of America v. Gillerson (1933)

C (Helvering v. Davis (1937))

In which Supreme Court case, discussed in class, did Chief Justice Warren Burger highlight the importance of differences among areas of the United States, thus supporting the argument that cultural concerns are important when considering public policy? A) Texas v. Johnson (1989) B) Michigan v. Long (1971) C) Miller v. California (1973) D) Knight v. Arizona (1969)

C (Miller v. California (1973))

The authors highlight a number of arguments to explain why the United States continues to embrace a liberal political culture. One argument highlights the fact that individuals coming to the U.S. have done so, and continue to do so (with exceptions, of course), voluntarily. The authors use a term to describe this. That term is A) self-aggrandizement B) voluntary escape C) self-selection D) the immigrant springboard.

C (self-selection)

In class discussion, we noted that immigration has also been an issue in a number of other countries. All of the following examples were cited in class discussion except A) the British vote to leave the European Union B) the performance of an anti-migrant party in recent Swedish elections C) the rise of the Belgian One People Party D) the success of the Alternative for Germany party

C (the rise of the Belgian One People Party)

Give an example of the free rider issue being problematic when the individual feels that their contribution will not make an impact

Campaign to end world hunger

religion that has specifically been shunned by American populous in terms of immigration

Catholicism

Following 1932, SCOTUS sided more with federal authority and interpreted these two clauses more broadly

Commerce clause Necessary and Proper clause

Our authors note: "___ is the first, most powerful and most important, of our three branches of government, which bears the most responsibility for representing needs/values of the American public , needed to improve well-being in their lives"

Congress

On what basis did Congress claim it had the right to regulate wheat production in Wickard v. Filburn (1942)?

Congress claimed that Wickard's action to grow his own wheat to feed his animals rather than buy from the market affected prices on a state, federal, and international level

What criteria is used to judge Congress and what criteria is used to judge Congressmen?

Congress: Is Congress successfully addressing national problems? Congressmen: Are they serving their constituents?

When SCOTUS declares State laws unconstitutional, it generally expands the _____ power

Congressional

This case dealt with the issue of whether Congress could add a restriction to its spending power. The case involved highway funding and the drinking age. A) Texas v. Johnson (1989) B) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) C) Missouri v. Anheuser-Busch (1985) D) South Dakota v. Dole (1987)

D (South Dakota v. Dole (1987))

One of the most interesting aspects of federalism in the United States is the consequent diversity of state laws in a number of important areas. One of the arguments made in favor of this policy diversity is that the states can experiment with laws allowing other states to see what works and what doesn't work. The phrase used by the authors to describe this is that individual states act as A) the boot camp for policy debate B) the test tubes of America C) the base camps of the future D) laboratories of democracy.

D (laboratories of democracy)

DPIC

Death Penalty Information Center

Federalism Case United States v. Windsor (2013)

Defense of Marriage Act

Which legal doctrine states that local governments are mere creatures of the state?

Dillon's Rule

legal doctrine of the 19th Century Iowa Judge that local governments are mere creatures of the state

Dillon's Rule

What is the difference between district service and constituent service?

District service brings federal programs, grants, and aid to the Congressional district while constituent service involves cutting through bureaucracy to help a constituent solve an issue/ accomplish a task

the following items belong to this category of reasons Americans believe in individual responsibility and equality of opportunity, not outcome individuals would be "middle class" already shared liberal ideals from Europe nothing to contradict those values, no established feudalism, etc. idea of plentiful supply of land / scarcity of labor

Early American citizens/society

For a democratic government to be a federal system, each fundamental level must have its own: 1.) ____ 2.)____ 3.)____

Elected officials Capacity to raise revenues by means of taxation Independent authority to pass laws regulating the lives of citizens

According to Fiorina and his colleagues, most nations follow the principle of federalism. True or False?

False

According to a recent Gallup poll, a majority of Americans believe that "the most important problem facing the country today" is "immigration." True or False?

False

According to the authors, the powers of the federal government have grown to such an extent, that states and local governments are no longer important parts of the American political system. True or False?

False

Classical liberalism is a tradition within liberalism that embraces the idea of a strong state [government] which seeks to minimize the realm of unconstrained individual action. True or False?

False

True/False: According to Fiorina and his colleagues, the Constitution failed to address any of the "immediate problems" facing the country.

False

True/False: In general, Americans have an optimistic view of government?

False

True/False: John Locke rejected the idea of the separation of powers.

False

True/False: Public opinion needs to be actively expressed to be important.

False

True/False: Thurgood Marshall's speech on the bicentennial of the Constitution suggested that the Constitution as we understand it today was only a creation of the individuals who met during the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

False

True/False: The U.S. president is elected by a national popular vote?

False - electoral college

True/False: Aristotle divided government into four general categories.

False - three types

True/False: Our authors note that in recent years Americans have become hostile towards immigrants

False: Authors note that hostility towards immigrants has always been present in the United States

True/False: Due to the nature of our legislative process, the policy advantaging the majority, favoring change is the most effective.

False: Because our legislative process requires, the "building of many winning coalitions" it "works to the advantage of POLICY MINORITIES, especially those CONTENT with the STATUS QUO"

True/False: While some voters decide who to vote for prior to campaign season, campaigns play a significant role in deciding how most voters will vote

False: Campaigns generate excitement/publicity but will not change many minds

True/False: Literary Digest correctly predicted that FDR would win the 1936 presidential election

False: Due to sampling bias, Literary Digest incorrectly predicted that Alf Landon would win

True/False: American won't generally respond to opinion polls that they do not hold strong opinions on.

False: If you ask, Americans will generally respond, regardless of how strongly those opinions are held.

True/False: SCOTUS found Maryland's tax law to be constitutional, as states also share the power of taxation

False: Maryland could not tax the federal government, power to tax is the power to destroy

True/False: A majority of voters decide late into campaign season on who to vote for

False: Only a minority of voters decide late into the campaign who to vote for

True/False: Authors argue that Americans are not more ethnically or religiously diverse than other democracies in general

False: Our authors argue that Americans are the most ethnically and religiously diverse democracy in the world

True/False: Our authors believe that House members are unconcerned with many of their constituents' wishes.

False: Our authors argue that House members are extremely aware of their constituents concerns.

True/False: Policy concerns are the dominant influence of how a voter will cast their ballot.

False: Policy is an important factor but party ID/affiliation is the single best predictor of how voters will cast their ballots.

True/False: Policy often plays a minor role in shaping the vote because voters generally are neutral to policy.

False: Policy plays a minor role in shaping policy because policy is complex, voters have limited knowledge, and it is difficult to understand a candidate's stance on an issue.

True/False: Generally, Republicans and Democrats favor block grants, allowing states to dispense funds that meet broader goals.

False: Republicans and Democrats favor categorical grants, that grant authority to federal government

True/False: Social movements are distinguished from others types of reform because they mobilize large swaths of the population.

False: Social movements usually only mobilize a small, very passionate, portion of the population.

True/False: There is an upward trend in the number of states allowing capital punishment... up 8 states from 2006 to 2019

False: There is a downward trend in the number of states that allow capital punishment, down 8 states from 2006 to 2019

True/False: Gender is not a predictor of party affiliation.

False: There is a political gender gap in which women increasingly align with the Democratic Party.

True/False: Voter IDs are usually not free in voter ID states.

False: Voter IDs are free but the materials to get them, like birth certificates, are often not

True/False: Our authors believe that successful campaigns are the cornerstone of electoral success

False: While our authors acknowledge the importance of campaigns, they believe other factors play a larger role in shaping electoral outcomes

True/False: A majority of Americans are informed on the questions they are polled on

False: a majority of Americans are ignorant to many issues in which they respond to public opinion polls

FEMA stands for

Federal Emergency Management Agency

What is federalism?

Federalism: division of sovereignty between at least two different levels of government

written piece that challenged Hobbes' notion, arguing a concentration of power threatens individual liberty, dividing power reduces possibility of single majority controlling all facets of government

Federalist Papers

favored a strong national government, concerned w/ military strength and economic validity of Pre-Constitutional United States

Federalists

the earliest debate on federalism began with these two conflicting groups

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

explains why people hate Congress and love their Congressman

Fenno's Paradox

refers to the gap between election approval of individual members of Congress and unhappiness at the collective

Fenno's Paradox

Give an example of American's being inconsistent on their views

Freedom of speech? Yes Giving platform to offensive speech: begins to breakdown

Example of a public good creating a free riding issue

Fundraisers for public radio/broadcast

Describe the Gallup poll that resulted in response to Roper's double-negative Holocaust plausibility question

Gallup polled using the same double-negative question Roper used, and received the same response of 1/3 claiming it was possible the Holocaust never happened. They also introduced their own question, without the confusing language, and only 1/10 questioned the plausibility of the Holocaust.

developer of scientific polling methods, much easier to discover public opinion today than in the past

George Gallup

Federalism Case United States v. Lopez (1995)

Gun-Free School Zones Act

SCOTUS case claiming a social security program violated the Constitution because tax dollars were spent "specifically" on the welfare of the elderly rather than "general" welfare to benefit the public as a whole

Helvering v. Davis (1937)

Two SCOTUS cases that challenged the national powers related to the Spending Clause

Helvering v. Davis (1937) South Dakota v. Dole (1987)

FEMA is a part of the Department of _____

Homeland Security

(House/Senate) incumbents perform better in elections

House

Why do some believe that low voter turnout is not an issue?

Idea that "democracy is as good as the voters"

Maryland attempted to undermine the power of the federal government by taxing the Bank of the United States

McCulloch v. Maryland

"power to tax involves the power to destroy" landmark case

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Why do individual constituent goals harm Congress' perception as a body?

Individual constituent goals can clash with the ability of Congress to address national problems

List four groups that have historically been targets of discrimination in US immigration policy

Irish Eastern/Southern Europeans Chinese Catholics

Why did Congress cite the Necessary and Proper Clause in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

It was necessary and proper for Congress to establish a national bank for the United States to hold funds.

What concerns did some voters have in the 1960 election regarding JFK?

JFK would be the first Catholic president

political scientist who notes solidary, material, and purpose-driven reasons for joining interest groups

James Q. Wilson

leader of the UK Labour Party

Jeremy Corbyn

We watched two video examples of constituency service casework. Who was the Congressman and what work was done?

Joe Donnelly - helped a vet with a purple heart application and helped secure a passport for missionary work

speaker of the British House of Commons

John Bercow

encouraged states to nullify federal legislation that harmed their interests

John Calhoun

classical liberalism is often associated with

John Locke

Examples of "heightening the perception" in free riding

Kiva - crowd funding individuals directly Insomnia infomercials sponsoring a specific animal with a wildlife organization

classic example of polling error by Literary Digest

Literary Digest surveyed 10 million Americans, with 2.4 million responses wanted to determine the outcome of 1936 election, conducted phone survey, collecting contacts via telephone directories, club memberships, and magazine subscribers - biased towards the affluent who overwhelmingly supported Alf Landon but FDR won by a landslide

(Lobbying/Grassroots Lobbying) Examples include meeting with legislators, testifying before Congressional committees, and help draft legislation

Lobbying

two tactics of interest groups

Lobbying and Grassroots Lobbying

Roles most associated with (federal, state, or local) government - Maintain parks/roads -Police, fire, sanitary services - Running schools

Local governments

Two things to keep in mind to avoid selection bias in public opinion polling

Make sure: 1.) Individuals chosen do not share common interests/characteristics 2.) Individuals chosen do not have characteristics that differentiate them from the general population in ways that are relevant to questions being surveyed

What solution has been proposed to deal with the issue of voting on a Tuesday?

Making election day a national holiday has been proposed to make accessibility easier, no need to request time off for some

Why did Chief Justice Marshall dismiss Maryland's claim that national government only had powers delegated to it by the states?

Marshall claimed citizens grant national authority, not states

Federalism Case Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act

Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018)

used litigation to break down segregation / Jim Crow laws (Plessy v. Ferguson)

NAACP

Federalism Case Affordable Care Act

National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012)

aka the elastic clause

Necessary and Proper clause

programs created by the FDR administration that expanded the power of the federal government for the purpose of stimulating economic recovery and establishing a national safety net for those in need

New Deal

Who gained the vote in the _____ 24th Amendment?

No one gained the right to vote here but the poll tax was abolished nationally which increased accessibility and democratic participation

factors that our authors argue filter a voter's perception of candidate qualties

Party affiliation past performance of a candidate whether candidate shares policy positions with a voter

Federalism Case Voting Rights Act of 1965

Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

authors take on federalism

Powers of national government has increased over time, but state and local governments are still important.

Example of confederation

Pre-Constitutional United States under Articles of Confederation

Presidential candidate who asked his audience to consider the question, "Are you better off today than you were four years ago?"

President Ronald Reagan

Is is PMQ and which type of democracy is it found in?

Prime Minister's Question Time and it is found in British Parliament

Federalism Case Brady Act

Printz v. United States (1997)

Federalism Case Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018)

Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act

Who gained the vote in the _____ 23rd Amendment?

Residents of DC, in presidential elections

Describe the classic example of confusing language leading to measurement error in public opinion polling

Roper's Holocaust question contained a double-negative that lead to nearly 1/3 of those polled to respond that they believed it was possible the Holocaust was staged

In 2000, US News and World Report's Jay Tolson wrote about a libel case and found that people were continuing to cite

Roper's Holocaust survey results

Entity that mainly sorts out the conflicts of federalism

SCOTUS

Two issues in public opinion polling

Selection bias Measurement error

House/Senate incumbents face better challengers to their seats

Senate

state that declared 1828 tariffs were unconstitutional and nullified them

South Carolina

This state and law presented a question of First Amendment expression but also could have been fixed with some zoning and regulation.

South Carolina tattoo law

SCOTUS case centered on provision in spending bill that allowed Congress to punish states whose drinking age remained below 21

South Dakota v. Dole (1987)

Roles most associated with (federal, state, or local) government - Education funding - Administering Medicaid / welfare -Highway/Park maintenance -Provide intergovernmental aid - Increasingly involved in economic development

State government

Two arguments in favor of diversity of state laws

States are laboratories of democracy States vary in taste and attitude

Why is there greater party competition in senate races than house races?

States have a more heterogeneous/diverse population than that of a Congressional district, making it more difficult for candidates to continue appealing to a diverse constituency

Constitutional provision that says the laws of the national government overrides contradicting laws of the states

Supremacy Clause

states the laws of the national government shall be the "Supreme law of the land"

Supremacy Clause

McCulloch v. Maryland challenged these two clauses

Supremacy Clause Necessary and Proper Clause

True/False: 3/538 electoral college votes belong to the District of Columbia

True

Why do senate incumbents win less than house incumbents?

The population of a state is more heterogeneous than the population of a Congressional district, so there is greater competition between the political parties

Prime Minister of UK, and her party

Theresa May, Conservative Party

_____ believed federalism would fail, speculating conflict would arise and sub-governments would eat away national power

Thomas Hobbes

In class we watched a video regarding sacrifice to support social movement.... What did this video discuss?

Three civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi in 1964 (Chaney, Goodman, Schwerner)

Example of coercion to overcome the free rider problem

Transport and General Workers Union (T&G Union) in the UK, forces members to join the union for job (closed shop politics)

According to Fiorina, Peterson, Johnson, and Mayer, not only has the United States always been diverse socially but the diverse citizenry of the United States has shown a high level of agreement on fundamental principles. True or False?

True

Another argument that our text outlines in favor of the diversity of state laws highlights the cultural diversity of states. True or False?

True

Fiorina and his colleagues provide specific definitions of categorical and block grants in their chapter on federalism. Block grants are best described as intergovernmental grants with a broad set of objectives, minimal restrictions, and maximum discretion for local officials. True or False?

True

One theme in the chapter on "American Political Culture" is that immigrants have often faced hostility from the American populous. True or False?

True

Our authors highlight two sorts of equality in their discussion of the principles which connect Americans together politically. According to Fiorina and his colleagues, the type of equality Americans embrace is "equality of opportunity" rather than "equality of condition." True or False?

True

The death penalty is an option in a majority of US states. True or False?

True

The federal legislative branch has issued an apology for the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. True or False?

True

Federalism Case Gun-Free School Zones Act

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Federalism Case Violence Against Women Act

United States v. Morrison (2000)

Court opinion in ______ -States have traditionally defined/regulated marriage -DOMA breaks tradition and introduces a federal definition - "DOMA undermines the authority of the States"

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Federalism Case Defense of Marriage Act

United States v. Windsor (2013)

SCOTUS case questioning Sect. 3 of DOMA when her same-sex partner died and left her estate to her "spouse" and was denied a federal tax exemption Sect. 3 however defined marriage as the union of two people of opposite sexes

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Legal Question of ______ Does DOMA violate equal protection of 5th Amendment? Court's Opinion: (Yes/No)

United States v. Windsor (2013) Yes

Federalism Case United States v. Morrison (2000)

Violence Against Women Act

What flaws in calculating voter turnout do our authors point out?

Voter turnout is calculated by (votes cast/voting age population) - voting age population includes felons, those confined to mental/correctional facilities, and non-citizens)

Federalism Case Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

the ironic part of Fenno's paradox

We reward Congressmen with support and votes for failing to address national issues for the sake of appeasing constituents

What explanation does Fenno's Paradox give as to why there is such a gap between individual and collective approval in Congress?

We use different criteria to judge Congress and Congressmen

Give two examples of a"load language" terms

Welfare v. Assistance to the poor Raising taxes v. Raising revenue or Revenue-enhancing devices

Give an example of how Congress members responded poorly to a national economic need in order to appease constituents

When federal aid was allocated to "economically depressed" areas of the United States, 80% of the country was declared economically depressed in order to receive constituent benefits. Districts receiving money were happy but this failed to address the larger national economic issue at hand

SCOTUS case that challenged the commerce claues on the ground of the commerce in question was locally grown for personal use, not crossing state lines

Wickard v. Filburn (1942)

Who gained the vote in the _____ 19th Amendment?

Women

This political philosopher had a pessimistic view of human nature, believing that only an absolute monarch could keep law and order. He also described life in the state of nature as "nasty, brutish and short." (A) Thomas Hobbes (B) Karl Marx (C) John Locke (D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

a

When drafting the Constitution, large states and small states were divided over the following issue, how should the states be represented in Congress. In the end, an agreement was reached. In the House of Representatives each state would be assigned seats in proportion to its population. In the Senate, all states would have the same number of seats. This agreement is known as the (A) The Connecticut Compromise (B) The Virginia Plan (C) The Vermont Plan (D) The New Jersey Plan.

a

Which of the following techniques utilized by the Framers was linked to our discussion of the "necessary and proper" clause? A) using vague language B) making sure that their discussions in the convention hall were immediately available to people throughout the United States C) splitting the difference D) delaying the decision.

a

obstacles for social movements and the free rider problem include

a decline in the passion of some members, which are generally a small portion of the population to begin with

An individual's view on policy may be filtered through view of _______

a political party

Macridis / Hulluing would describe classical liberalism as

anti-state/ anti-government philosophy, values individual more than gov / gov - intervention

According to Schaffner and Clark, in his 2016 campaign Trump succeeded in

appealing to large demographics of rural, white, under-educated individuals, economically-dissatisfied individuals, and attracted some via rhetoric

2. Compared to previous historical eras, elections in America are (A) Less important today than they were in most earlier periods of American history (B) More important today than they were in most earlier periods of American history (C) Never were important to begin with (D) Stopped being important after the 1950s.

b

Citizens electing representatives who then have the authority to decide what the government does is an example of (A) Retrospective voting (B) Representative democracy (C) Direct Democracy (D) Deviated voting.

b

During our discussion of the power of government to infringe on personal liberties, we discussed a number of examples from other countries. All of the following were examples we discussed except A) restrictions on names given to children in Iceland B) seat-belt legislation in the Dominican Republic C) restrictions on free speech associated with Nazism in contemporary Germany D) restrictions on the ability to smoke in a car with children in Wales.

b

Fiorina, Peterson, Johnson, and Mayer begin their discussion of "The Colonial Experience with Democracy" by focusing upon an important seventeenth century agreement that highlighted consent. That agreement was the _________ Compact. A) Salem B) Mayflower C) Charlottesville D) Liberty.

b

In lecture, we watched a commercial that highlighted an example of direct democracy in action and one side of a debate over _____________. A) the death penalty B) marriage equality C) animal cruelty D) medical marijuana.

b

Our discussion of the creation of the Constitution suggested that it can be seen in terms of A) a car race B) a cooking program C) a game of baseball D) a hunt for treasure.

b

Voters who care so passionately about a single issue that their votes are determined by a candidate position on a single issue are known as (A) Interest groups (B) Single issue voters (C) Active voters (D) None of the above.

b

Which president's words, found in the Gettysburg Address, and noted in lecture, highlight this country's commitment to democracy? A) George Washington' B) Abraham Lincoln C) John Adams D) John Quincy Adams.

b

Government performance that takes place _____ the campaign influences the vote

before

intergovernmental grants with broad set of objectives, a minimal set of federal restrictions with maximal discretion for local officials

block grants

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - borrow money

both

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - establish/operate court system

both

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - levying taxes

both

All the following points are made by author H. W. Brands except A) admiration of the American people for the Framers has varied over time B) our reverence for the Framers, and for their handiwork, can be a problem C) admiration of the American people for the Framers has not varied over time D) there is something that the Framers possessed which we should emulate. This is their boldness.

c

Ballot initiatives and town hall meetings are examples of (A) Representative democracy (B) Retrospective voting (C) Direct democracy (D) Deviated voting.

c

Supporters of the ratifications of the Constitution wrote a series of essays in support of the new Constitution. These essays are known as the (A) Magna Carta (B) The Declaration of Independence (C) The Federalist Papers (D) Common Sense.

c

The Articles of Confederation made it difficult for the United States government to address a number of concerns. All of the following concerns were identified by the authors except A) they made it difficult to maintain the peace B) they failed to provide a platform for economic growth C) they made the national government too powerful to control D) they undermined the ability of the government to address foreign threats.

c

The first governing document of the United States before the Constitution was known as the (A) Bill of Rights (B) the Constitution (C) the Articles of Confederation (D) The Virginia Plan.

c

A 2011 CNN poll found that most Americans believe

government spends more on certain areas of the budget than it really does

Two types of grants discussed

categorical and block grants

ideological tradition authors associate with the philosophical unity of the American populous

classical liberalism

solution to avoid voter suppression

compulsory voting

The "opposite" of a unitary system

confederation

a form of government in which subunits retain all of their sovereignty, delegating only a few specific tasks to the central government

confederation

a Congressional member helps constituents who are having difficulties with the government get something accomplished

constituent assistance/casework

Ben Franklin's fear of German immigrants was mostly rooted in _____ differences, including language and customs

cultural

Abraham Lincoln made all of the following statements about the Founders except A) the Founders felt that slavery was wrong B) the Founders were unable to eliminate slavery and create a new nation C) by declining to use the word slave, the Founders better prepared the way for an eventual attack on the institution of slavery D) the failure of the Founders to give women the right to vote was a more significant error than failing to initially include the Bill of Rights in the Constitution.

d

In addition to protecting citizens from unlawful activity, government does which of the following functions? (A) Regulates the economy (B) Provides services to its citizens such as Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security and countless other services (C) Defends the country from foreign aggression (D) All of the above.

d

In order to increase the number of representatives in slave owning states, the Founders agreed to allow slaves to be counted as 3/5 of a person when calculating representation in the House of Representatives. This compromise is known as the (A) Missouri Compromise (B) The Connecticut Compromise (C) The Virginia Compromise (D) Three-Fifths Compromise.

d

Which of the following developments has contributed to the rise in the permanent campaign? (A) The growth of interest groups (B) The increased cost of campaigning (C) The rise of scientific polling (D) All the above.

d

Example used in class to illustrate the possibility inequality that arises from varying state laws

death penalty cases

The idea that voters are more likely to vote if they think their vote will impact the outcome is the logic behind this explanation of why voter turnout has declined

decline of competitive elections

Our authors would argue that today's Congressmen fall within the (delegate/trustee) model

delegate

most controversial tactic used by interest groups

direct action

bringing home to their district federal government grants, aids, and programs

district service

Our authors stress America's social _____ and philosophical _____

diversity, unity

most effective campaign strategy

door-to-door, face-to-face canvassing

A theory of federalism that challenged Hobbes notion that there may be only one final authority

dual sovereignty

a theory of federalism saying both national and state governments have final authority over their own policy domains

dual sovereignty

Sven Steinmo argues that political _______, through checks and balances, separation of powers, and federalism has caused Americans to embrace the ideals of classical liberalism

dysfunction

Chinese immigrants faced discrimination on an _____ basis, with some believing their willingness to work for less made them a threat to American workers

economic

In terms of the 2016 Presidential election, Schaffner and Clark proposed individuals considered the following three factors when casting their vote

economy popularity of incumbent president party affiliation

Our authors list this as a separate category of political socialization that generally causes members to value tolerance and believe in political efficacy

education

Our authors believe those who do not vote, in addition to not being represented, also lose an _____ benefit of voting, that develops democratic consciousness and a respect for democracy

educational

Art. II, Sect. I names the

electoral college

the difference in the percent of women and the percent of men voting for a given candidate

gender gap of politics

Retrospective voting is associated with

evaluation of government performance

A Yes/No question on abortion in the US may lead to skewed results due to a

failure to capture nuance/complexity of issue

Milo is a

father

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - Conduct foreign affairs

federal

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - coin money

federal

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - make laws "necessary and proper" to accomplish its tasks

federal

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - raise armies / declare war

federal

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate immigration / naturalization

federal

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate imports/exports

federal

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate interstate commerce

federal

Following 1932, SCOTUS sided more with (federal/state) authority

federal

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - provide for the general welfare

federal (ehhh kind of both)

The poor response to Hurricane Katrina is an example of a conflict of ______

federalism

divides sovereignty between at least two levels

federalism

division of sovereignty between at least two different levels of government

federalism

"amicus curiae" =

friend of the court

Milo's haters are a ___ just like the ___ _____

haters, wage gap

Our authors note the (important/minor) role that direct action taken by interest groups have played in American history

important

Electoral _____ lead members of Congress to organize their _____ and to use the Congressional process to satisfy ____ goals

incentives, chamber, electoral

The likelihood of free riding (increases/decreases) if the change sough is a ______ good

increases, public good

the electoral advantage a candidate enjoys by virtue of being an incumbent, above personal/political characteristics

incumbency advantage

possessing resources (like staff, travel subsidies, and free mailing privileges), commitment to "constituency service" (district service, casework assistance), and the tendency to out-finance their opponents are all advantages _____ enjoy

incumbents

In the US, there is an ______ burden to register to vote

individual

Name a reason for long lines in polling places

inequality in funding for various districts

Our authors note that a large number of Americans are members of

interest groups

court authority to declare laws null and void on the grounds that they violate the Constitution

judicial review

most powerful and important branch of government

legislative branch

If Washington DC were granted statehood it would be the most _____ state

liberal (90-10 in 2016)

22nd Amendment

limits the office of the presidency to two terms (plus two years vice presidential experience)

interest group tactic used to over the "separate but equal" doctrine in public education (not public transit!)

litigation

tactic used by interest groups in which a lawsuit if filed or the group files "amicus curiae"

litigation

tactic used by interest groups involving a direct relationship between group / public officials

lobbying

Dillon's Rule states

local governments are mere creatures of the state

Voter turn out is the US is (low/high)

low

Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - ability to obtain "tangible benefits"

material reasons

Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - access to jobs, company wants business deal through an association, etc.

material reasons

this is a source of political socialization that our authors describe as "sophisticated, and dependent upon many circumstances"

media

government performance is a ____-range issue for voters

mid-range

Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - Leader of the executive branch is chosen from a member of the legislative branch

parliamentary

Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - legislative branch is relatively weak and usually serves as a rubber stamp to the policy of the executive branch

parliamentary

Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - the executive is chosen by the legislative branch body

parliamentary

______ forms of government dominate the democratic process in most of the world's democracies

parliamentary

It is believed that compulsory voting would decrease ______, because candidates would have to appeal to all voters to win

partisanship

the best single predictor for how someone will vote or participate politically

party affiliation

PAC =

political action committee

belief that participation in politics can invoke change

political efficacy

those who carry the burden of free riders are referred to as

political entrepreneurs

Two main institutions used in US to mobilize voters (relatively weak institutions)

political parties and interest groups

the following items belong to this category of reasons Americans believe in individual responsibility and equality of opportunity, not outcome - family, schools, churches, organizations work together to have us embrace classically liberal values - authors skeptical of this rationale as it has been used as a tactic of political parties to win immigrant support

political socialization

Some refer to voter ID laws as the new

poll tax

Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - Our authors note that "legislators can be more independent and therefore more influential in a ____ system"

presidential

Characteristics of (parliamentary/presidential) governments: - the head of the executive branch is elected by those eligible to vote in national elections

presidential

staff, travel subsidies, and free mailing privileges are all examples of _____ that contribute to the incumbency advantage

resources

Low voter turnout is believed to represent voter

satisfaction

Sampling a group of vegans for a survey about attitudes on meat consumption is an example of an error in

selection bias

Property owners being concerned with property taxes is an example of this kind of political socialization

self-interest

ambitious incumbents that take on more controversial issues

senate

there is more prestige in being elected to the House/Senate

senate

two reasons Congress is considered a "professional legislature"

serve full-time and for long periods

major contradiction to the self-selection notion of adopting classical liberalism

slavery

Litigation is a way for _____ groups to push their agendas through the courts rather than through the democratic process

small / minority

Those concerned with "phony politics" believe politicians are too focused on ____ issues

social

degree to which individual is integrated into their society

social connectedness

interest group that may not care about personally benefiting, see themselves as dedicated to a "higher cause"

social movements

the end result of all processes by which social groups give individuals their beliefs and values

socialization

Which of the three reasons James Q. Wilson gives for interest group membership falls under, - the desire to simply associate with those particular kinds of people

solidary reasons

fundamental government authority

sovereignty

In addition to cultural and religious concerns, Americans have also been skeptical of those who

speak another language

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - exercise power not granted to other level of government

state

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - regulate intrastate commerce

state

Since 1990s, SCOTUS has tended to favor (federal/state) authority

state

When SCOTUS declares Congressional law unconstitutional, it generally expands ____ power

state

Delegated Power of (Federal, State, or Both) Governments - maintain the National Gaurd

states

In 1961, Washington DC was granted

sufferage

clause that gave SCOTUS the right to strike down state laws as unconstitutional

supremacy clause

this issue especially fuels contemporary concerns about immigration

the rise of illegal / undocumented immigrants

True/False: In the elections of 1876,1888,2000,2016 the president lost the popular vote

true

In the United States, federalism creates a ____-tiered government

two

suppression of the rights of imposed by those voted into power by the majority

tyranny of the majority

In Schaffner and Clark's model for predicting the electoral outcome of the 2016 election, they predicted a close race as

unemployment was slowly declining, but didn't translate into a significant boost to the incumbent president, and many voters, despite party affiliations, were undecided entering

Our authors note that Americans' opinions are generally ______ and are non-ideological and inconsistent

uniform --> They don't hold strong beliefs on many issues

systems under which all authority is held by a single, national government

unitary government

Federalism is a midpoint between ____ and ____

unitary governments and confederations

The vast majority of governments in the world are______

unitary systems

two major terms for chapter 4

unity diversity