POLISCI333 FINAL EXAM CHAP. 12

Why has the UDHR been criticized?

It is seen as biased toward a Western conception of rights.

The UDHR can be best described as:

A key part of the UN charter

Which of the following is an example of transitional justice?

A new government setting up a truth and reconciliation committee

Which of the following is an example of individual petition?

A person with a same-sex partner filed a petition with the European Court of Human Rights alleging that her government had violated her rights.

Which of the following illustrates the behavior of a state signing an international human rights treaty for its expressive value?

A rights-violating country signs an international human rights treaty to take a position on human rights, with little intention to respect rights.

Why would domestic labor groups promote international human rights standards?

Adopting such rights would level the economic and political playing fields for workers.

Which of the following is an example of a prisoner of conscience?

An individual imprisoned for his or her nonviolent political beliefs

Why has the United States pursued bilateral Article 98 agreements to undermine the ICC?

Article 98 agreements exempt a country from handing U.S. nationals over to the ICC.

Which of the following represents a self-interested motivation for protecting rights?

Belgian citizens lobby policymakers to protect minorities abroad because they want to ensure similar rights protections at home.

Why is international enforcement of international human rights treaties more difficult than enforcement of other types of treaties?

Cooperation gains that make other types of international law self-enforcing are small or nonexistent when it comes to respect for human rights.

Why have democracies been LESS likely to sign international human rights agreements?

Democracies have not thought it necessary to sign agreements because they already protect their citizens' rights.

Which of the following illustrates defining an issue as being "anticolonial" to try and gain support for the cause of human rights?

Describing the campaign against apartheid as a struggle of black Africans against white minority rulers

The United States declared the provisions of the Int'l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to be "not self-executing." This means the provision:

Did not take effect unless the gov't passed laws stating as such

Why might it be costly for states to enforce human rights laws?

Economic sanctions on states that violate human rights also reduce the incomes of exporters in the sanctioning state.

In addition to the UDHR, the first international treaty to protect human rights covered:

Freedom from genocide

Which of the following is an example of a nonderogable right

Freedom from torture

Which of the following is an example of a right guaranteed by the Int'l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?

Freedom of assembly and association

53. Why is it difficult to measure human rights abuses?

Governments carry out some abuses of human rights in private, making it difficult to find evidence of abuses.

What has been the trend in human rights practices in recent decades?

Human rights abuses have decreased.

Why might governments be opposed to inserting human rights provisions into trade agreements?

Human rights clauses in trade agreements may be a form of trade protectionism and prevent freer trade.

Why is there disagreement among states over when and how human rights should be protected?

Human rights violations occur within states and they rarely affect the material welfare of other countries (unsure answer)

Which of the following is the best example of how a transnational advocacy network (TAN) can enforce human rights standards?

International nongovernmental organizations caused the U.S. government to cut aid to Argentina by reporting on human rights abuses.

What does it mean for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to be a court of last resort?

It cannot act if a national judicial authority has already genuinely investigated or prosecuted the case.

According to Franklin Roosevelt and some modern international relations scholars, why would promoting human rights be in the interest of the United States?

It will undermine totalitarian states, encourage political representation, and perhaps bring peace.

Which of the following would most clearly be an example of Amnesty International's core mission?

Launching a campaign to free a Cuban citizen imprisoned for criticizing the government

Why might ICC involvement in conflict prolong violence?

Leaders have incentives to fight longer because if they lose they face the risk of prosecution by the ICC.

Why does the United States object to the ICC?

Leaders in the United States think that the judges and prosecutors have too much independence.

Which regime is most likely to sign the Convention against Torture and still engage in torture?

Multiparty dictatorships

Which of these regimes is MOST likely to use violence against its citizens?

Multiparty dictatorships are most likely to violate rights because the political opposition is active and the dictator uses repression to suppress them.

In what way has the public been socialized to identify with universal human rights?

NGOs, working through TANs, have played a key role in educating the public about human rights, and the public has been persuaded to accept human rights.

Why does the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) encourage optimism about the reduction of human rights abuses?

Nearly all trade agreements include provisions on human rights

Why does the self-interest of protectionist groups increase the effectiveness of RTAs in enforcing human rights law?

Protectionist groups would prefer to have free-trade agreements revoked, which makes them more vigilant in examining the human rights records of other member states.

What is the most important role that TANs have in stopping human rights abuses?

Providing information that sparks public outrage about a country's human rights abuses

Which of the following is an example of a right guaranteed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights?

Right to a minimum standard of living

What are human rights?

Rights that all individuals have, regardless of the country in which they live

In which of these regions have human rights abuses declined the most in the past 25 years?

South America

According to the "lock in" argument, which states are most likely to sign and ratify international human rights agreements?

States transitioning to democracy

Which of the following is an example of the way in which the human rights guaranteed in the Int'l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) are monitored?

Sweden submits a report to the Human Rights Committee on their compliance with the treaty over three years

In what way have TANs been successful in changing state human rights practices?

TANs have contributed to the development of international norms by changing conceptions of rights and interests of individuals and states.

Which of the following is an example of states using linkage to get other states to sign international human rights treaties?

The Mexican government pushed for an improved human rights situation in Guatemala in order to reduce the number of refugees crossing the border.

What is the Int'l Bill of Rights?

The UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR

Why might signing human rights treaties be associated with worse human rights practices?

The conflict over human rights treaties makes states commit more human rights abuses (unsure answer)

Why have scholars recently changed their opinion on whether global human rights violations have increased or decreased over the past 35 years?

The definition for what counts as a human rights violation has expanded over time.

Which of the following best describes the concept of natural rights developed by English philosopher John Locke?

The idea that people are by nature free and equal and possess certain basic rights

Why did states write two separate treaties when translating the UDHR into hard int't law protecting human rights?

The negotiation over hard int't HR law got caught in the Cold War politics of the US and Soviet Union

Which of the following would be an example of using a human rights agreement to "lock in" new institutions?

The new democratic government of Brazil ratifying the ICCPR with the hope that the next government will also comply with its provisions

What was apartheid?

The policy of South African gov't to segregate races and perpetuate inequality

Which of the following illustrates the limitations of human rights norms?

The treatment of terror suspects by the United States after the 9/11 attacks

Why is the effort to promote human rights uneven?

There is a disagreement about what constitutes a human right

How did states and international actors react to apartheid?

They took progressively firmer stances against it

Which of the following is an example of a rights violation due to a national security threat from domestic groups?

United States placing approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans in internment camps following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of World War II

When are states most likely to take action on human rights?

When states can reconcile the principle of sovereignty with intervention in the name of human rights

All of the following represent cases where countries might be likely to take action against human rights violations, EXCEPT:

Widespread human rights abuses are being committed in a country that is an important ally to major powers.

All of the following are within the jurisdiction of the ICC EXCEPT if the:

accused has already been tried and found innocent by the courts of his or her own country

Since the adoption of the UDHR and the twin covenants:

additional rights have been guaranteed through supplemental agreements.

All of the following are important ongoing innovations in international human rights EXCEPT:

bilateral negotiations.

States violate international human rights law for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that governments:

do not understand the implications of their human rights agreements.

During times of war states can suspend numerous human rights, but they CANNOT suspend ________ rights.

nonderogable

Whereas we used to think that the rate of global human rights violations had ________ in the past 35 years, recent scholarship has indicated that it has ________.

stayed the same; decreased

Countries sign human rights agreements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

transnational advocacy networks can force countries to sign human rights agreements.

The ICC is a court established to:

try individuals accused of committing serious human rights abuses