Political Science 168 Final

How did war play an important role in Europe?

Caused state to become more efficient in revenue collection; forced leaders to improve administrative capabilities; created a climate/important symbols around which a disparate population could unify

Iversen and Soskice argue that in a Proportional Representation system, the government coalition will consistently form on the

Center-Left

What is the significance of lactose tolerance?

Central and Northern Europeans devloped it. Doubles the caloric value of milk. Evolution among humans. Live longer. 7500 years ago

What does Anthony Smith argue?

Central difficulty of nation building in Africa and Asia is lack of any shared historical mythology and memory on which state elites can set about building the nation. The nation is built from the central fund of culture and symbolism from mythology provided by shared historical experiences

What do revolutions in military technology affect?

Centralization, taxation, authoritarianism

What is important about the precipitating event that immediately precedes outbreaks of terrorism?

Common pattern of government actions that act as cataylysts for terrorism. Government use of unexpected/unusual force in response to protest or reform attempts often comples terrorist retaliation. Action run syndrome

Why is the spectre of communism haunting Europe?

Communism is already acknowledged by European powers to be itself a power It is time for Communists to come out of the closet and create a manifesto and a party

What do Darden and Grzymala Buss hypothesize?

Communist exit more likely to occur where literacy preceded the onset of communism. Attaining literacy under a non communist regime led to transmission of national identity separate from communist regimes

What was the position of communism in places with previous nationalist schooling?

Communist regimes not seen as legitimate. First battled popular resistance in established rule and then battled apathy once it was eastablished, while plurality of society looked with nostalgia at precommunist era

What do authoritarian regimes never develop?

Complex all-inclusive networks of associations whose purpose is the mobilization of the population. May have brief periods of intensive mobilization, but less intensive than in a totalitarian regime and less extensive than post totalitarian

How did protection of property rights transform societies?

Complex feudal customs and privileges could be eliminated. English had the enclosure movement, secured power but modernized society. French didn't do this, hated commerce

How was institutional pluralism in Soviet Union different?

Conflict occured in regime-created organizations within party state itself. Conceptually this form of competition and conflict is closer to bureaucratic politics than pluralistic politics

Why were the visible efforts of generational disengagement delayed for several decades?

Post war expansion of educational opportunities had a delaying effect on civil engagement Full effects of generational developments are delayed because it takes that long for a given generation to become dominant in the adult population

What is insurgency favored by?

Rough terrain, rebels with local knowledge of the populations superior to the governments, and a large population. All three aid in hiding from superior government forces. Foreign base camps, financial support and training also favor insurgency

What are the factors for a successful democratic breakthrough?

Semi autocractic not fully autocratic Unpopular incumbent United and organized opposition Ability to point out voting results falsified Independent media to inform falsified vote Political opposition capable of mobilization Division among regime's coercive forces

How can citizens challenge elitist hierarchies?

Dense, vigorous civil societies with independent organizations, mass media and thing tanks. Networks that foster civic norms, pursue public interest, raise citizen consciousness, break bonds of clientelism, scrutinize government conduct and lobby for good governance reforms

What is their argument?

Earnings dispersion, most important determinant of overall distribution of income, is closely related to particular skill systems as well as these bargianing institutions that tend to go with these systems. Gender based segmentation of labor market varies systematically across welfare production systems

What are the two aspects of the resource course as scholars emphasize?

Economic consequences that rapid booms and volatility of commodity markets have for sustained growth Negative impact reliance on external rents has on governance, state capacity and democracy, exacerbated by boom and bust cycles

What are globalization's three forms?

Economic globalization, results from revolutions in technology, information, trade, foreign investment, and international business. Central dilemma between efficiency and fairness cause for inequality Cultural globalization. Key choice between uniformization and diversity Political globalization. Characterized by USA, its political institution and international and regional organizations and transgovernmental networks

What is the viewpoint of Marx and Engels?

Economic relations are the driving force of human relations. History is a succession of revolutions by those who are explotied against those who exploit them. Limitations of capitalism would bring overthrow and replacement by systems which resources and wealth are equally shared

What is social capital?

Social capital is the "feature of social life-networks, norms, and trust that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives." You could also think of this something akin to social unity or cohesion. You might also think of this as good citizenship or civic commitment

What are structural factors?

Favorable geopolitical settings that put countries in West Christian orbit, Enlightenment tradition, potential for trade and diffusion of democratic ideas. Correlation between proximity to West and favorable configuration of communist exit, democratic reforms and market liberalization. Geographic proximity fostered sense of belonging to Europe

What would be the domestic effects of a dollar crash?

Felt by Americans with mortgages who whould face rising interest rates. Higher rates could quickly affect defectit itself, creating a dangerous feed backloop. Higher rates would lead to lower growth and reduced tax revenues. Fiat money system is crisis prone

What precipitated the Revolution of 1911?

Final attempt at reform by central government, one that directly threatened the financial interests of gentry power groups for purpose of strengthening central government finances and control over national economic development

According to Tocqueville, why and how did USA democracy work?

Social equality led inevitable to democracy Equality, in Europe and USA, was everywhere increasing

What is social facilitation?

Social habits and historical traditions that sanction use of violence against government, making it morally and politically justifiable and even dictating an appropriate form. Social myths, traditions, and havits permit development of terrorism as an established political custom

What does Lipset suggest about rapid industrialization?

Lipset suggests that rapid industrialization can produce support for communism and socialism. So if a developing country undergoes rapid industrialization, then the rapid consequent shift in wealth and inequality could inspired a cascade of support for communism and socialism in the working classes. If such support grows, then democracy in that nation may be undermined.

What was the distinctive feature of feudalism?

Local landlords and chieftains governed their territories and developed close ties with their tenants. Great landowning classes were independent.

What is state failure according to Weber's definition?

Loses MONOPOLY of violence (mafia, drug cartels, private militias) Loses legitimacy Loses control of TERRITORY

What is the theme of Zakaria's chapter?

Liberty came to the West before democracy. Liberty in the West was born of a series of power struggles. Struggles embedded themselves into Western life, producing pressures for individual liberty in England and USA

What are the three contrasting phenomena for time and age?

Life cycle effects represent differences attributable to stage of life Period effects affect all people who live through a given era, regardless of age Generational effects produce real social change

What did the British empire leave behind in colonies?

Limited constitutional liberalism and capitalism. Left behind legacy of law and capitalism that strengthened forces of liberal democracy in former colonies

What are the four reinforcing and stable distinctive dimensions of an authoritarian regime?

Limited pluralism Mentality Somewhat constrained leadership Weak mobilization

What is pluralism under authoritarianism?

Limited political pluralism and extensive economic and social pluralism. Manifestos of limited political pluralism and extensive economic and social pluralism predate authoritarian regime

What is the key to their argument?

Link between social protection and level and composition of skills. Because investment in specific skills increases workers' exposure to risks, only by insuring against such risks can firms satisfy their need for specific skills

Skocpol argues that challenges from industrialization and modernization can undermine the functioning of agrarian bureaucracies and the legitimacy of the state. Which other author talks about the importance of "Legitimacy."

Max Weber

Due to the weakness of administration and statistical structures in Africa, what do governments rely on?

Taxation of foreign trade, because imports and exports must physically pass through a relatively small number of border posts that can be easily manned

What enabled caravan trade?

Tribal chieftains found it profitable to protect merchant caravans but had neither the military muscle nor the political structure to extend, develop and enforce more permanent property rights

TRUE or FALSE: Jeffrey Herbst would agree with the statement by Charles Tilly that "war made the state, and the state made war."

True

True or False: A Proportional Representation system gives minority groups more power than a Single Member district system

True

True or False: According to Durverger, in 2 party systems the parties tend to converge to the ideological center of the Right-Left spectrum

True

True or False: If we ranked voter preferences from left to right on the ideological continuum, the median voter would represent the preferences of the voters in the very center of the distribution

True

True or False: Martha Crenshaw suggests that terrorism can be considered a rational act, based upon a set of outcomes the terrorist wishes to achieve. A goal to disrupt or discredit the current processes of government, or to affect public attitudes about the government may be possible motivations for a terrorist act

True

True or False: Variations in the structure of electoral institutions and parties in Democratic countries can help explain variations in the policies of those countries

True

True/False: Margalit and Buruma suggest that Occidentalists are often opposed to female emancipation and equality.

True

True/False: Margalit and Buruma suggest that one of the tenets of Occidentalism is a hatred of urbanization and the city.

True

How is elimination of third parties a result of two factors working together?

Mechanical factor consists in the underrepresentation of the third party. Psychological effect is people think their vote will be wasted so they vote for one of the dominant parties instead. Polarization leads to underrepresentation

What was important about marginal elites?

Merchants, financiers and industrialists. Have little direct effect upon politics of modernization anywhere. Their activities, commerce and manufacturing, created, transformed, revolutionized the national and international contexts, within which people have engaged in decisive political struggles. Can determine political outcomes

Why do nation states fail?

Nation states fail because they can no longer deliver positive political goods to their people. So they lose legitimacy. The problem is that failed states are central to the war on terrorism, so strengthening weak states has taken on a new priority

What is Hobsbawm's crucial insight?

Nationalism is always linked to the rapid rise of an indigenous middle class and to the spread of literacy in the native language. A sizeable proportion of national languages claimed by such groups were as much invented as revived

What is happening in the arms race between Confucian-Islamic and the West?

One is developing its arms and the other is attempting to limit and prevent that arms build up while reducing its own military capabilities

What does Gat argue?

Post communist, authoritarian and capitalist. Russia and China will be a major challenge to liberal democratic in coming decades -- an alternative to the assumption capitalism and liberal democracy must go hand in hand

TRUE or FALSE: Stephen Krasner believes that the Supranational model of the European Union will displace the sovereign-state model in Europe

False

What is competition?

"Classic" democracies presumed decision making based on direct participation leading to consensus. Tradition of hostility to faction and particular interests. Widely accepted that competition among factors is a necessary evil in democracies that operate on a more than local scale. Differences over preferred nodes boundaries of competition contribue most to distinguishing one subtype of democracy from another

Definitions of a failed state

(a) Failed states cannot control their borders. (b) Failed states prey on their own people. (c) Growth of criminal violence

Fewer political goods

(a) Failed states contain flawed or failed institutions. (b) Deteriorating or destroyed infrastructure. (c) Education and health systems have been privatized. (d) Failed states provide great economic opportunity, but only for a privileged few.

The difference between qualitative and quantitative approaches in comparative politics (illustrate with a practical research question)

(a) Quantitative research refers to research that relies upon "numbers." That is, quantitative research relies upon data that can be quantified. The advantage of quantifiable data is that we can collect a large number of samples and evaluate our hypotheses against a larger sample. Because our sample size is larger, we are more likely to get better estimates-assuming that our model is correct and that our quantitative measures accurately reflect the underlying stochastic process. (b) Qualitative data refers to research based upon data this is difficult to quantify. In many cases, qualitative data can be difficult to measure, such as information on social relationships or identity formation. Hence qualitative scholars rely on interviews and field research to collect data and test their hypotheses.

Some of today's richest states are found in Europe, North America, Australia, and Japan; among the fastest-growing economies are those of China, India, and Brazil. The poorest and slowest-growing economies are found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Summarize and evaluate possible explanations for this pattern that might be advanced on the basis of any three of the following: (a) geography; (b) culture; (c) colonial inheritance; (d) literacy; (e) state policy and institutions. Include in your evaluation historical evidence from both the ancient world and what Clark and others have called the "Great Divergence."

(a) The geography argument says that states near the equator develop less. There are also arguments about climate and how nicer climates near the equator facilitated the domestication of particular plants. There are also arguments about how the development of animal husbandry enabled the consumption of higher calorie food-like milk and meat. Of course, the counter argument to the environment hypothesis is the "Reversal of Fortune," that is, that if environment was the basis for growth then countries that were once agricultural powers (b) The culture argument is basically that particular cultures or religions create the proper ethos for investment and development, while other cultures do not. There are different versions of this argument such as Protestant religious groups are better adapted to the capitalist work ethic (Weber). (c) The colonial inheritance argument suggests that in areas where the colonial powers built good institutions that facilitated investment, those countries developed. Where the colonials were only interested in extraction, they did not create good institutions and those areas suffered. (d) The literacy argument was that religion was basically a cover for the advance of literacy. That literacy allowed education and the specialization of labor. So this encouraged development. (e) The state and political institutions argument is along the lines of North, where particular institutions create and channel incentives towards positive ends for development.

What is early post totalitarianism?

Early post totalitarianism is very close to the totalitarian ideal type but differs from the it on at least one key dimension, normally some constraints of the leader

What are Putnam's explanations for the decline in American civic engagement?

1. Busyness and work pressures 2. Suburbanization-people moving to suburbs and away from each other. 3. the movement of women into the workforce and the decline of the traditional American family 4. The Sixties counter culture movement and loss of faith in government. 5. Generational effects-citizen commitment declining with generations.

How can different democracies be compared?

1. Consensus among the citizens on the goals of government 2. How much citizens participate in their government-though voting or otherwise. 3. Access - Who can influence policy and who cannot. 4. Responsiveness - How likely rulers are to change their policies based upon influence from interest groups. 5. Majority Rule - How many decisions are made by the majority versus how many decision are not made by majority rule. 6. Parliamentary sovereignty - Is the legislature the strongest branch-because it is the most representative branch? 7. Party government - How many parties are there and how strong are they. 8. Federalism - division of power betweent the central government and state or provincial governments 9. Presidentialism - Who is elected to the Executive branch and what are his/her powers 10. Checks and Balances - how does each branch of the government limit the power of the other branches.

What are critiques of the West by Occidentalists?

1. Hatred of the city-hatred of the urban and modernized centers as opposed to agricultural communities. 2. A sense of cultural exclusivity or chauvinism. The argument is that Western societies are different and inferior to the non-Western originators of this critique. These arguments suggest that the principals that govern Western societies are inferior and are not applicable to non western societies. 3. Many of these critique express an antagonism towards female emancipation or equality.

What are the preconditions for terrorism?

1. Modernization is often a precondition for terrorism. As society undergoes a change in complexity and the division of labor, this creates new vulnerability and areas of dissatisfaction. 2. Urbanization is associated with Modernization. Urbanization increases the number and accessibility of targets of terrorism. 3. Social facilitation is another permissive factor. Social facilitation refers to historical or social traditions that sanction the use of violence against the government-making it morally justifiable. Think of groups in society that are usually entrusted with rights to challenge the government- such as in the US, the second amendment gives people the right to bear arms and organize militias. 4. The permissive factor is the unwillingness of governments to prevent terrorism. So if governments do no try and halt terrorism, then they can invite it.

What are the possible reasons to engage in terrorism?

1. Terrorism may disrupt or discredit the current processes of government. This will bring pressure for change upon these processes. 2. Terrorism may affect public attitudes about the government. 3. Terrorism may engender a counterreaction from the government. In some cases, this counterreaction may be an over-reaction, and hence further discredit the government.

What are the causes of terrorism?

1. The first condition is the existent of substantial grievances in society. There needs to be an organized group that is unhappy. 2. Second, there needs to be a lack of opportunity for political participation. In other words, the unhappy groups cannot resolve their grievances through political means 3. Third, terrorism usually begins after some sort of precipitating event. If the government engages in a big crackdown or massacre, or mass arrests, this may radicalize enough individuals to engender terrorist acts.

Social revolutions in France, China and Russia were associated with

1. the collapse or incapacitation of central administrative and military machines, 2. widespread peasant rebellions, 3. marginal elite political movements

Which ideologies have influenced political violence?

19th and early 20th century- European, stemming from French and Bolshevik revolutions Since WW2- China, Cuba, Algeria, Franz Fanon and Carlos Marighela have influenced terrorist movements in developing West by promoting the development of terrorism as routine behavior

What is proportional representation?

A PR system refers to an electoral system where legislators are chosen based upon the fraction of votes that they get across all voters. PR systems are complicated, and there are lots of variations. The point of a PR system is that the parties that get the most votes win the seats in the legislature. The seats are allocated based upon the percentage of votes the party won.These parties would receive a number of actual seats based upon the percentage of votes they received. But, in many cases there are special rules that influence the ratio of vote % to seat%. These little rules can make a big difference in how policy gets made, because small changes in a party's vote total can either lead to big changes in the number of seats or to small changes in the number of seats received.

"Chiefdoms," and how modern states replaced chiefdoms

A chiefdom was the form of government the preceded the development of states. Chiefdoms arose after the development of agricultural societies. Because the agricultural revolution created denser and more populous societies, these societies needed to develop ways to resolve conflicts and cooperate. The earliest social organizations were kinship-based chiefdoms, where a particular set of elites and a chief were in charge of the government

What is the definition of a Single Member District with runoff:

A district where a candidate requires 50% of the votes to win a seat.

According to Weber, what's a state?

A human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory

What is Duverger's Law?

A majoritarian system like USA allows only two major parties to sruvive, where as proportional representation encourages a multiplicty of parties

What is Weber's definition of a state?

A monopoly of force over territory

What does Skocpol believe?

A particular set of conditions in the state and society is necessary to set such revolutions in motion. Analysis, influenced by Marx, is structural. Institutions are central in shaping the likelihood for dramatic political change. Revolutions as events in which people play a relatively small role.

A Veto-player is defined as

A person who can kill a particular piece of legislation if he/she disagrees with it

What is an agenda setter?

A person who originates or initates a policy is usually called an Agenda Setter. An Agenda setter actually lays down the initial policy proposal. The initial proposal is important because all bargaining starts from the initial proposal.

Adam Smith uses the example of a particular type of factory to explain his ideas about the division of labor and its benefits. What type of factory does he describe

A pin factory

"Kleptocracy" in the formation and survival of states

A political system that transfers wealth from the poor to a wealth elite. Kleptocracies fear being overthrown unless they provide services to the poor. Kleptocracies are not all corrupt and disreputable governments as the word is commonly used. Instead, most nations are kleptocracies with a richer ruling elite; however, some kleptocracies are better behaved and more equitable than others. In some countries, like much of Europe, elites support transfers of wealth and services to the poor or middle class. In really bad kleptocracies-like North Korea-the government or elites just steal all of the money and give nothing back to the poor or middle class

What does war cause?

A ratchet effect where revenue increases sharply when a nation is fighting but does not decline to the antebellum level when hostilities have ceased

Which statement below is consistent with the definition of "sovereignty", according to Stephen Krasner

A sovereign nation in autonomous and independent of other nations

What is insurgency?

A technology of military conflict characterized by small, lightly armed bands practicing guerilla warfare from rural base areas

What does modern democracy offer?

A variety of competitive processes and channels of competitive processes and channles for the expression of interests and values -- associational as well as partisan, functional as well as territorial, collective as well as individual. All are integral to its practice

What is a veto player?

A veto player is a person who can block or cancel the initial proposal. Because veto players are so powerful, the agenda setters usually craft policy so that it will satisfy the veto playes. In this way, the veto players can actually affect policies without directly being involved.

What were reforms the Dynasty tried to push through?

Abolishing Confucian system and encouraging modern schools, organized New Armies (which formed around provincial armies); tranferring local governmental functions to provincial bureaus; creating a series of local and provincial gentry-dominated representative assemblies

What will happen in revolutionized countries?

Abolition of property in land Progressive tax Abolition of inheritence Confiscation of property of dissenters Centralization of credit Centralization of communication/transport Extension of state capital Equal obligation to work Combination of agriculture and industry Free education

What are multiple forms of bad governance?

Abusive police and security forces, domineering local oligarchies, incompetent and in different state bureaucracies, corrupt and inaccessible judiciaries and venal ruling elites who are contemptious of rules of law and accountable to no one but themselves. Few meaningful channels of political participation

Why are general education systems bad?

Academically weak students have no incentives and little opportunity the be economically stable. Face lower returns from educational investmnet. Impoverished labor pool due to little vocational training. Trapped in low paid unskilled jobs

What was special about the modernizing intersocietal network that arose in early modern Europe?

Based upon trade in commodities and manufactures, upon strategic politco-military competition between independent states and incubated first industrialization of England after gained commercial hegemony within the West European centered world market

What legitimates states?

According to Weber, charisma, tradition and legalism. For most states, it's routinized charisma, over time it becomes legal. More recent theory says it's an ongoing bargain between ruler and ruled, keeps states legitimate

What does Kitschelt charge?

Accounts focusing on communist exit as a main explanatory variable suffer from excessive causal proximity, leading to little insight into phenomenon

The "Reversal of Fortune" (Acemoglu)

Acemoglu et al., demonstrates that some of the most prosperous nations 500 years ago are now amongst the poorest nations in the world. The authors make the case that the regions that were poorest received colonial institutions that were most likely to encourage investment, and so these poor regions flourished while poorer nations atrophied

What is the importance of intermediary organizations?

Acts as sources of countervailing power. A country without a multitude of organizations independent of central state power has high dictatorial as well as revolutionary potential

What happened in Russia due to World War One?

Administrative demoralization and paralysis, disintegration of army. Urban insurrection which first brought middle moderates and then Bolsheviks. Newly recruited character and war weariness of urban garrisons. Peasant grievances enhanced, young peasantmen politicized through military experience and spreading peasant insurrections from spring 1917 on

What is Africa's external destiny?

Africa cannot grow because it does not really have big difficulties trading. So many areas of Africa are landlocked, and the people have to travel large distances to trade. Also, African exports are really limited and so Africa does not benefit from trade much.

What are the effects of clear boundaries?

Agents don't conflate administrative tasks with political goals. Increase transaction and monitoring costs by simultaneously making it difficult for state elites to extract revenue and for private owners to hide income. Make it less rational to steal. High transaction and monitoring costs promote mutual incentives for building strong isntitutions

Why did radical leadership in social revolutions come from the skilled or university educated?

Agrarian bureaucraies are statis societies. Constitution both an important route for social mobility and a means of validating traditional status and supplementing landed fortunes With modernization, state activities acquired objective import in agrarian bureaucratic socieites which were forced to adapt to modernization abroad

How were France, Russia and China special among agrarian bureaucracies?

Agrarian institutions afforded peasants usual grievances against landlords and state agent and structural space for autonomous collective insurrection

What is an agrarian bureaucracy?

Agricultural society in which social control rests on a division of labor and a coordination of effort between a semi bureaucratic state and a landed upper class. Landed upper class retains local and regional authoirty over peasant majority of population. Bureaucratic central state extracts taxes

What does Hoffman argue?

All societies now face, in different ways, three distinct forms of globalization-economic, cultural, and political. Hoffman primarily concerned the negative effects of globalization likely to outwigh the good. Undermining state sovereignty while providing few benefits in return

What two effects did this variety have?

Allowed for diversity Diversity fuled competition between states, producing innovation, efficiency in political organization, military tech and economic policy

What will be the most important impact of economic globalization and transnational norms?

Alter the scope of state authority rather than to generate a fundamentally new way to organize political life

What is a definition of a Closed List system:

An election in a PR system where the voters elect the party and not the individual candidates.

What is a regime or system of governance?

An ensemble of patterns that determined the methods of access to the principal public offices; characteristics of actors admitted/excluded from access; strategies actors use to gain access, rules, followed in the making of publicly binding decisions. Ensemble must be institutionalized. Preferred mechanism of institutionalization is a written constitution

Endogenous vs. exogenous processes, and the significance of this difference to political science inquiry

An exogenous factor is one which directly affects the outcome variable, but is itself not affected by the outcome variable. An endogenous factor is a cyclical variable-basically the factor causes the outcome and then the outcome in turn causes the factor.

What is a collapsed state?

An extreme failed state. Substate actors take over, control regions/subregions, build their own local security apparatuses, sanction markets or other trading arrangements, establish an attenuated form of international relations

According to Herbst, war encouraged the consolidation of European states through which of the following mechanisms

An increase in the ability of governments to collect taxes. An increase in nationalism and national identification. A shrinkage in state size to a level manageable by the national government.

What did the organization of African Unity declare in 1963?

Any change in the inherited coloniol boundaries to be illegitimate. Has deterred conquest wars.

How did the Church place limits on monarch's rule?

Controlled crucial social institutions such as marriage, etc. Church properties and priests not subject to taxation. First major institution of history independent of temporal authority.

Rockstar candidates describe candidates whose star power can attract votes. Who is a candidate with rockstar power.

Arnold Schwarenegger

What is Wagner's Law?

As countries grow richer, GDP share of the government grows bigger

Which two conclusions emerged among comparativists in 1990s?

Authoritarian regimes were the modal category of regime type in modern world Authoritarian regimes not necessarily in transition to a different type of a regime

What are the three basic legitimations of domination?

Authory of the "eternal yesterday" Traditional Authority of the gift of grace Charisma Virtue of legality, rationally created rules

Why did Federalist solutions break down in Somalia and Uganda?

Because the incentives for leaders to attempt to gain total control were much greater than the barriers posed by recently adopted institutional arrangements.

According to Rotberg, why do nation states fail?

Because they can no longer deliver positive goods to their people. Governments lose legitimacy in the eyes of the people, and the nation-state itself becomes illegitimate

What do rationalists study?

Begin with assumptions about actos who act deliberately to maximize their advantage. Uses mathematical reasoning. Seek to maximize the ability to provide universal laws that may be used in nomothetic explanations

What did economies of scale result in?

Beginnings of hierarchical producing organizations, with full time workers in a central place or sequential production process. Towns and central cities are emerging and an increase in the proportion of labor force engaged in manufacturing and in service. Shift towards urbanization of society

What was the tension inherent in all agrarian bureacratic regimes?

Between state elites interested in preserving using and extending powers of armies and administrative organizations and landed upper classes interested in defending locally and regionally based associational netowkrs, influence over peasants and powers associated with control of land and agrarian surpluses

What is Bhagwati's main point?

Bhagwati's main point is that globalization has received a bad reputation that is underserved. He argues that globalization has actually helped resolve a number of global problems, including child labor, poverty, and women's inequality in developing nations. Bhagwati agrees with Stiglitz that appropriate institutions and policies can help to ensure that globalization helps a country rather than hurt it

How do successful democracies tend to qualify the central principle of majority rule in order to protect minority rights?

Bills of right; requirements for majorities in several constituents -- confederalism; secure autonomy of local governments against central authority -- federalism; grand coalition governments (consociationalism); negotiation of social pacts between major social groups (neocorporatism)

How is ideology a dynamic potential for change from a totalitarian to a post totalitarian regime?

Both on the part of cadres and on society, is growing empirical disjunction between official ideological claims and reality. Disjunction produces lessened ideological commitment on cadres and growing criticism of regime by groups in civil society

What did the Regime do after 1905?

Broke up lands into private holdings, facilitated land sales to rich peasants. Alleviated agricultural stagnation, promote permanant rural to urban migration and increased class differentation and individuals

How does Skocpol talk about the agrarian bureaucracies for Russia, France and China?

Bureaucracies became the forums in which social forces compromised: the elites compromised with other elites, the middle class and the poor. The inability to reach successful political compromises undermined the legitimacy and authority of the government and invited challenges.

What are the different communist regime types?

Bureaucratic-authoritarian, national accomodative and patrimonial systems. Bureaucratic authoritarian is built on interwar working-class parties and a pre existing professional bureaucracy. Results in weak communists unable to forestall replacement during communist collapse. Patrimonial communism, built on authoritarian regimes and non professional bureaucracies, privileges communists and allows them to hold on to power. Longer the democratic experience ante communism, greater likelihood of a communist exit

How does sustainable growth occur?

Burst in per capita income (trade, Black Death). Labor saving technological innovation (printing, navigation, power). Wider trade. Better health. Demographic revolution.

How has state intervention subverted social capital?

By "crowding out" private initiative. "Slum clearance" policies disrupted existing community ties. Certain social expenditures and tax policies may have created disincentives for civic minded philosophy

How is terrorism designed to disrupt and discredit government?

By weakening it administratively and impairing normal operations. Aims at insecurity and demoralization of government officials, independent of public opinion

What about nationalist radicals?

Came from ranks of specialized skills and oriented to state activities/employments but lacked traditionally prestigious attributes such as mobility, landed wealth, or humanist education, called for equalization of mobility opportunity, political democracy and extension of civil liberties. Their goal was extension and rationalization of state powers in name of national welfare and prestige

What can a mature post totalitarian regime do with their economy?

Can feature the coexistence of a state-planned economy with extensive partial market experiements in the state sector that can generate a "red bourgeoisie" of state sector managers and a growing but subordinate private sector, especially in agriculture, commerce and services

What are the characteristics of stake wielding globalization critics?

Can only be understood intellectually; stake asserting groups however can be engaged. Both concerned with social effects of economic globalization

What is the usual course of state failure?

Can't guarantee SECURITY (assassinations). Security is the easiest thing to break through. Can't enforce LAWS, secure PROPERTY Can't provide PUBLIC GOODS (roads, education) Can't secure TRADE, EXCHANGE

According to Zakaria, why must there be economic reform in the Middle East?

Capitalism is surest path toward a limited, accountable state and genuine middle class. Economic reform means beginnings of genuine rule of law, openness to world, access to information and development of business class

How does increased wealth affect the political role of the middle class?

Changes shape of stratification structure from an elongated pyramid, with a larger lower class base, to a diamond with a growing middle class. A large middle class tempers conflict by rewarding moderate and democratic parties and penalizing extremist groups

Why is the bureaucratic state order important?

Characteristic of the modern state

What was the significance of the Magna Carta?

Charter of baronal privilege, detailing their rights of feudal lords. Guaranteed freedom of church and local autonomy, for towns. Against oppression of kings and subjects. First written limitation on royal authority in Europe.

What is the principal benefit to a country from openness to trade?

Cheaper imports. Additional imports may put some domestic producers out of business, but diplaced capital and labor gets applied to efficient new uses, so economy still has gains

What is investiture?

Church has to bless new Roman king and give legitmacy to his reign

According to Putnam, what is social capital?

Citizen engagement in community affairs. Features of social life that enabled participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives. Social connections and attendant norms and trust.

What did the Revolution of 1911 destroy?

Civilian elite ties -- traditionally maintained by operation of Confucian educational institutions and central bureaucracy's policies for recruiting and deploying educated officials so as to strengthen cosmopolitian orientations at expense of local loyalties -- which provided semblace of unified governance for China

What is Huntington's hypothesis?

Civilizational differences are real Civilizational consciousness is increasing Civilizations are more important than ideology International relations will be de Westernized International institutions will develop within civilizations Conflicts between civilizations more frequent West VS Rest Torn countries will bandwagon West VS Confucian-Islamic

What has been the most significant change in global Balance of Power since the forced post war democratic reorientation of Germany and Japan under USA tutelage?

Collapse of Soviet Union and empire stripped Moscow of half its resources it commanded during Cold War, with eastern Europe absorbed by democratic Europe

Social revolution was a conjecture of which developments in France, Russia and China?

Collapse/incapication of central administration and military machineries Widespread peasant rebellions Marginal elite political movements

What are the eleven components of democracy?

Consensus, participation, access, responsiveness, majority rule, parliamentary sovereignty, party government, pluralism, federalism, presidentialism, checks and balances

What is Schmitter and Karl's assertion?

Contingent consent and bounded uncertainty can emerge from interaction between antagonistic and mutually suspicious actors and far more benevolent and ingrained norms of a civic culture are better thought of as product, not producer of democracy

Estevez-Abe, et. al., compare Liberal Market Economies to Coordinated Market Economies. The authors suggest that worker skill levels will be higher in

Coordinated Market Economies like Germany and France

What do tariffs promote?

Corruption, smuggling and over-valued exchange rates because governments grow to rely on administrative controls rather than the market to regulate imports

What are coordinated market economies?

Countries that believe that coordination and cooperate are the way to handle crises or challenges. These countries respond to challenges by trying to get different stakeholders to deliberate and coordinate their responses.

Why may elites in Africa feel they are not in control of their own destiny?

Country's vulnerability to exogeneous shocks and the presence of sophisticated multinational enterprises and well-connected minority groups. e.g. drops in the price of their exports and Lebanese in West Africa

How do you prevent state failure?

Create security and a security force. Recreation of an administrative structure, primarily bureaucracy. Judicial method, legitimate legal code and system. Schools, hospitals, roads. Constitutions and elections eventually.

What are Crook's main points about?

Crook's main points are about the backlash against free trade and the persistent intellectual foundations for free trade.

What are the exceptions to intervention?

Cross border banditry, terrorism. To prevent genocide

What are the three fields in comparative politics?

Cultural, structural and rational-choice approaces

Why did Revolution of 1905 fail?

Czarist regime's ability to rely upon army to repress popular disturbances. Organized repression and assured military loyalty with well timed liberal concessions.

What were the characteristics of the states post-Roman collapse?

Decentralized, leaving power to the local elite that could check the monarchy's absolute power. Separation of church and state robbed leaders of spiritual power. Decentralization of power allowed liberty, capitalist development and democratic control

What does Bunce argue?

Degree of uncertainty in democratic transitions varies considerable Mass mobilization contributes to founding and consolidation of democracy Democratic project furthered by transition that involve nationalist protest and changes in state boundaries Compromising democracy may contribute to democratic survival Comparing democracies can give us optimal conditions but not optimal strateges for democratization

The emergence and evolution of post totalitarianism is the result of which three processes?

Deliberate policies of rulers to soften or reform totalitarian system (detotalitarianism by choice) Internal hollowing out of totalitarian regimes structures and internal erosion of cadres ideological belief in system (detotalitarianism by decay) Creation of social, cultural and economic spaces that resist or escape totalitarian control (detotalitarianism by societal conquest)

How have South Korea and Taiwan been able to extract resources from their societies?

Demands to be constantly vigilant provoked the state into developing efficient mechanisms for collecting resources and controlling dissident groups

What are the reasons why democracy is not perfect?

Democracies aren't necessarily more efficient economically than other forms of government Democracies aren't necessarily more efficent administratively Democracies aren't likely to appear more orderly than the autocracies they replace Governability is a challenge Democracies have more open societies but not necessarily economies

Why do democracies have a layer of insulation against weak performance not available to post totalitarian and authoritarian regimes?

Democracies base their claim to obedience on the procedural foundations of democratic citizenship

How do Wienthal and Luong explain that a country rich in resources can wind up undemocratic and poor?

Democracy emerges when those who rule are compelled to share power with rising middle class. State exchanges political power (representation) for economic resources (taxes). But people who rely on oil or mineral wealth buy off, suppress the public. Natural resource wealth crowds out private business, leading to a smaller middle class

What does Zakaria conclude?

Democracy requires development of habits of liberty -- individual rights supported by law

What is frozen post totalitarianism?

Despite the tolerance of some civil society critics of the regime, almost all other control mechanisms of the party-state stay in place for a long-period and do not evolve

How has capitalism shaped the modern world?

Destroyed feudalism, monarchism. Created an independent class of business people. Made change and dynamism the governing philosophy of the modern age.

What did negotiation and enforcement in alien parts of the world entail?

Development of standard weights/measures, units of account, medium of exchange, notaries, controls, merchant law courts, and enclaves of foreign merchant protected by foreign princes in return for revenue

Why will be there conflicts between civilizations?

Differences among civilizations are basic World is smaller Process of economic modernization and social change are separating people from local identities Growth of civilizational consciousness enhanced by dual role of West Cultural differences less mutable than political and economic ones Economic regionalism is increasing

Why does timing matter?

Differences in regime context. If it happened early that means society was less free and discourse on democracy among groups was limited. No democratic condition. If it happened later, society was more free and seeds of democracy were already planted and being spread

What has emerged in less developed and culturally backward sectors of industrialized societies?

Different type of extremism based on small entrepreneurial classes. Social base of classic fascism arises from vulnerability of middle class, particularly small businessmen and farm owners, to large scale capitalism and powerful labor movement

Which powerful forces emerged into political consciousness in 1830s?

Discontent of lesser landowners or gentry and emergence of a national middle class and even lower-middle class in numerous countries, spokesmen for both being largely professional intellectuals

What is Huntington's hypothesis?

Divisions among humankind and dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Principle conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. Clash of civilizations will dominate global politics.

Why have some countries emphasized employment protection over unemployment protection?

Dominant mode of firm structure, circumstances in historical development of different welfare production regimes

What is Duverger's Law?

Duverger found that single member district systems favor 2 party systems. The reason is that parties need to win 50% of the vote to get elected in the district, so this discourages minority parties from putting up their own candidates.

What is the significance of the Taiping Rebellion?

Dynasty used local, gentry-led, self-defense associated and regional armies led by complexity interrelated gentry who had access to village resources and recruits

What is the strongest correlate to civic engagement?

Education. Relationship between education and civic engagement is a curvilinear one of increasing returns. Educated people more likely to be joiners. Partly because better off economically, but because of skills, resources, and inclinations passed on at school

Which three issues matter for globalization?

Effect is not always benign Maximal speed is not optimal speed Uses supplementary policies to accelerate the pace at which social agendas are advanced

What were the demands of the bureaucracy and middle class?

Efficiently collected taxes; generously and continuously financed militaries; guided national and economic development, imitating foreign models

What happens to canon?

Elaborate and guiding ideology created under totalitarian regime exists as state canon but there is weakened commitment. Official canon seen as obligatory ritual and living a lie. Hollowing out of post totalitarian regime's apparent strength is another source of weakness

How is totalitarianism using ideology?

Elaborate and guiding ideology. Function of legitimating the regime. Rulers constrained by their own valye system and ideology. Believe in ideology as a point of reference and justification for their actions

According to Dahl, what must be present for modern political democracy to exist?

Elected officials have control over government decisions and policies Elected officials chosen in frequent and fair elections Adults have the right to vote Adults have the right to run for office Citizens have the right to seek alternative information Citizens have the right to form independent organizations

What do Iversen and Soskice argue?

Electoral formula affects coalition behavior and leads to systematic differences in the partisan composition of governments -- different distributive outcomes. Parties represent classes, or coalition of classes, and it is difficult for parties to commit credibly to electoral problems that deviate from preferences of their constituents

TRUE/FALSE: Thomas Friedman in his book The World is Flat makes the argument that technology and globalization have basically made the world a level playing field where all nations complete equally for jobs and resources. Richard Florida, in his piece, agrees with Thomas Friedman.

FALSE

What do Estevez Abe, Iversen and Soskice conclude?

Employment and income protection can be seen as efforts to increase workers' dependence on particular employers, as well as exposure to labor market risks. Social protection stems from strength rather than weakness of employers

How do people choose which skills to invest in?

Employment protection increases propensity of workers to invest in firm specific skills, whereas unemployment protection facilitates investment in industry specific skills. Absence of both gives people strong incentives to invest in general skills. Most countries combine either low protection with general skills or high protection with specific skills

What was the effect of agriculture on nearby bands?

Emulation and/or displacement: rapid spread of new crops, technologies, hunter-gatherers often displaced and sometimes die off due to warfare or disease Warfare, conquest, often slavery Larger-scale political units; trade and property rights

What is the public realm?

Encompasses the making of norms and choices that are binding on the society and backed by state coercion. Depends on distinctions between public/private, state/society, legitimate coercion/voluntary exchange, collective needs/individual preferences. Liberal conception of democracy thinks public realm should be narrow. Social democratic approach would extend regulation, subsidization, collective ownership of property

What hapen in the first two phases of European modernization?

England's commercialization, capture of world market hegemony and expansion of manufactures transformed means and stakes in the traditional rivalries of European states and put immediate pressure for reforms. Similar militarily compelling pressures were brought to bear on non European societies which escaped immediate colonizations usually those with pre existing centralized state institutions

What does Gellner argue?

Ernest Gellner argues that political and economics network of a nation-state requires a spirit of nationalism that draws upon a homogeneous culture, a unified pattern of communication, and a common system of education

What were two important factors that influenced the adoption of proportional representation in Europe?

Ethnic and religious minorities. Provide minority representation and counteract threats to national unity and political stability Dynamic of the democratization process. New groups wanted power, old groups wanted to keep power

Where do civil wars that characterize failed states stem from?

Ethnic, religious, linguistic or other intercommunal enmity. Avarice also proposes antagonism over resource wealth.

What did Fearon and Laitin show?

Ethnically diverse societies were no likelier than homogeneous ones to experience civil war; rather, the chief causes were poverty, political instability, and a terrain that favored insurgency

Which is NOT a characteristic of a failed state according to Rotberg:

Failed states suffer from political gridlock

What is ancient library according to Constant?

Everyone had the right to participate in the governance of the community. Legislatures chosen by lottery. Unlimited powers. Subjection of individual to authority of community

How does terrorism affect public attitudes?

Evokes sympathy or hostility. May enforce obedience in an audience from whome terrorists demand allegiance. When terrorism is part of a struggle between incumbents and challenges, polarization of public opinion undermines governments legitimacy

What is a second influential approach?

Examines the legacies of precommunist develoment and the ways in which the political experience of the interwar era shaped the politics of the communist years and beyond. In the classic modernization account, overall levels of economic development are critical to the development of democracy and maintenance of regime stability. Communist exit could be a function of precommunist economic development and modernization

Why do windfalls create unproductive investment: rent seeking and corruption?

Export boom exerts pressure on governments to share increased revenue with the public, often by investing in productive public work projects motivated by politics other than profit Because windfall arents are concentrated and easily obtained, they exert pressure to engage in rent seeking and corruption

What kind of mobilization is in totalitarian regimes?

Extensive and intensive mobilization of society into a vast array of regime created organizations and activities. Because utopian goals are intrinsic, there is great effort to mobilize enthusiasm to activate cadres, and leaders emerge out of cadres

What did agriculture lead to?

Extensive specialization, exchange. Greater productivity, fertility. First appropriable surplus to hire soldiers and specialists. First inequality and hierarchy. Greater innovations like draft animals and weapons

What did each social revolution minimally accomplish?

Extreme rationalization and centralization of state institutions, removal of a traditional landed upper class from intermediate quasi political supervision of peasantry and elimination or diminution of economic power of a landed upper class

What is electoralism?

Faith that merely holding elections will channel political action into peaceful contests among elites and accord public legitimacy to the winners no matter how they are conducted or constraints

What does Berman argue?

Focused on civil society. Where states are unable to effectively process the demands of civil society, the result can be a threat to the state itself. In ME, Islamist groups are central to civil society, fulfilling the role of the state or other groups fail to play. May set stage for Islamist revolutions that are peaceful and incremental.

What is Crenshaw's piece?

Focuses more on individual motivations that lead people to resort to terrorist acts. Certain structural preconditions can foster terrorism. Central is role of minority or elite group, grievances and percieved lack of alternatives and internal culture they foster. Emphasizes role of individual and group motivation in carrying out terrorist acts.

Why did Sri Lanka successfuly escape failure?

For 80% of Sri Lankans, the government performs well. Has exhibited robust levels of economic performance. Necessary political goods continued to be delivered despite the civil war

What is the lesson of Rome's fall?

For rule of law to endure, you need more than good intentions for they may change. You need institutions within society whose strength is independent of the state

Why were tensions exacerbated during modernization?

Foreign military pressures gave cause, while foreign economic development offered incentives and models for state elites to attempt reforms which went counter to the class interests of tradtional, landed upper strata

What is the immediate aim of the Communists?

Formation of proletariat into a class, overthrow of bourgeois supermacy, conquest of political power by proletariat

What is Tilly's argument?

Formation of standing armies provided the largest single incentive to extraction and the largest single means of state coercion over the long run of European state-making

According to Linz, whate makes up an authoritarian regime?

Four key dimensions: pluralism, ideology, leadership, mobilization. Pluralism with ideology, mobilization and in which a leader exercises power within ill-defined but predictable limits

What do domestic conflicts result in?

Fragmentation and considerable hostility among different segments of the population

How is the growth of criminal violence an indicator of state failure?

General lawlessness becomes more apparent. Gangs assume control over cities. Trafficking more common. Police paralyzed. Anarchy normal. People turn to warlords or ethnic leaders for protection

What is liberty in the modern world?

Freedom of the individual from arbitrary authority, which has meant from the brute power of the state. Implies freedom of expression, of association, of worship, and rights of due process

What are the three critical implications for state societal relations?

Freedom to rely on external rather than internal sources of income both enfeebles the state and impairs the development of societal opposition becase it reduces both need for leaders to be accountable to the public and population demand representation Rentier states bolster autonomy from societal forces by exploiting their fiscal independence to engage in discretionary spending Subject to state capture and high levels of corruption

What is Herbst's conclusion?

Fundamental changes in economic structures and societal beliefs are difficult to bring about when countries aren't being disrupted or under severe external threat

What does the term sultanism connote?

Generic style of domination and regime rulership that is an extreme form of patrimonialism. Private and public are fused, strong tendency toward familial power and dynastic succession, no distinction between state career and personal service to ruler, lack of rationalized impersonal ideology, economic success depends on relationship to ruler, ruler acts to own unchecked decision with no larger goals.

What is vertical accountability?

Genuinely democratic election. Truly independent electoral administration capable of conducting all necessary tasks. Public hearings, citizen audits, regulation of campaign finance, freedom of information act

Why did democracies win against Germany and Japan?

Germany and Japan were medium sized countries with limited resources and came up against superior economic and military coalition of democracies and Soviet Union

What was the immediate political effect of Protestantism?

Give kings and princes an excuse to wrest power away from arrogant Vatican.

What did Powell show?

Given identical voter preferences, majoritarian systems were likely to produce right wing policies, whereas proportional representation would more reliably produce the policy voters actually wanted

What did Iversen and Soskice show?

Given identitical voter preferences, a proportional representation system was far likelier to produce a "center-left" coalition, a majoritarian one a "center-right" government, with the latter adopting far less redistribution policies and lower levels of welfare expenditure

Why have Western analysts failed to acknowledge the scope of the democracy recession?

Global assessments by the Bush administration and others tend to cite the overall number of democracies and aggregate trends while neglecting size and strategic importance of countries involved

What are three effects of globalization on international politics?

Global society seeks to reduce destructive forces through integration. Reluctance of states to give up sovereignty. Hasn't changed national nature of citizenship Relationship between globalization and violence

Which argument below is NOT used by the critics of globalization and free trade?

Globalization is not economically efficient and does not lead to profitable companies.

What is globalization associated with?

Globalization is usually associated with a few different phenomena. On the one hand, globalization is associated with the compression of time and space-so distance and time no longer mean what they did. Globalization is also associated with the "internationalization" of production. The internationalization of production is associated with the distribution of manufacturing and production across borders.

Jagdish Bhagwati argues that globalization does have a "Human Face" and can produce social benefits for society. What is NOT cited by Bhagwati as an example of globalization helping reduce a social problem.

Globalization leads to greater environmental protection

What did Estevez-Abe prove?

Globally competitive economies depend on high quality, specialized production that requires well-trained workers with firm/sector specific skills. Workers will invest in acquiring skills if social insurance buffers against transient market downturns or permanent obsolescence. Generous welfare states have workers with highly specialized skills, less generous ones have general/transferable skills

Why is Indonesia a weak state and not a failed state?

Glued together by an abiding sense of nationalism. Government still projects power and authority. State provides necessary political goods and remains legitimate.

Why did agrarian bureaucracies face difficulties in meeting crises of modernization?

Government leaders could not encroach on traditional landed upper class advantages. Upper classes raised obstacles to rationalization of tax systems. Wealth and man power channeled away from agrarian sector. Moblization of mass popular support for war tended to undermine traditional authority of landlords

What was a consequence of the gentry's role in putting down the rebellion?

Governmental powers formerly accruing to central authorities or bureaucratic agents, including rights to collect and allocate various taxes, developed upon local, gentry dominated, subdistrict governing associations and upon provincial armies and officials increasingly aligned with provincial gentry against center

What is the most salient political factor in category of permissive causes?

Governments inability or unwillingness to prevent terrorism. Absence of adequate prevention by police and intelligence services permits spread of conspiracy. Inefficiency or leniency can be found in all but dictatorships. Terrorism doesn't occur in communist dictatorships and repressive military regimes

According to Pei, what is a feature of East Asia since World War Two?

Gradual process of authoritarian institutionalization. Slow emergence of modern political institutions exercising formal and informal constraining power through dominant parties, bureaucracies, semi open electoral procedures and a legal system that acquired autonomy.

According to Rotberg, what do we see in failed states?

Greater civil conflict, weak infrastructure, inequality, corruption, economic decline

What is the first condition that can be considered a direct cause of terorism?

Grievances among an identifiable subgroup of a larger population, such as an ethnic minority discriminated against by a majority. Social movement developments to redress grievances and to gain rights or a state, terorism is an extreme reaction. In modern states there are separatist nationalism and colonial nationalist movements

Which groups find terrorism a reasonable choice?

Groups who want to dramatize a cause, to demoralize the government, to gain popular support, to provoke regime violence, to inspire followers, or to dominate a wider resistance movement and who are impatient

What does the development of the state occur alongside?

Growing domination of bureaucracy and rational-legal authority -- politics as a profession

What will African countries just not be able to do?

Have a favourable enough geographic position, control adequate natural resources, gain the support of a significant portion of their populations and construct strong administrative structures

What was the demographic revolution?

Have less kids and take better care of them

What does Lijphart suggest?

He suggests that Single Member District (AKA Majoritarian district) systems generally elect 2 parties, while Proportional Representation systems usually have multi-party coalitions.

How did the Russian Emancipation of serfs enhance their rebellious potential?

Heavy redemption payments and inadequate land allotments fuelled discontent. Legal reinforcement of peasant communes authority over families and individuals made peasants to inadequate lands. Reinforced internal class differentiation of peasantry, left communes free to run their own affairs

What was a critical component in Europe of the development of the modern state?

Herbst Interstate war helped improve taxation, administration and the development of symbols to establish a national identity

What is Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy?

Hierarchically delayed officialdom where officials are oriented to superior authority in a disciplined manner because they are dependent for jobs, livelihood, status and career advancement on resources and decisions channeled through that superior authority

What are the central features of the Suq?

High measurement costs Continuous effort of clientization and development of repeat-exchange relationships with othe rpartners Intensive bargaining at every margin Raise the costs of transacting to the other party to exchange

What is proportional representation associated with?

Higher levels of welfare spending, greater redistribution of income and greater equality

What is a civilization?

Highest cultural grouping of people and broadest level of cultural identity people have. Defiend by common objective elements such as language, and by subjective self-identification of people. Broadest level of identification with which he intensely identifies.

Why are those who run the natural resource sector able to exert disproportionate influence over government policies?

Highly concentrated nature of mineral sector enables the small number of firms that occupy it to forma united front to pressure the state Sheer economic impact of mineral sector fosters a tendency for the state to conflate this sector's interest on its own

What are Bunce's conclusions?

Historical factors shape transition trajectories. Mass mobilization is a proximate and positive influence. Transitions vary in degree of uncertainty. Democratization successful when combined with nationalist mobilization and founding of a new state

How do borders measure state failure?

How much of the state's geographical expanse a government genuinely controls. Failed states cannot control their borders. Expression of official powers is limited to a capital city and ethnically specific zones

What does Hoffman argue about globalization?

Hoffman argues that globalization is marked by 3 distinct forms: economic, cultural, and political forms. These 3 forms pose different challenges and threats to nations in a globalized world. Hoffman is aruging that globalizations would inevitably clash.

According to Kedourie, what is classical Islam?

Idea of representation, of elections, of popular auffrage, of political institutions being regulated by laws laid by parliamentary assembly -- all are prfoundly alien to Muslim political tradition

How did Central Asia view communism?

Identified with enlightenment and progress, rather than enforced imposition. Credited with bringing electricity, industry, schooling and high culture. Associated with liberation of women with oppression of traditional life. Administrative unit, dramatic. Dramatic improvement, positive.

What are the doubts of a Westminster-style dominant cabinet?

If bargaining makes an executive less effective, then an authoritarian government without a legislature could be optimal Economic development requires a steady hand, not necessarily a strong hand Works where rapid decision making is essential. Foreign, defense policy at disadvantage. Economic policy takes time.

Why would landlords be vulerable to peasant rebellion?

If sanctioning machineries are centralized. If agricultural work and peasant social life are controlled by peasant families and communities themselves. These were typical and France and Russia

In which two directions can this go?

If the working classes become strong politically, they can encourage a socialist or communist revolution and move the country to the left. Alternatively, radicalized working classes may elect left-leaning political parties and have a socialist democratic state, like the Scandinavians countries or much of Europe. The other way that things could go is Fascism. Basically, if the elites in the country are frightened enough by the left-leaning working classes, then the elites may stage a coup instill some sort of dictatorial rule to keep the working classes in check.

How does general income of a nation affect receptivity to democratic norms?

If there is enough wealth that redistribution doesn't matter, it doesn't matter who is in power. Certain amount of national wealth is necessary for a competent civil service. Poorer nation, greater nepotism, reduces opportunity to develop efficient bureacracy a modern democratic state requires

How should we look at "institutional pluralism"?

If there is growing instutional pluralism or a growing respect for procedure and law, or a newly tolerated private sector, it should be understood as a kind of pluralism that emerges out of the previous totalitarian regime

What are the core assumptions about transitions from dictatorship to democracy?

Immediate influences more important than history in shaping transitional dynamics Transitions are uncertain Central dynamic is bargaining between authoritarian leaders and leaders of democratic opposition Key issues of transition are breaking authoritarian rule, building democratic institutions, eliciting cooperation of authoritarians

Which five factors precpitated the global expansion of 1914-18?

Imperial overstretch Great power rivalrly Unstable alliance system Presence of a rogue regime sponsoring terror Rise of a revolutionary terrorist organization hostile to capitalism turned an international crisis into a backlash against the global free market

Why was the Manchu Dynasty weak?

Imperialist intrusions, engineered by foreign industrial or industrialization nations anxious to tap Chinese markets and finances, immediately after 19th century peasant rebellions. Taiping Rebellion.

What is pluralism in mature post totalitarianism?

Important and complex play of institutional pluralism within state than in totalitarianism. Post totalitarianism has a higher degree of social pluralism. This growing pluralism is a dynamic source of vulnerability for regime and dynamic source of strength for opposition

What happens in a majoritarian system?

In a Majoritarian system, the middle class tends to align with the rich. In a majoritarian system, parties cannot commit to ideological positions because electoral competition forces them to the center-recall Duverger's law. So if a middle class person is just above the median income level, then a slight ideological move to the right would pro ject his/her income. Alternatively, a slight policy shift to the left would mean the middle class voter would have to pay more taxes but receive the same amount of benefits-undesirable. Hence, in a majoritarian system, middle class voters tend to align with the rich.

What happens in a proportional representation system?

In a PR system, the middle class tends to align with the poor. The logic has to do with the ideological stability of parties in a PR system. As the diagrams above demonstrate, PR parties are under much less pressure to converge to a particular ideological position. In other words, PR parties can more easily commit to ideological positions. Because PR systems are based upon coalitions, the middle class can choose to ally with the parties of the poor. In aligning with the poor, the middle class and poor can demand more taxes from the rich. In this way, both the poor and middle class get more services without paying any more taxes.

What is closed list proportional representation?

In a closed list, the voter only votes for the party in an election. Once the votes are tallied up, then each party received a particular number of seats. The parties themselves then determine which candidates receive those seats. So voters elect parties, not actual candidates. Because of the way this system promotes parties, the parties are usually stronger in closed list PR systems.

What is a fundamental contrast between a post totalitarian and authoritarian regime in terms of ideology?

In a post totalitarian regime there is an important ideological legacy that cannot be ignored and cannot be questioned officially. State sanctioned ideology has a social presence in the organizational life of post totalitarian polity. Ideology is part of the social reality of a post totalitarian regime to a greater degree than in most authoritarian regimes

What is open list proportional representation?

In an open list system, the voter actually elects the individual candidate, and not the party directly. But, because this is a PR system, the total votes for each party are tallied at the end of the election, and each party receives a number of legislative seats based upon the percentage of votes that they won. Based upon the number of seats that the party won and the number of votes each party candidate received, the party decides which delegates will get the allocated electoral seats.

How is leadership under sultanism and totalitarian similar?

In both regimes the leader rules with undefined limits on power and great unpredictability for elites and non elites

What is rational ignorance?

In large elections, the personal benefits of learning about policy are negligible, because one vote is unlikely to change the outcome

What happens in failed states?

In most failed states, government troops battle armed revolts led by one or more rivals. Official authorities in a failed state sometiems face to or more insurgencies, varieties of civil unrest, differing degrees of communal unrest, and a plethora of dissent

What is post totalitarian politics a result of?

In part, moving away from Stalinism, but also of social changes in Communist societies. Did away with worst aspects of repression but maintained aspects of repression but maintained most mechanisms of control. Presence of security services sometimes became more pervasive. Could have led to moderate reforms in the economy

What are the central forms of political authority?

Traditional, charismatic, rational-legal

According to Duverger, where to most voters fall in the Right-Left ideological spectrum?

In the center of the distribution

How is modernization a permissive cause of terrorism?

Increased complexity on all levels of society and economy creates opportunities and vulnerabilities. Networks of transport and communication offer mobility and publicity for terrorists. 1867's Nobel's invention of dynamite made bombings a convenient terrorist tactic

What is technology associated with growth of manufacturing entailed of?

Increased fixed capital in plant and equipment, uninterrupted production, a disciplined labor force and a developed transport network. Required effective factor and product markets

How does increased wealth and education serve democracy?

Increases the lower classes' exposure to cross-pressures which reduce their commitment to given ideologies and make them less receptive to extremist ones. Involves those strata in an integrated national culture as distinct from an isolated lower class.

What is Bhagwati's definition of globalization?

Increasing integration of nation states into international economy via trade, direct foreign investment by multi national firms, short term capital flows, cross border flows of humanity and diffusion and sale of technology

What does specialization require in this final stage?

Increasing percentages of the resources to be engaged in transacting so it can be a large percentage of GNP. Specialization in trade, finance, banking, insurance inolves an increasing proportion of the labor force. Formation of institutions and organizations to safeguard property rights across international boundaries so capital markets can credibly take place

What is special about agrarian bureaucracy?

Incubated a lower class stratum that was simultaneously strategic society's economy and polity and yet organizationally autonomous enough to allow the will and tactical space for collective insurrection against basic structural arrangements

When was the one clear chance African countries did have to institute major reforms?

Independence, because political arrangements were in such flux that significant new initiatives could be undertaken

What is the pluralist democratic group theory variant explored by Bentley and Truman?

Individuals in civil society who enter into autonomous criss crossing interest groups. Groups aggregate interests and compete to influence state policies

What are the functions of intermediary organizations?

Inhibit state or single private power from dominating political resources, source of new opinions, means of communicating ideas, particularly opposition, train people in political skills and help increase level of interest and participation in politics

What is employment protection?

Institutionalized employment security. Firm specific skills are worthless outside of the specific firm and require a high level of employment protection to convince workers to invest in such skills

What are institutions?

Institutions are the humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic and social interaction. The consist of both informal constraints (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions, and codes of conduct), and formal rules (constitutions, laws, property rights). Throughout history, institutions have been devised by human beings to create order and reduce uncertainty in exchange.(North)

What are the three responses by non Western civilizations to Western values?

Insulate from West - North Korea Bandwagon and accept Western values Balance West by developing power with other non Western societies; modernizing, not Westernizing

What is Africa's external policy?

International exchange rate policies keep African exchange rates too high- because the oil and resource exports create demand for these currencies. With a high exchange rate, African exports were not competitive. Also the problem that African countries have very large debts also slows down investment in these countries-as these countries have to pay back loans instead of investing in their countries.

Why aren't taxes coming down?

International integration growing. Technology has shrunk distance. National borders still matter. Trade and investment mostly intranational. Countries jurisdictionally and administratively distinct

What is horizontal accountability?

Invests agencies of the state with power and responsibility to monitor conduct of their counterparts. Counter corruption commission. Need legal authority, professional staffs, leadership resources to check financial declarations, impose charages against violators. Public audits. Independent judiciaries

Which countres stay poor?

Isolated countries (Myanmar, North Korea) Kleptocracies (Zimbabwe, Haiti) Curse of natural resources (Zambia) Bad access or infrastructure (Central African Republic)

Why does privatization to domestic actors offer an alternative path out of the "resource curse"?

It creates an incentive for both state and societal actors to bargain over and eventually establish the formal rules of the game

What are the four characteristics of scientific research?

The goal is inference The procedures are public The conclusions are uncertain The content is the method

What is the key question underlying many religious nationalistic movements?

Key question underlying many religious nationalistic movements is this theory that religion can replace liberal democracy in providing the ideological glue that can provide justification for the modern religious state

Why is Westphalia significant?

Laid to rest the idea that Europe was one great Christian community governed spiritually by the Catholic Church and temporally by the Holy Roman Emperor. Future belonged to the state. Explicitly permitted religious toleration and migration, princes choose state religions

How does when nationalists demonstrations begin in republics matter?

Late nationalist mobilization is associated in every instance with a rapid transition to democracy and progess since that time in building a stable democratic order. Nationalist demonstrations that occurred before the regime began to unravel are associated with democratic breakdown or delayed transition to democracy

What is leadership in a post totalitarian regime?

Leadership restricted to revolutionary party or movement. More bureaucratic and state technocratic than charismatic. Core enhances security by reducing range of arbitrary discretion allowed to top leadership.

How succesful is structural adjustment in Africa?

Least successful when it has tried to address the issues of how the state itself operates in areas such as public enterprises or fiscal arrangements

Which of these countries was once a failed state according to Rotberg

Lebanon

What do Durden and Grzymala-Busse argue?

Legacy of schooling before communism helped generate national identity that would survive and become an ideological alternative to communism. Where schooling was limited and associated with Soviet Union era, it was difficult to articulate an alternative

"Legitimacy" and its possible bases, according to Weber

Legitimacy is the idea that the population of a state accepts the authority of its ruling government. The three bases of legitimacy are historical tradition, charismatic leadership, and legal institutions. Historical tradition refers to monarchs who ruled over hereditary kingdoms. The population of those kingdom had always followed the authority of the king, so this was a basis of legitimacy. Charismatic leadership refers to a transformative and inspirational leader whose magnetism draws people to follow him and acknowledge his legitimacy. Some examples might be Mahatma Gandhi or Nelson Mandela, while a bad example is Hitler. Legitimacy based upon legal institutions indicates that agreed upon legal procedures determine the leadership of the country, and the leader is beholden to those legal procedures. An example of this is liberal democracy.

According to Juergensmeyer, Religious nationalists are interested in replacing the ideological glue provided by the following system with a religious order

Liberal Democracy

How could the two destroy democracy?

Liberal democracy could destroy the basis for satisfying collective needs and exercising legitimate authority. Social democracy by destroying basis for satisfying individual preferences and controlling illegitimate government actions

Why did post totalitarianism have less legitimacy for ruling elites and mid level cadres than totalitarianism?

Loss of utopian component of ideology and greater relevance on performance left regimes vulnerable and made use of massive repression less justifiable. Passive compliance and careerism opened private life. Weakening regimes opposition could forget to negotiate or collapse when it can't rely on coercion

Why isn't mobilization found in Sultanism?

Low degree of institutionalization and low commitment to overarching ideology. Low degree of organization means any mobilization is uneven and sporadic. Sultanist mobilization uses para-state troops linked to the sultan to wield violence and terror against anyone who opposes the ruler's will. Para-state groups save direct extensions of the sultan's will, no significant institutional autonomy

What characteristics did China share with other agrarian states?

Lower and middle level officials recruited from landed gentry, paid insufficent salaries, and allowed to engage in a certain amount of normal corruption, withholding revenues collected as taxes from higher authorities

What were the great proponents of middle class nationalism?

Lower annd middle professionals, administrators, and intellectual strata, the educated classes

What was the result of governance and writing?

Makes administration easier especially in large units Preserves property records, judicial decisions Facilitates long-distance trade, exchange

What is the model of social scientific explanations?

Makes sense in terms of what we already know about how people thing Fertile -- logically implies predictions about behavior not immediately studied Testable in a comparative setting

How was communism viewed in Eastern Europe?

Massive slide backward into oppression, economic stagnation, nationalization of markets and national underdevelopment. Achievements were discounted in comparison with noncommunist states and West. In places with former nationalist schooling, Russian and Soviet culture was seen as inferior. Seen as undermining progressive European character of those regions

Clash of civilizations occur at which two levels?

Micro: adjacent groups along fault lines between civilizations struggle over control of territory and each other Macro: states from different civilizations compete for relative military and economic power, struggle over control of international institutions and third parties and competitively promote values

How has the role of the military been divided?

Military awarded remarkable powers in many Latin American constitutions. Military in these contexts can make or break regimes. In post Communist world there is a tradition of civilian control over the military

What are the characteristics of every successful democratization in Eastern Europe?

Military excluded from power from start; first elections involved radical change; major changes in economy introduced quickly. Because mass mobilization was so threatening, leaders of opposition were able to carry out reforms

Which is NOT a basis for political legitimacy, according to Weber

Military force

Which three devlopments followed demonstration?

Minorities within republics built countermovements while allying with the center; center suppressed protestors, purged republican party and empowered minorities as a counterweight; republican party fissured into local nationalists versus central communists

According to Schmitter and Karl, what is democracy?

Modern political democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives

How is urbanization a permissive cause?

Modern trend toward aggregation and complexity, which increases number and accessibility of targets and methods. Urban guerilla warfare grew out of Latin America in 1960s. Hobsbawm argues cities became arena for terrorism after urban reneweal projects of late 19th century made them unsuitable for a strategy based on riots and defense of barricades. Provide an opportiunity and a recruiting ground among politicized and volatile inhabitants

How was bureaucracy chosen in pre industrial states?

Monarchs found it difficult to channel sufficent resources through the center. Officials recruited from wealthy backgrounds and landlords. Central state jurisdiction rarely touched local communities directly; governmental functions delegated to landlords in private capacities, or turned to non bureaucratic authoritarian organizations run by local landlords

Why was the Russo-Japanese war important?

Morass, circumscribed, less demanding of resources and manpower and quickly concluded once defeat was apparent. Once it was over the government could bring the military back to stop the 1905 revolution

How is there more social and economic pluralism an authoritarian regime?

More autonomous private sector, somewhat greater religious freedom, greater amount above ground cultural production

Why did states replace chiefdoms?

More efficiently organized (division of labor) Provide necessary public goods. Allows trade to flourish Facilitate trade

What does the distribution of consumption goods signify?

More equitable as size of national income increases. The wealthier the country, the less is status inferiority experienced as a major source of deprivation

What are the three aspects of broadening according to Bounce?

More voices preferable to fewer in producing quality outcomes Stepping outside familiar terrain gives us new ways of thinking Methodological

What is the theory of social capital?

More we connect with people, more we trust them. Social trust and civic engagement are strongly correlated.

What do Estevez-Abe, Iversen and Soskice argue?

Most inequalities result from particular welfare protection regimes. Different skill systems and accompanying training systems have important economic implications for those who are academically weak and strong. Countries with well developed vocational training system provides a stable economic future even to those not academically strong

What does the existence of a previous totalitarian regime mean?

Most pre-existing sources of responsible and organized pluralism have been eliminated or repressed and a totalitarian order has been established. Active effort at "detotalitarianization" on part of oppositional currents in civil society

What is a common challenge for democratic structures to endure?

Must listen to citizen's voices, engage their participation, tolerate their protests, protect their freedoms and respond to their needs

What is the doctrine of sovereignty?

Mutual recognition. Non intervention

What are liberal market economies?

Nations that focus on the market and believe that the market makes the best decisions. The normal policy response here is to let the market make decisions-such as letting banks fail or letting companies lay off workers, etc.

What are regionalization's fragile foundations?

Neither inevitable nore irresistable. Reach limited because it excludes poor countries and states react in different ways after transformation. International civil society is embryonic. Individual emancipation doesn't quickly succeed in democratizing regimes. Only a sum of techniques and disposal of states or private actors. Weakness of humanitarian impulse when national interest is not self evident

Why did the Church gain power in the West?

Never again faced an emperor of Europe. Became swing vote in power struggles between princes

What did these reforms end up doing?

New officials and functions absorbed into pre existing local and regional cliques of gentry. Representative assemblies provided cliques of gentry with legitimate representative organs from which to launch the liberal, decentralizing "Constitutionalist Movement" against the Manchus

What is the political realm in post totalitarian societies?

No limited and relatively autonomous pluralism in explicitly political realm, official party in post totalitarian regimes is still legally accorded the leading rule in the polity

What is pluralism under totalitarian ism?

No political, economic or social pluralism in polity and pre-existing sources of pluralism have been updated or systematically repressed

Where does leadership of authoritarian regimes come from?

Norm is for regime to co-op leadership from groups that have come power, presence and legitimacy that doesn't come from regime itself. Power can come through professional and technical expertise

What is the median voter theorem?

One dimensional. One point in which one side is majority. Parties want to pander to median. Assume policy oriented

What are the two transaction cost problems of long distance trade?

One is a classical problem of agency. Costliness of measuring performance, strength of kinship ties and price of defection determined agreements. Second problem was contract negotiation and enforcement in alien parts of the world.

The significance of "property rights" in Norths approach to economic development, using institutional analysis

North argues that by creating the institution of property rights, a country creates incentives for individuals to invest and develop that property. Before property rights were established in Europe, the king could expropriate a nobleman's property at will. This absence of certainty over the appropriability of returns created a disincentive to invest in developing or improving that property. Once property rights were established, the nobles or other individual with property (traders, etc.) had an incentive to invest and develop their property holdings. Thus North argues that without property rights, there would be no economic development

What is democracy according to Schmitter and Karl?

Not just a set of mechanisms; set of agreed upon principles promising the members of the democracy will abide by the competitive outcome

What is at stake in evolution?

Not only whether informations costs and economies of scale together with the development on improved enforcement of contracts will permit and indeed encourage more complicated forms of exchange, but also whether organizations have the incentive to acquire knowledge and information what will induce them to evolve in more socially productive directions

What does Putnam argue about social capital?

Notion of social capital as networks and "norms of reciprocity" that make people active participants in democracy. Where social capital is srong, democracy is sustained by this web of interconnections that promotes civic life. In USA, civic organization is declinding, leading to a weakened democracy disconnected from the public.

What is occidentalism?

Occidentalism refers to a set of ideas that are oriented against Western Civilization-in other words Western driven civilization.

What is terrorism?

Occurs in context of violent resistence to state and in service of state interests. Premeditated use or thrat of symbolic, low level violence by conspiratorial organizations. Communicates a political message. Victims represent a larger human audience whose reaction the terrorists seek. Systemic inducement of fear and anxiety to control and direct a civilian population and the phenomenon of terrorism as challenge to authority of state grew from difficulties revolutions experiences in trying to recreate mass uprisings of French Revolution

What did Schmitter and Karl add?

Officials able to use powers without overriding opposition from unelected officials. Democracy is in jeopardy if others retain the capacity to act independently of elected civilians or veto decisions made by representatives Polity must be self governing

What does government partisanship reflect?

Often assumed to be working class mobilization, but Iversen and Soskice argue that it is determined by differences in coalitional dynamics associated with particular electoral systems

How to institutions evolve over time?

One common argument is that new institutions come from existing institutions

What are the effects of TV on time displacement?

Only leisure activity that seems to inhibit participation outside the home. Privatizes leisure time. Reduction in participation in social, recreational, and community activities among people

What does it mean for failed states to contain weak or flawed institutions?

Only the executive institution functions. Rubber stamp legislature. No democratic debate. No independent judiciary. Bureaucracy oppresses citizens. Military may be only thing with integrity

What is Bhagwati's argument?

Opponents of globalization assert it ignores or runs counter to social concerns, favoring profits most. Bhagwati responds many dangers claimed by opponents of globalization are reduced by globalization. Where there are problems better international oversight can make sure globalization serves needs of people, ensuring human face in deepening economic ties

How does integration make it harder to be a tyrant?

Oppression is more difficult with open border; people can leave and take their savings with them. Global flow of information lets attention be drawn to abuses of all kinds. Fosters a broader kind of policy competition among governments by informing voters about alternatives, making them more demanding. Better informed voters

What did innovations that lowered transaction costs consist of?

Organizational changes, instruments and specific techniquesand enforcement that lowered the costs of engaging in exchange over long distances

What was the original definition of sovereignty?

Original definition of Sovereignty was based upon Hobbes' Leviathan which talked about state control in a single supreme power. This has really not been true in most cases-as control of government is often divided, especially after democratizations. So we look at sovereignty more as a form of autonomous control within a country's borders, and independence from other countries, there is also a principal of non-intervention

How did the Communist movement spread?

Originated as a political tendency among nationalist and intellectual stratum and created first mass base among industrial workers and students and peasants. Forced out of cities but went to mountainous border areas to join with bandits. Raids plus division and weakness of opposing armies allowed communists to expand into administrative regions

What does Ferguson argue?

Our period is market by internation overstretch, rivalries between great powers, unstabke states, and international terrorism. Few new mechanisms that manage risks more effectively. End of globalization triggered by economic crisis

What do pressures created by tension between doctrine and reality contribute to?

Out of type shift from a totalitarian regime effort to mobilize enthusiasm to a post totalitarian effort to maintain acquiescence.

What have most of the conflicts in Africa been over?

Over lesser issues that were resolved without threatening the existence of another state. Ex: Tanzania going into Uganda to overthrow Idi Amin. Somalia's attempt to take Ethiopia and Libya's attempt to take Chad did not succeed.

Why was the bourgeoisie the vanguard of political liberalization in Europe?

Owners of means of production of a society and employer of its laborers. Benefited from capitalism, law, free markets, rise of professionalism and meritocracy, they supported reforms that furthered trends

How are political values and style of uper class related to national income?

Poorer a country, lower the standard of living of lower classes, greater pressure on upper strata to treat the lower as vulgar, inferior, lower caste. Sharp difference makes this psychologically necessary, upper considers political rights for lower as absurd. Intensifies extremist reaction from lower classes

What does Lijphart conclude?

Parlimentary-PR systen is superior to the presidential-plurality system found in USA in terms of minority rights, participation and economic equality. How democracies are constructed can have a distinct impact on the kinds of policies and outcomes they produce

Post totalitarian leadership is recruited from where?

Party members who develop careers in party organization itself, bureaucracy, or technocratic apparatus of the state. Recruited from structures created by the regime

What is path determinism?

Path-Determinism means that the future of a particular evolutionary trajectory is defined by where that trajectory begins. Stated simply, this just means that the institutions of tomorrow will be based upon the institutions of today.

What event do most scholars associates with the creation of the modern system of sovereign states.

Peace of Westphalia

Why was the Peace of Westphalia important?

Peace of Westphalia created in 1648 after end of 30 Years War. It delegitimized the waning transnational role of the Holy Roman Empire, but it also was a new constitution for the HRE. Westphalia established the rules for religious tolerance which gave the power to local rulers or princes to set the state religion. So this created the foundation for autonomous states

What is convergence theory?

Poorer countries should grow faster than rich ones. People should be willing to pay more for the value the plow represents. Investment should catch up. Doesn't happen though

Why are agrarian bureaucracies inherently vulnerable to peasant rebellions?

Peasants chronically resent losing surplus and labor. Merchants also targets of peasant hostility. Economic crises and increased demands from above enhance likelihood of rebellions

What are the assumptions about workers' economic behavior?

People calculate return to their educational/training investment before deciding to commit themselves. People choose to invest in skills that generate higher expected returns, provide riskiness of investments is identitical. People are risk averse

What happens in predatory states?

People get rich by manipulating power and privilege, stealing from the state, extracting from weak, shirking the law. Politicians bribe election officials, attack opposition, assassinate rivals. Presidents silence dissent with threats, detentions, show trials and murder. Worry more about money than public good. Police don't enforce law, judges don't decide law. Every transaction is manipulated to someone's immediate advantage.

Why do external threats have such a powerful effect on nationalism?

People realize they are under threat because of who they are as a nation. Only as a nation can they defeat the threat.

What is civic engagement?

People's connections with life of their communities, not merely politics. Correlated with political participation in a narrow sense

What was the Malthusian Trap?

Per capita wealth grows. Fertility grows. Growth stalls. Population declines. Per capita income falls back to subsistence level. No long term improvement in technology.

How does economic development determine the form of class struggle?

Permitting those in lower strata to develop longer time perspectives and more complex and gradualist views of politics. Secular reformist gradualism can be the ideology of only well to do lower class

What are rulers?

Persons who occupy specialized authority roles and can give legitimate commands to others. What distinguishes democratic rules from non democratic ones are norms that condition how the former come to power and the practices that hold them accountable.

What was the consequences of Constantine leaving the Pope in Rome?

Pope asserted an independence that claimed the mantle of spiritual leadership of Christian peoples. West came under sovereignty of religion and East fell under control of state.

How are the communists distinguished from other working class parties?

Point out and bring to the front the common interests of the entire proletariat, independently of nationality In the stages of struggle against the bourgeoisie, they always and everywhere represent interests of movement as a whole

Which three requirements must a torn country meet to redefine civilizational identity?

Political and economic elite has to support and be enthusiastic of move Public has to be willing to acquiesce in redefinition Dominant groups have to be willing to embrace conversion

What is an estate?

Political associations in which the material means of administration are autonomously controlled by the dependent administrative staff

What are the characteristics of Latin American democracies?

Political stability and economic performance of Latin American democracies unsatisfactory. Prone to executive-legislative deadlock and ineffective leadership. More serious when president doesn't have majority support in legislatures.

What is African domestic policy?

Poor institutional development and governmental policies have prevented growth. So much of Africa has been under authoritarian rule for many years. These authoritarians did not respect property rights, and so people did not have incentives to invest and grow. There are also arguments that the government engaged in tremendous patronage-or political favors in exchange for votes instead of managing the economy efficiently. So basically bad anti-growth policies have prevented growth.

What are the problems African states face in their efforts to consolidate power?

Poor, short of trained manpower, confront societies that are fragmented and have little orientation to the state as a whole

What were the limitations to Ricardo's theory?

Potential benefits from protecting infant industries as an exception. Didn't claim everyone gains; only that gains exceed losses. Strong presumption that free trade was best. Exceptions were narrow and exotic

What must women be assured in order to invest in specific skills?

Potential career interruptions won't lead to dismissal or reduce wage level in long run. Protection against dismissal and income maintenance during leaves and guarantees of reinstatement to the same job at same wage level upon return to work

What does Larry Diamond argue?

Predatory states exist to concentrate power to benefit handful of elites. International community has to keep illiberalism in check.

What did Fukuyama argue?

Predicted end of ideological conflicts, not history itself and triumph of political and economic liberalism. Secular regions that fought each other now dead. Failed to note that nationalism still alive. Ignored explosive potention of religious wars that extended to Islamic world.

Why does economic growth matter?

Prerequisite for everything else. Wealth and democracy. Free populace. People have the time to think about politics.

What are the three conventional wisdoms concerning political conflict ante/post Cold War? Doubts.

Prevalence of civil war in 1990s was not due to the end of the Cold War and associated changes in the international system Not true that ethnic/religious diversity or any cultural demography by itself makes a country more prone to civil war Little evidence that one can predict where civil war will break by looking where ethnic or broad grievance is strongest

Where have there been democratic gains?

Primarily in small, weak states. Largest, strategically important countries, like Nigeria and Russia, the expansion of executive power, intimidation of opposition, and rigging of electoral process have extinguished most basic form of electoral democracy

How is communism viewed in European areas schooled by the Soviets?

Pro-Russian. Associated with technology, industry, progress. Mechanization of agriculture, literacy. Most staunchly pro-Russia and most nostalgic for Soviet system. Communism seen as an indigenous movement with local communist heroes patronized

How does gender segregation result?

Product market strategies that rely on firm specific and industry specific skills are more gender segregating than product markets based on general skills. General skills provide more flexibility without penalizing career interruptions because they don't require guarantee and reinforcement

What are the three duties of the sovereign?

Protect societies from violence Establish exact administration of justice Erect and maintain public works and institutions

Why do states win?

Provide justice, property rights Better militarily Coherent ideology Can unite diverse languages, cultures. Important for empires

Why is civil society important?

Provides an intermediate layer of governance between individual and state that is capable of resolving conflicts and controlling the behavior of members without public coercion. Viable civil society can mitigate conflicts and improve quality of citizenship -- without relying on privatism of marketplace

What does provocative terrorism do?

Provoke a counterreaction increase publicity for cause and demonstrate charges against regime are well founded. Force state to show true repressive stake. Bring about revolutionary conditions rather than exploit

What has the bourgeoisie done?

Put an end to feudal relations. Reduced relations to cash payment. Drowned philistine feeling to egotistical calculation. Turned freedom into free trade. It's all about exploitation. Turning people into paid wage laborers

What are the two ways war affects state finances?

Puts strain on leaders to find new and more regular sources of income Citizens are much more likely to acquiesce to increased taxation when the nation is at war, becase a threat to survival will overwhelm concern over taxation

How has communist persistence resulted in "democracy with adjectives"?

Quasi democratic systems that hold elections and do not foster competition or representation Rise of anti reform coalitions that extract private benefits from the state and sabotage reforms

What is Florida's argument?

Questions Friedman's arguemnt that technology has leveled the playing field among countries. Florida believes the world has become a place where producitve people, cities and regions are increasingly concentrated and linked to each other while peoples around them are left out and left behind

What are the effects of blurred boundaries?

Reduce transaction and monitoring readily available to multiple principals, all of whom are charged with managing this revenue but none of whom can benefit directly when it is generated efficently. Both sides prefer greater discretionary power and informal agreements over allocation and use of proceeds

What are the two challenges to global liberal democratic order?

Radical Islam. Mainly potential use of WMDs by non state acotrs that make it a problem China and Russia operating under authoritarian capitalist regimes

What do effective institutions do?

Raise the benefits of cooperative solutions or the costs of defection, to use game theoretic terms. In transactions cost terms, institutions reduce transaction and production costs per exchange so that the potential gains from trade are realizable

What are social revolutions?

Rapid, basic and transformations of socio-economic and political institutions and accompanied and in part effectuated through class upheavals from below

What are proximate objectives of a terrorist strategy?

Reactions terrorists want to achieve in their different audiences. Gain recognition or attention, advertise. Theatricality, suspense and threat of danger

What are Iversen and Soskice's conclusions?

Redistribution is result of electoral systems and coalitions they engender. The middle class allies with either the poor or the rich depending on the system

What do Darden and Gryzmala Busse argue about communist exit?

Roots lie in precommunist schooling, which fostered nationalist ideas that led to delegitimation of communist rule, culmination of nursed nationalist grievances, individuous comparisions, carefully sustained mass hostility

What does ynearned income/natural resources provide?

Regimes never develop, modernize or gain legitimacy. Relieves government of need to tax its people and provide accountability, transparency, representation. Makes government rich enough to be repressive

Which factors contribute to the distinctiveness and resilience of particularly welfare production regimes?

Regimes tend to be reinforced by institutions that facilitate credible commitment of actors to particular strategies that are necessary to sustain cooperation in provision of specific skills. Workers and employers who are being most advantaged by those instutional complementaries tend to be in strong political positions

How does the lack of opportunity for political participation create motivations for terrorism?

Regimes that deny access to power and persecute dissenters create dissatisfaction. Grievances are primarily political. Discrimination isn't directed against subgroup of population. Population may be apathetic. Where paths to legal expression of opposition are blocked, but regime's repressio is inefficient, revolutionary terrorism is doubly likely.

What is required fror a country to be a democracy?

Regular, multiparty elections under a civilian constitutional order, freedom to advocate, associate, contest and campaign. Fair and neutral electoral adminstration. Widely credible system of dispute resolution, balanced access to mass media and indepedent vote monitoring

What are three points of the difference between majoritarian democracy and consensus democracy?

Relationships are mutual. Plurality elections favor maintaining a two party system; two party systems favor maintenance of plurality If democratic political engineers desire to promote majoritarian or consensus democracy, the need to choose the appropriate electoral system Variations exist among proportional representation systems

Why is there a growing effort in a post totalitarian polit to legitimate the regime on the basis of performance criteria?

Relative de-ideologization of post totalitarian regimes and weakening of belief in utopia as a foundation of legitimacy

Why was African nationalism palpable in the late colonial period?

Relevant other -- colonialists-- who could be easily identifies as oppressors and around which a nominal national identity could be built. Since independence there has no other "relevant other"

How did exhcange in a tribal society work?

Relies on dense social network. Governed by a delicate balance of power. Usage of customers appear to be flexible and fluid. Deviance and innovations are threats to group survival

Stanley Hoffman differentiates between 3 different forms of globalization. Which is NOT on Hoffman's list.

Religious

In trade beyond a single village, what enforced contracts?

Religious precepts usually imposed standards of conduct of the players. Effective in lowering the costs of transacting varied widely, depending on the degree to which these precepts were held to be binding.

What do mineral rich states inevitably become?

Rentier states. Rentier states seek to exert social and political control over their population by creating and maintaining economic depencies through their sole authority to allocate and redistribute income obtained from natural resource rents

What is the most parsimonious interpretation of age-related differences in civic engagement?

Represent a reduction in civic engagement among Americans who come of age post World War Two, as well as modest additional disengagement that affected everybody post 1980.

What is Tocqueville's ideal society?

Respect for laws which they considers themselves the authors; authority of government respected and not divine; loyalty to chief magistrate a quiet and rational persuasion, coutresy between classes

What do propertied groups and administrative elite do during transition?

Respond to threats during their "rights" by initiating capital flight, disinvestmnet or sabotage

What is the reason for the prevalence of internal war in 1990s?

Result of an accumulation of protracted conflicts since the 1950s rather than a sudden change associated with a post Cold War international system. Decolonization led to a number of financially, bureaucratically, and militarily weak states. These states always at risk for insurgency or rural guerilla warfare

What is terrorism as a purposeful activity?

Result of an organization's decision that it is a politically useful means to oppose a government. Rationality based on assumption that terrorist organizations possess internally consistent sets of values, beliefs and images of environment. Logical means to advance desired ends. Reasons for resorting to terrorism constitute an important factor in process of causation

What about when terrorism affects an elite?

Result of elite disaffection; represents strategy of a minority, who may act on behalf of a wider popular constituency who havve not been consulted about and do not approve of terrorists aims or methods. Disillusioned with prospects of changing society and see little chance of acces despite privileged status. Strong enough to preserve itself yet resistant to innovation

What are the different types of terrorists?

Revolutionaries, nationalists aginst foreign occupiers, minority separatists combatting indigenous regimes, reformists, anarchists or millenarians, reactionaries acting to prevent change from top

What did Lipset conclude?

Richer countries are highly likely to be both more equal and more democratic. Wealth alone leads normally to democracy

According to Duverger, what happens in a majoritarian system?

Rise of a new third party normally dooms the old second party to insignificance

What three realities do these models come up against?

Rivalries among great powers have not disappeared If wars between states are becoming less common, wars withing them are on the rise States' foreign policies are shaped not only by realist geo political factors such as economics and military power but by domestic politics

How did topography affect Europe?

Rivers and mountains made land hard to conquer, easy to cultivate, and water privded trade routes. Made possible communities of varying size -- duchies, empires.

What does Margalit write on?

Role of ideas and ideology in conflicts. Hatred of minority and West for emphasis on materialism, individualism and mediocrity that mass democratic life produces. Emerged within West itself in reaction to modernization and found at core of fascist and communist ideologies. Current struggle against terrorism can be a variant of ongoing struggle against modernity

How was local exchange at the village level?

Rudimentary specialization. Self sufficiency in most households. Dense social network of informal constraints that facilitates local exchange and the costs of transacting in this context are low. Threat of violence is continuous force for preserving order because of its implications for other members of society

Why was the Revolution in 1917?

Russia was entangled with foreign powers, friend and foe, economically and militarily more powerful. Administrative and military incapicitation. Russian state and Russian economy depended heavily on Western loans and capital. Could not remain neutral in World War I.

Stanley Hoffman's book Clash of Globalizations is a play on another book entitled The Clash of Civilizations. Who was the author of The Clash of Civilzations ?

Samuel Huntington

How does Schmitter define a democracy?

Schmitter defines a democracy as "Modern political democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are help accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives"

The processes linking mass schooling to nationalism unfolded which three mechanisms?

Schools brought mass literacy. Educations increased society's carring capacity for transmitting, replicating and sustaining nationalist ideas Mass schooling used curriculum to convey nationalist ideas Content monitored by a broad, national instiutionalist apparatus devoted to indoctrinating the younger generation in a common set of ideas

What is the significance of age?

Second to education as a predictor of civic engagement. Older people more involved than young.

What undergirds such markets?

Secure property rights, which entail a polity and judicial system to permit low costs contracting, flexible laws permitting a wide latitude of organizational structures, and the creation of complex governance structures to limit the problems of agency in hierarchical organizations

What does a capital market entail?

Security of property rights over time. Establishing a credible commitment to secure property rights over time requires a ruler who exercises forebearance and restraint in using coercive force, or the shackling of a ruler's power to prevent arbitrary seizure of assets. Latter was Glorious Revolution which enured parliamentary supermacy over the crown

In 1917, what was the second great social revolutionary movement?

Seizure of landed estates by peasantry. Against landlords, then rich peasants, then government, then clergy. Swwping levelling in Russian agriculture. Peasants applied traditional communal repartitional procedures to lands seized from landlords

What is the significance of Mohammed Ali?

Set out to establish an efficent and Westernizing despotism in Egypt with foreign aid. His Westernization laid foundation for later nationalism

How is GDP an indication of state failure?

Shows overall worsening figures, greater disparity between rich and poor. National currency loses favour and international currencies take its place

What functions do politcal protests serve?

Signal breakdown of authoritarian order; push authoritarian leaders to bargaining table; create large opposition united by rejection of regime; gave opposition leaders resource advantage when bargianing with authoritarian elites. Created mandate for radical change

What is mature post-totalitarianism?

Significant change in all the dimensions of the post-totalitarian regime except that politically the leading rolde of the official party is still sacrosanct

What is distinctive of the epoch of the bourgeoisie?

Simplified class antagonisms. Society split between bourgeois and proletariat

Duverger's law states that

Single member districts tend to have only 2 parties, because smaller parties cannot achieve an electoral majority to win the districts

Which states are vulnerable to transnational NGOs?

Smaller, weaker states. USA's open political system means foreign governments can play a role in decision making

Where did Smith and Ricardo differ?

Smith depended on differences between countries in absolute advantage. Ricardo depended on differences in comparative advantage

How was the incapication of France, Russia and China?

Social revolution depended on emergence of revolutionary crises occassioned by incapacitation of administrative and military organizations. Function of combination of pressures on state institutions from modernized countries abroad and built in structural capacities to mobilize increased resources in response to these pressures

What must peasants have to be capable of self initiated rebellion against landlords and state officials?

Some institutionally based collective solidarity Autonomy from direct, day to day supervision and control by landlords in their work and leisure activities. Serfs are under close supervision and discipline by landlords so they can't rebel

How do some institutions provide incentives for investment?

Some institutions limit the actions of other groups or political entities and thus create incentives for investment. For example, political constitutions limited the power of kings and queens to arbitrarily confiscate property from individuals. Property rights also fall under this category. Property rights give a property owner an incentive to invest in his/her property, because that owner knows that the property cannot be confiscated arbitrarily.

What does Zakaria note?

Source of non democratic forces in MENA is maldistribution of wealth, fostered by natural resources or foreign aid. Absence of middle class left a void tha religion filled as critique against ruling authorities and injustices of domestic and international politics. Stresses need for economic reform as prerequisite for political reform

How do the Serbian, Georgian and Ukrainian cases of democratic breakthrough differ from each other?

Spark for regime change was fradulent national election Democratic challenges deployed extraconstitutional means to defend existing constitution rather than achieve fundamental rewriting of political game Competing and simultaneous claims to hold sovereign authority by hallmark of a revolutionary situation Ended without mass violence

What is in the last stage we observe in modern western societies?

Specialization has increased, agriculture requires a small percentage of the labor force, and markets gave become nation wide/world wide. Economies of scale imply large scale organization. People live by a specialized function and relying on the network of interconnected parts to provide necessary goods and services. Labor shifts to dominance by services. Society is urban

What are the characteristics of long distance trade?

Specialization in exchange by individuals whose lives confined to trading and the development of trading centers, which may be temporary or permanent towns or cities. Economies of scale. Geographic specialization and some occupational specialization

How has globalization changed the scope of state control?

State control has contracted in monetary policy. Erosion in national currencies of national citizenship

Why is domestic privatization not universally applicable?

State leaders are likely to privatize mineral sector where they are able to rely on aleternative source of export revenue in short term and threatened by emergence of rival political cleavage Domestic privatization is likely to suceed where domestic entrepreneurs have an interest in developing the mineral sector

What is the realist orthodoxy?

State's military and economic power determines fate; interdependence and international institutions are secondary and fragile phenomena; and states' objectives are imposed by threats to insecurity. Has trouble integrating change, globalization and non state actors. Overlooks need for internation cooperation over WMDs. Ignored liberal, pro market norms that developed states have come to hold in common.

What is sovereignty in the contemporary world?

States are autonomous and independent from each other. Within their own boundaries, members of a polity are free to choose their own form of government. Principle of nonintervention. One state does not have the right to intervene in the internal affairs of another. Control over transborder movements. International treaties.

Where, when, and in what circumstances do "states" first arise? How do even early states promote economic growth and denser populations? What are the historical consequences of state failure, what do we mean by that term, and what are some of today's clearest examples of failed states?

States began about 3000 BC. They developed out of the need to manage denser populations that lived closer together. Some of the early institutions that developed to support denser population included agricultural innovations and technological change, as well as more complex structures to adjudicate disputes-like tribes and then chiefdoms. (b) States promoted economic growth through the construction of infrastructure, property rights, and specialization of labor (priests, scribes, etc.). Good institutions faciliates the development of industrialization and trade. (c) State failure based upon the inability of the state to maintain a monopoly on violence in the state. On the one hand, the state looses the ability to provide services and goods to the public, such as water, electricity, police, etc. Because of this loss of services, the people start to wonder whether the leadership deserves to be in power-that is they challenge the legitimacy of the government.

What is the Millenium Challenge Account?

States qualify for aid programs based on three broad criteria: Whether they rule justly Whether they invest in health care and education Whether they promote economic freedom Principle of conditionality

How does Friedman interpret globalization?

States who stay closed face decline and citizens eager for material progress. Open states accept reduced role limited to social protection, physical protection and mainting national identity, force publics to understand logic of globalization is that of peace and democracy

What is the most temporally immediate explanation for communist exit?

Strength of anti communist opposition. Strength of opposition affects likelihood of negotiations with an authoritarian government outcome. Cultural receptiveness affects communist rule.

What does politics mean?

Striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power either among states or groups within a state

What were the two conditions for early mobilization?

Strong sense of identity on part of self sppointed leaders of republic's titular nation coupled with republican political dynamics that featured domination by the titular nation along with significant autonomy from center

Why did democracies defeat communism?

Structural factors. Capitalists had more economic power. Inherent inefficiency of communist economies prevented them from fully exploring vast resources and cathing the West

What have the communist exit in the first free eelections been strongly correlated with?

Subsequent democratic consolidation, successful economic reforms, patterns of political party competition

What are generalizations about ideal transition?

Successful democracies require settlement of national and state. Question is Bargaining should be limited to small groups of authoritarian elite and democratic opposition Pacting; demobilizing publics; interim governments; military; holding a competitive election

How are states special?

Successfully assert monopoly of legitimate violence over a specific territory. Rapidly develop laws, bureaucracies, functional specificity, separation of office from property.

What is the result of state failure?

Sudden decline in living standards. Population dies or emigrates. Nobody invests (too insecure).

How are the private and public fused by the ruler in sultanism?

Sultanistic polity becomes personal domain of sultan. No rule of law and low institutionalization. Extensive social and economic pluralism, but never political pluralism. All individuals, groups and institutions are permanently subject to despotic intervention of the sultan and all pluralism is precarious

TRUE/FALSE: According to Adam Smith, agricultural societies had a more complex division of labor compared to hunters and gatherers.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: Clive Crook claim that despite its detractors, free trade is still beneficial for nations in the modern world

TRUE

True or False: Theda Skocpol compares the revolutions in France, China, and Russia. She suggests that the social changes engendered by industrialization can create or expose vulnerabilities in societies. These vulnerabilities can lay the foundations for a social revolution

TRUE

What are TVs effects on children?

TV consumes as much time as all other discretionary activities combined. Heavy TV watching probably increases aggressiveness, probably reduces school achievement and statistically associated with "psycho-social malfunctioning"

What skills are accepted in post totalitarian systems?

Technical competence becomes increasingly important. Managerial also. Does not include skills developed in broad fields such as law, religion, industrial business or labor

Why did the state triumph?

Technological shifts, heightened military competition, nationalism, and ability to centralizae tax collection. Not good for liberty. Abolished artistocratic privileges, regional traditions, and guild protections

What is sultanism according to Weber?

Tends to arise whenever traditional domination develops an administrative and a military force which are personal instruments of the master. Domination operates on basis of discretion. Extreme development of ruler's discretion. This distinguishes it from every form of rational authority

What are failed states?

Tense, deeply conflicted, dangerous, contested by warring factions. Government troops battle armed revolts led by rivals. Face insurgencies, varieties of civil unrest, degress of communal discontent, plethora of dissent directed at the state and at groups within the state

What does the absence of a truly competitive state system mean?

That absence of a truly competitive state system that penalizes military weakness means that states that have no other prospects than long term dependence on international aid will survive in their crippled form for the foreseeable future

Which aristocracy was the most independent in Europe?

The English. A working aristocracy -- maintained position by taking part in politics and government at all levels.

What is the Gini coefficient?

The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality. The Gini basically measures the ratio of top income earners (90th percentile) to the bottom income earners (10th percentile)

Niall Ferguson, in the opening of his piece, describes the sinking of a British ocean liner by a German U-boat. What was the name of this ocean liner?

The Lusitania

What does Lipset argue?

The argument that Lipset makes is that economic development naturally leads towards democracy.

According to Max Weber, what is the formal definition of a "State"?

The entity with a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.

What is Acemoglu's argument about colonial legacies?

The author argues that colonial legacies can explain the reversal of fortune. He divides colonies into two different types. There were colonies that were acquired to extract resources and there were colonies that were acquired where people wanted to live. So in the colonies where people wanted to extract resources, the governments invested in extractive institutions instead of institutions that encouraged investment. This is the example of Barbados or India. On the other hand, in colonies where people wanted to live, the government promoted institutions that encouraged investment. So initially the extractive colonies were rich and the settler colonies were poor. But over time, the resources of the extractive colonies diminished and these colonies became poor. On the other hand the settler colonies, by virtue of investment, gradually started to grow and eventually surpassed the extractive colonies. Thus this explains the reversal of fortune.

What is Pritchett's argument?

The basic argument is that rich countries are on the flatter part of the growth curve, so small increases in capital or labor lead to very small increases in output. On the other hand, poor countries are on the steep part of the growth curve, and so small increases in capital and labor should lead to larger increases in output and hence growth. This means that developing nations (on the steep part of the curve) should always grow faster than rich countries. This also means that growth in poor countries should never slow down or stall or go backwards.

What is the basic argument of Iversen and Soskice?

The basic argument that the authors make is that Majoritarian governments will generally from Center-Right coalitions while PR systems will generally form Center-Left coalition. As a consequence, PR systems will be more redistributive and will spend more on the poor-consistent with a Left policy orientation. On the other hand, Majoritarian systems will be much more fiscally conservative, have balanced budgets, and less social spending consistent with a more conservative policy orientation.

What is the basic definition of a social revolution?

The basic definition of a social revolution is a rapid basic transformation of socio-economic and political institutions. Social revolutions are accompanied and in part effected by class upheavels from below.

What was the big challenge for France, China and Russia?

The big challenge here was the transition from agrarian bureaucratic societies to modern industrialized societies. This transition put pressure on existing social, economic, and political arrangements or structures. All countries undergoing this change were traumatized in the process, however, the countries that experienced social revolutions were particularly unable to cope with these pressures.

Where do the civil wars that characterize failed states come from?

The civil wars that characterize failed states usually stem from ethnic, religious, linguistic, or other intercommunal enmity

What do critics of free trade say?

The critics of free trade argue that free trade often does not produce mutual benefits. They argue that free trade often leads to large social dislocations in developing nations, or that free trade is usually an excuse for developed nations to flood the markets of developing nations with imports.

The "Weberian state."

The definition of a state according to Weber: A state is the entity that monopolizes the legitimate use of force over a given territory

What did Adam Smith argue for?

The division of labor, self regulating nature of capitalism, advantage of free trade, importance of limited yet effective government. Origin of political economy

What is the geography hypothesis?

The geography hypothesis suggests that future economic development depends upon the geography of a country. For example, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait have lots of energy resources. So these countries should be a rich based upon their natural endowments of resources.

What are transaction costs?

Transaction costs are costs associated with executing a transaction, such as a transaction fee.

What does De Toqueville say the great innovation of American democracy is?

The great innovation of American democracy is the nature of equality between all people compared to Europe. This great equality makes citizens more likely to cooperate with each other and accept great sacrifices on behalf of society.

What effect does education have?

The higher one's education, the more likely one is to believe in democratic values and support democratic policies. More signifant than income or occupation

What are both ideologies of order?

The idea is that both religion and secular nationalism are ideologies of order. They both believe that the world system is a coherent manageable system, and both believe that there are levels of meaning beneath the day-to-day world that explain the unseen. They both evoke loyalty from secular communities and they provide authority that gives social and political order a reason for being

What are the variations in gender equity in liberal market and coordinated market economies?

The idea is that women have babies and move in and out of the workforce. In a LME like the US with a flexible labor market, if a women goes on maternity leave a new worker can temporarily take her place. In a CME nation like Germany however, the women going on maternity leave probably has very specialized skills-which the company invested heavily for her to acquire. So if she leaves to have a child, the company has a harder time finding an adequate replacement. Thus, CME nations tend to simply hire fewer women because of this issue.

What is the institutions hypothesis?

The institutions hypothesis argues that variations in economic institutions between countries can explain variations in economic development and economic growth.

What is the key issue with a division of labor?

The key issue with a division of labor is that it makes an economy more efficient.

What is the key point in Ricardo's work?

The key point in Ricardo's work is that countries can mutually gain from trade. That is, free trade is beneficial for both countries.

The "Great Divergence" in the distribution of wealth between nations

The onset of the Industrial Revolution allowed some nations to escape the Malthusian trap and experience explosive growth in per capita income. The remaining countries of the world remained trapped in the Malthusian cycle until they subsequently experience industrialization

What are the differences between coordinated market and liberal market economies?

The point is then that the institutions in these different systems CME and LME are organized to either facilitate coordination or the market. So in the case of labor markets, CME countries have elaborate training programs that make sure workers are highly skilled-like the German apprenticeship programs. These economies ensure high skill, but they also can seem inefficient because they make it hard to fire or lay off workers. In an LME country, the government makes it easy for companies to fire or lay off people, but it also "hopefully" make the labor market more efficient-so people can quickly find new jobs.

Liphart suggests that the origin of election systems came out of what historical process

The power-sharing negotiations between interest groups in society

Why are institutions necessary for economic growth?

The reason that institutions are necessary is to enable coordinated action. Often individuals require the cooperation of other individuals in order to transact business or pursue profit-maximizing strategies. Just think about how written contracts help to guarantee that 2 or more parties will do exactly what they have agreed to do. Cooperation can be difficult to ensure in the absence of mechanisms that ensure the commitment all sides to cooperation. Institutions can serve as mechanisms that facilitate cooperation, share information, or limit defection from agreements. By altering the set of institutions in an economy, we can improve the possibility of wealth-enhancing cooperation.

What happens in the contemporary state?

The separation of the administation staff of the administration officials, and of workers from the material means of administrative organization is completed

The "Peace of Westphalia" and the development of state sovereignty

The treaties that ended the 30 years war (Holy Roman Empire) as well as the 80 years war (Spain and Dutch Republic). This set of treaties first lay down the terms for state sovereignty and state autonomy.

What do Linz and Stepan argue?

The type of authoritarian or totalitarian regime strongly affects how and if democracy will take its place. Institution of non democratic rule shape the path open to democracy in the future

What was the final impetus for social change?

The final impetus for change came out of marginal elites who adopted radical political ideas. These elites were not the traditional elites that we think of in advanced societies-like merchants, business owners, etc. Instead, they were elites whose status was elevated due to the evolving division of labor in society. So skilled clerks, or technical specialists in factories, students, etc. These groups adopted ideologies like Communism or Socialism, or Fascism, etc.

Does getting richer make a country more democratic?

Theoretically, yes, because: participation is a luxury good wealthy citizens have more to lose from arbitrary rule bigger middle class in rich countries

What is important about the coordinated market economies' emphasis on skills?

These countries provide more generous welfare payments and make it harder to fire individuals. By providing these services, they create incentives for workers to learn specialized skills. Indeed, in many cases even if the company cannot find a job for someone with specific skills, the company will keep that person on payroll for week/months until a job becomes available. This is in contrast to the US where a specialized welder or electrician can be out of a job today and working as a sales associate at Home Depot tomorrow. So the uncertainty about job security discourages skills development in American or LME workers.

Why is the breakdown of societal controls is a crucial cause for social revolutions?

This breakdown is usually associated with the magnitude of foreign pressure brought to bear on a modernizing agrarian society, and the particular structural characteristics of such societies that underlay contrasting performances by leaders responding to foreign pressures and internal unrest

Fox P2 Gene

This genes enables speech in humans. The gene is named after the scientist who discovered it. When this gene was tested in rats, the rats were found to squeak differently

What is a single member district?

This is a district that elects only one legislator to a legislative seat at a time. A good example of this is the United States, where we elect a single representative from a congressional district to the House of Representatives. The point is that a single delegate must win a plurality of the vote in order to win the election. If a run-off is present, the the winner must win 50% of the vote plus one additional voter.

What is domestic destiny?

This is a version of the geography hypothesis. Basically, poor climate, poor soil, etc. lead to poor output.

Malthusian trap

This is the reason why there was very little sustained economic growth before the Industrial Revolution. For countries in the Malthusian trap, economic growth is directly followed by increasing births. With more people, there are greater demands on food and scarce resources, which leads to famine or starvation or lower standards of living. Following the period of catastrophe, the country returns to its original lower level of population

At which cost margins did these innovations occur?

Those that increased the mobility of capital Those that lowered information costs Those that spread risk

How do you rebuild a failed state?

To rebuild a failed state, you need to re-create the security apparatus, then create administrative structures like bureaucracy, and a judicial system, restarting public services and goods like education. Elections are not necessarily immediately necessary, but formulating a constitution is needed to quickly establish democracy

What are the differences of leadership between totalitarian and authoritarian leadership?

Totalitarian leadership is unconstrained by laws and procedures and is often charismatic. In the Linzian scheme, authoritarian leadership is characterized by a political system in which a leader or small group exercises power within ill defines, predictable norms

What is a potential source of dynamic change in a frozen post totalitarian regime?

Under crisis circumstances, the inability to renovate leadership. Its old and narrow leadership base has a very limited capacity to negotiate. If it is unable to repress opponents, the regime will collapse.

What should do the West do?

Unity between Europe and North America Get Latin America and East Europe BFF with Russia and Japan Prevent wars Prevent rise of Confucian-Islam Moderate military in Asia Strengthen Western international institutions

What is the essence of sultanism?

Unrestrained personal leadership unconstrained by ideology, rational-legal norms, or balance of power. Support is based on interests created by rule, rewards for loyalty and fear of vengeance

What are TVs effects on the outlooks of viewers?

Unusually skeptical about the benevolence of other people. May increase pessimism about human nature. May change fundamental physical and social perceptions

What is the secular revolution of a participant society?

Urbanization/cities have developed the complex skills and resources which characterize the modern industrial economy Literacy develops, media spreads literacy. Equips people to perform varied tasks reuired in modern society Media on a massive scale. Accelerates spread of literacy. Institutions of participation

What did Huntington argue?

Violence resulting from international anargy and absence of common vlaues and institutions would erupt among civilizations. Failed to take into account conflicts within civilizations and over estimated importance of religion in behavior of non Western elites, who are secularized and Westernized. Couldn't clearly define link between civilization and the foreign policies of its member states

What is the Meltzer Richard model?

Voter with the median income is also the decisive voter. With a typical right skewed distribution of income, median voter will push for redistributive spending up to the point where the benefit of such spending to the median voter is outweighed by efficiency costs for distortionary taxation

What does Caplan argue?

Voters cannot be expected to become better informed or rational, and calls on elites to guide the public toward sounder policies -- republics of the past

In Political Economy, we usually say that income level determines a voter's preferences on the right-left spectrum. This argument is based on the idea that

Voters who are poor want more welfare or transfers and vote for Left parties, while voters who are rich want less taxes and vote for Right parties

In Europe, how was there a symbiotic relationship between the state's extractive capacity and nationalism?

War increased both as the population was convinced by external threat they should pay more to the state and the population united around common symbols and memories that were important components of nationalism

Why are financially, organizationally, and politically weak central governments more feasible and attractive to insurgency?

Weak local policing or inept and corrupt counterinsurgency practices. Propensity for retaliations that helps drive noncombatant locals into rebel forces. Police and counterinsurgent weakness is proxied by a low per capita income.

How did war in Europe act as a filter?

Weak states were eliminated and political arrangements that were not viable either reformed or disappeared

What are obstacles to growth?

Weak, insecure property rights (owners receive less than marginal product). Limited markets and specialization. Positive or negative externalities (tragedy of commons, human capital). Weak innovation (technological stagnation). Poor structure. Credit problems. Clarity of title.

What are the main political consequences of relying on external rents?

Weakly institutionalized states and skewed state societal relations. Ease of financing state expenditures provides no incentives for government officials to build strong institutions. Ability to rely on external revenue source engenders rigic myopic decision making, failure to build a tax regime because rulers not compelled to extract from domestic sources

When is it worthwhile to play?

Wealth-maxmizing individuals find it worthwhile to cooperate with other players when the play is repeated, when they possess complete information about the other players' past performance, and there are small numbers of players

What does Florida mean by "hills" in the global economy?

What Florida is saying is that the centers of innovation in the past have relocated to new centers of innovation. The relocation of these centers of expertise around the world upsets income inequality within nations as well as between nations. This relocation of expertise creates other tensions as well

What does Abe, Iversen and Soskice's model imply?

What types of political alliance are likely to emerge in support of a particular type of social protection. Different systems of social protection have deeper ramifications for inequality than commonly assumed

When is cooperation difficult?

When the game isn't repeated, when information on other players lacking, and when there are large numbers of players

When does failure for a nation state loom?

When violence becomes an internal war, standards of living deteriorate, infrastructure of ordinary life decays, greed of rulers overwhelms responsibilities

Where do extremist working class movements emerge?

Whereever industrialization occurred rapidly, introducing sharp discontinuities between pre industrial and industrial situation, more extremist working class movements emerge

How did Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czech Republic differ?

Whether punlics protested, whether opposition was strong/united, whethere publics, opposition, communists were committed to democratization

What are the characteristics of the suq?

Widespread impersonal exchange and high costs of transacting exist. Multiplicty of small scale enterprises; low fixed costs in terms of rent and machinery; division of labor; enormous number of transactions; face to face contract; non homogenous goods and services

What is Dutch Disease?

Windfalls lead to an appreciation of real exchange rate by shifting production inputs to the booming mineral sector and non tradeable sector, thereby reducing the competitiveness of non booming exports sectors and precipitating their collapse. Shift into non tradeable sector accelerates domestic inflation, responsible for rise in real exchange rate

What results when neither employment nor unemployment protection is high?

Worker have a strong incentive to protect themselves by investing heavily in highly portable skills. Firms have an incentive to use technology that rely least on specific skills. General education more attractive

What happens when employment and unemployment are both high?

Workers find it attractive to invest in firm and industry specific skills. Cost efficient for firms to engage in production that require large inputs of labor with specific skills. Job market for general skills shrinks.

What event does Niall Ferguson claim ended the first great period of globalization.

World War I

Why do Wienthal and Luong propose private ownership?

Would foster institutions that constrain state leaders, encouarage them to invest in institution building, and enable them to respond to commodity booms and busts

Martha Crenshaw suggests that a precipitating act-such as a massacre or mass arrests-could radicalize the public and encourage terrorist acts. Could current events in Syria and the Middle East qualify as precipitating acts?

Yes

The "Neolithic revolution" and its effect upon economic inequality in early human communities

the Agricultural revolution. The development of agricultural cultivation allowed hunter and gatherer communities to establish spatially rooted agricultural societies. The growth of agriculture prompted a change in the division of labor in society and thus fostered greater income inequality in those early societies