Political Systems Chapter 5

The 2013 case of Windsor v. United States in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals employed ___ in holding that the Defense of Marriage Act held no legitimate state interest and thus overturned it.

intermediate scrutiny

Which of the following strategies for improving civil rights was favored by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?

litigation through the courts

When the Supreme Court decided in ____ that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages, schools were forced to take seriously the issue of sexual harassment.

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

In what way did the Supreme Court begin to indicate it was changing its position on racial discrimination prior to World War II?

It was stricter about the criterion of equal facilities in the "separate but equal" rule.

Which group formally received the right to vote in 1924?

Native Americans

Which of the following BEST summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?

Racially segregated schools can never be equal, and therefore the "separate but equal" clause violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

NAACP litigation leading up to Brown v. Board of Education challenged and weakened the __________ doctrine.

Separate but Equal

Beginning in 1896 and lasting through the mid-twentieth century, the Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause to

permit a system of segregated social facilities.

What did the Separate but Equal doctrine do?

permitted a system of segregated social facilities

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to

protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters.

Under the equal protection clause, what level of scrutiny would MOST likely be applied to a federal regulatory scheme such as motor vehicle licensing?

rational basis

Which of the following best describes the concept of civil rights?

rules governing who may participate in the political process and regulating of ways in which the government may or may not treat its citizens

In 2015 the Supreme Court, in Obergefell v. Hodges, ruled

that the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause guarantee the right of same-sex marriage nationwide.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

the convention that wrote and debated the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

The 1965 Voting Rights Act suffered a setback in the 2013 Supreme Court case of Shelby County v. Holder, which held that

the government formula for obtaining federal preclearance before making changes to state and local voting laws and/or practices was outdated, and thus it overturned the formula.

In 2015 civil rights were extended through President Obama's executive orders and the Department of Justice decisions to which underrepresented group?

transgender

By far the MOST important piece of legislation passed by Congress fostering equal opportunity in the United States was the

Civil Rights Act of 1964.

In 1990 Congress passed the ____, which guarantees equal employment rights and access to public businesses for the disabled.

Americans with Disabilities Act

What movement started in 2015 over allegations of police misconduct directed at African Americans?

Black Lives Matter

In _________________, the Supreme Court ruled that homosexual behavior was not protected by the Constitution, but overruled this decision nearly twenty years later.

Bowers v. Hardwick

There were no significant Supreme Court rulings involving gay and lesbian rights until 1996, but in ____ the Court ruled against a right to privacy that would protect consensual homosexual activity.

Bowers v. Hardwick

What act prevented Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming citizens and halted almost all immigration from China?

Chinese Exclusion Act

As a condition of admitting California to the United States as a free state, representatives from southern states demanded Congress pass what law?

The Fugitive Slave Act

Responding to charges that black voters still faced discrimination at the polls, in 2006 Congress expanded this act for another 25 years.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

In Grutter v. Bollinger, what ruling did the Supreme Court make about the use of affirmative action in university admissions?

The university could consider minority status as a plus factor in admissions

Collectively, The Civil War Amendments include which of the following?

Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth

Why was the Brown v. Board of Education case filed?

To challenge the separate but equal doctrine.

The policy of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" concerned

allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the military as long as they did not openly proclaim their sexual orientation or engage in homosexual activity

Which of the following was a part of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?

authorization of the executive branch to implement federal court orders to desegregate schools

Under the strict scrutiny standard, a law that discriminates based on race must be shown to serve some _____ in order to be upheld.

compelling state interest

Some civil liberties are rooted in the ___________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; the grounding for civil rights is found in the ______________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

due process, equal protection

To draw voting districts so that one group or party is advantaged is called

gerrymandering