politics of developing areas midterm

nyerere failed

- 1979: Nyerere acknowledged that system wasn't working o Was some equality, but still extreme scarcity and poverty o Huge increase in population growth and that hurt, not helped, economy o Not self-reliant: § Villages/agricultural production not working § Huge debt: 1.5bil by end, 250mil at beginning § MORE dependent by end, which undermined sovereignty § Weak industries: only 35% working at capacity: weren't functioning · Lack of hard currency, couldn't buy materials to function § Authoritarianism in state: people not participating in democracy · Failed coup attempt in I think 82

nyerere's ideology

- African socialism o The revival and actualization of African traditions that preceded colonialism o Thought colonialism polluted African tradition by bringing capitalism and individualism o Had an idealized view of old Tanzania o African socialism different than European socialism: not Marxism § No clash of classes in precolonial past § Tanzania didn't have social classes, and class big part of euro communism § Members of Tanzanian communist party welcomes anyone from nation that is a nationalist (instead of a group of elites) o Ugama: familyhood: rooted in African past wanted to regenerate

debt crisis

- Debt crisis: late 70s—early 80s, lots of 3rd world countries found themselves - US has the power of the dollar and can deal with our debt - Completely different type of debt in the 3rd world because they are financially powerless o Have to accept programs that undermine their financial sovereignty o Not likely that 3W will ever be able to repay-this provoked crisis o Crisis is increasing greatly o Total debt in 1982: 850bil, 1990: over 1.5Trillion o Even if cannot repay, they have to service the debt (ex. payments of interest): in 2009, 3.7Tril dollars in debt (all 3W together) o Pay many billions servicing the debt o By 2018, 55T in debt o 73 poorest countries have to pay 2.8bil a month in servicing

tanzania in 60s

- Tanzania became independent in 60s - Nyerere o Big figure in socialist and nationalist ideology o Seen as a moral agent: articulated and lived by his ideology o Leader of tanzania

'asian tigers'

- south korea, Taiwan, Singapore, hong kong o Countries able to develop and be rich and stuff; successful o Started out extremely poor o Sharp focus on exports, very educated population, investments in human capital (education), high rates of savings that can be put into investments o Extremely resilient economies

world systems theory

-Wallerstein created 3 divisions o Divided between the core (industrialized west), semi-periphery (middle class nations), and periphery (global south) § Semi-periphery wants to move up and doesn't want to move downàthis facilitates the system (middle class sustains system) o Chain of exploitation o Every nation needs rulers that will follow international system o Main case of success from semi-periphery to core is china § Somewhat undermines the dependency theory o Some argue for outer-peripheral nations below periphery (ex. Somalia, Haiti) o A.G. Frank—these systems also exist within countries w/wealth distribution o There is a way to move ranks in this theory § The current world system is characterized by a power hierarchy in which powerful and wealthy 'core' societies dominate and exploit weak and poor 'peripheral societies' § Also: an intermediate layer of countries: the 'semi-periphery', combining features of both § Core and peripheral countries generally retain their positions relative to one another over time, although there are individual cases of upward and downward mobility § Today's peripheral countries are instead structurally constrained to experience developmental processes that reproduce their subordinate status

tanzania in 1996

-admits structural adjustment programs didn't work and tried to make policies independently (without the IMF and world bank) § This helped—significant gains § Cancellation of Tanzanian debt in 2006: budget no longer in catastrophe § Found more resources for economic growth · Discovered gold in 2001: 3rd largest producer in Africa now · Discovered gas reserves on coast · Discovered diamonds § In 1992, moved from one party state to multiparty system—Nyerere endorsed this; only one party really wins elections though § 79%/year of economic growth recently · Still poor, but poverty is reducing · 64% in 2010—47% in 2016 (measuring extreme poverty) · 35% in 2007—28% in 2012 (measuring income poverty) § Progress in health system · 2002-2016 life expectancy increased 9 years · Life expectancy at birth declining by almost half § Still have problems · poverty and undernutrition (stunted growth) · Still better off in urban areas; urban/rural gap still persists · Majority of Tanzanians don't get a full education · Still have problem of rapid population growth

2nd revision of defining development

-challenges the western, culture centric view § You can have wealth and not be developed culture-wise (unequal and rigid cultures) § Ex. oil countries § Economic growth doesn't equal a developed society; depends on culture and political system

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

-colonization was formalized -colonies were carved and given formally to great powers

global south characteristics

-half of world's population lives in -extreme poverty -wealth gap -exploding populations -hierarchy even in slums -malnutrition/infant mortality high -low education levels -regimes ted to be gendered, authoritarian, and oppressive forms of government

dependency theory

-main theorist is Frank -§ Europe's development was based on external destruction rather than their internal innovation: brutal conquest, colonial control, stripping non-western societies of their people, resources, and surpluses -underdevelopment is generated by the same historical process that generated economic development: the development of capitalism itself o Industrialization is possible because of the exploitation (through colonialism) of the global south § Imperial countries extract wealth, slavery is how we became modern -grounded as a type of marxism -Rejection of modernization and tradition is not the reason global south isn't modern o Working class of urban workers exploitive (inside) but also exploited rest of the world (Outside) o Cannot separate exploitive extraction of wealth from industrialization o One area develops at the expense of another area o 3 periods § Industrial revolutionàpolitical revolutionàsocial revolution (welfare state) § 3rd world nations want/need all at once, not in phases o Global south doesn't have the means to exploit, so cannot move up without it o Only way to move up would be a socialist revolution (Cambodia is an example of this not working)

rise of modern US conservatism

-margaret thatcher and ronald reagan -o Undermining soviet power o New economic model emerged—Milton freidman said to use free market o New cold war begins internationally; Reagan calls USSR 'evil empire' and raised military spending dramatically o 3rd world wanted an international order based on redistribution of resources; Reagan said no we want capitalism -led to debt crisis

basic needs belief

§ Development doesn't require massive growth or the never-ending desire for more wealth § Very poor societies could escape poverty by satisfying their basic needs; don't need as much as western countries to develop

today's definition of development

§ Development is a 1. Social, 2. Cultural, 3. Economic change

expressive voice, loyalty, exit

§ Expressive voice: so poor that you can speak out and no one will care § Loyalty: doesn't really exist § Exit: migration

how does weber think rationalization occured?

CALVINISM § Before, societies subscribed to a magical worldview § Calvinism was the process of disenchantment § 2 central principles, transcendence and predestination : · Transcendence : after creating the world, god flung it away: god doesn't make everything happen o Let people think in scientific ways · Predestination: individuals had their eventual fates predetermined from birth o Calvinists were worried about whether they were going to heaven or hell § People thought that they could prove to be a member of the elect (predestined to heaven) by acting in a god-like way-led to capitalist thought: produce and work hard, make profits, savings and investments § Individuality § Catholic church divided people from their individuality-in calvinism, the individual, not the church, interprets the bible (gives back individualism) § Calvinism begins an ideological switch in society-origin of modern individualism, which led to industrialization § Power invested in private property/land § New Calvinistic idea: great destination · Not knowing whether you are going to heaven or hell · Weber says this gives us a psychological belief that we need to do good things on earth to maximize the chance to go to heaven · Protestant ethic · Need to accumulate and invest wealth to do more good things

rise of unipolar world

o Crystallizes when USSR disintegrates o West in charge of Russian economy until putin ? o Globalization o 3rd world § 'process of democratization' begins-democratize and liberalize from fear of falling like USSR anchoring of globalization, celebration of open markets, beginning of internet § Feeling of togetherness § Put money to peace initiatives instead of military § West starts aiming to help global south out of poverty

problems for world development: ethical issues

§ We have a belief that we are responsible for those in the global south § Foreign assistance may not work or may be for strategic reasons (ex. Israel) § Should we change despicable regimes? When we remove them, will a better regime take its place?

1st revision of definition of development

adds culture § Believe industrialization includes a change in culture: western-centric · Technology is dominant factor that will create infinite wealth · Belief that development is continuous and won't end · Technology can solve any problem § Opens the possibility of class movement, whereas agricultural societies had very rigid class structure § Bourgeoisie: class in charge of development (industrialization workers)

earliest definition of development

growth of economy § The World Bank defines development in 4 categories for countries measured in gross national income: · Low income · Lower middle income · Upper middle income · High income

4 major ways to solve debt crisis

o 1. Mult. Renegotiations for dealing with debt o 2. Unilateral payments/non-payments (all saying no pay!) o 3. Dom. Option: stabilization plans and structural adjustment programs § Inspired by world bank and IMF o 4. Debt relief (we cut or give lower interest rates)

south korea

o 1970s: GDP per cap was similar to poorest countries in asia/Africa o Last 4-5 decades: substantial growth connected to relationship between chaebol and government o Closed economy, export oriented (export lot, don't import very much) o Total GDP in 2019: 2tril o Chaebol: main economic model, abt 45 conglomerates right now § Top 10 chaebol own more than 30% of business stuff o How does chaebol affect politics? Having families intertwined with government led to corruption § Here, we can have corruption and economic growth - chaebol: major conglomerates privately owned by rich families but somewhat controlled by state - chaebol structure: business conglomerate structure originally in SK in GOs (literally no idea what this is) that has companies controlled by family dynasty o ex. Samsung o have autonomy and private company and capitalist structure, but government helps out o Chaebol: large industrial south Korean conglomerate run and controlled by an individual or family § Often consists of multiple diversified affiliates controlled by a person or group whose power over the group often exceeds legal authority o Chaebols have also played a significant role in South Korean politics. § ○ In 1988, a member of a chaebol family, Chung Mong-joon, president of Hyundai Heavy Industries, successfully ran for the National Assembly of South Korea. § ○ Other business leaders were also chosen to be members of the National Assembly through proportional representation. § ○ Hyundai has made efforts in the thawing of North Korean relations, despite some controversy. § ○ Many South Korean family-run chaebols have been criticized for low dividend payouts and other governance practices that favor controlling shareholders at the expense of ordinary investors.

results of nyerere's failure

o 1985: Nyerere steps down, 2 years after attempted coup o Wasn't a dictator, accepted defeat and new pres assumed power o New regime abandoned ugama: IMF and world bank came in and instituted their program (privatization, open economy, pay debt); this didn't really help things either—some economic growth but no social help/not fairly distributed § 1986: 96 Structural Adjustment Program: catastrophe!

Rostow's theory of development

o 5 stages of growth: all societies law within one of 5 historical categories: § 1. Traditional societies · Limited production functions · Hierarchical social structure § 2. Preconditions for take-off · Insights of modern science translated into new production functions in agriculture and industry · Spread of ideas of progress § 3. Take-off · Blockages and resistances to steady growth overcome; technology creates progress § 4. Drive towards maturity · Modern technology spreads over the entirety of country's economic activity · Society can produce anything it needs § 5. High mass consumption · People can consume at levels in far excess of their needs

peet and hartwick on development

o After meeting basic needs, the ideas of development are subject to the material and cultural visions of different societies o Development: foundational belief underlying modernity o As an ideal concept, development evolved from enlightenment notions about how we can improve human existence

problems for world development: contemporary issues

o Creates distinction between needs and wants § Before, we were happy if we satisfied needs, now, want more and more o Leads to contemporary issues such as climate change: connection between consumption and climate crisis § If all nations develop, our environment will be in crisis § Development is a utopian idea because we cannot all be currently developed on this planet -development not necessarily linear; things can derail modernization

developmental state

o Form of state capitalism: where the state plays a big role but major firms not nationalized o Manipulation of economy by the state o Competent state: educated bureaucrats guide country to economic bettering by steering major private firms in the right direction o 1. Public finance for private enterprise § Deploying financial resources to manage economy; targeting key sectors and enterprises ('picking winners'); high tech, export orientation; ensured that private firms (seeking finance) contributed to broader developmental goals of the state o 2. Highly effective bureaucracy § Weberian view of bureaucracy; meritocracy (elite, highly skilled civil service); autonomy (ability to set and implement policy); insulation from societal and political pressures; developmental states go beyond weber; autonomy alone doesn't produce state capacity; need ties to society (to private sector) o 3. Societal ties (to 'big business' and capital): § Japan: ties to zaibatsu (powerful, elite firms) § Korea: ties to chaebol (business conglomerates

implications of Weber's theory

o Growth and development are not natural and inevitable events, we get them from Calvinist puritanical culture: development is a social construction

OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) embargo 1973

o Importance in yom kippur war o Put embargo on west and the price of oil shot up (reaction of middle eastern countries being mad at Israel I think) o $3à$12—generated economic crisis in west and third world West experienced stagflation in 70s: generated doubt about economic model at the time (Keynesian) o During the 1973 arab-israeli war, arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the US decision to resupply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations o Arab OPEC members also extended the embargo to other countries that supported israel including the netherlands, portugal, and south africa o The embargo both banned petroleum exports to the targeted nations and introduced cuts in oil production. Several years of negotiations between oil-producing nations and oil companies had already destabilized a decades-old pricing system, which exacerbated the embargo's effects o The onset of the embargo contributed to an upward spiral in oil prices with global implications. The price of oil per barrel first doubled, then quadrupled, imposing skyrocketing costs on consumers and structural challenges to the stability of whole national economies

Acemoglu and Robinson

o Institutional revolution: belief that institutions are the key o Societies that fail have the wrong institutions o Instutions are the products of politics, interaction between gov and people o Chaos theory: little events create big event small institutional differences are key) o Inclusive institutions: modern liberal institutions; politically representative o Extractive institutions: people at top take from society (dictators have these) o Politics generates institutions-create inclusive economic institutions (similar to Weber's beliefs)-modernization o Critical juncture § Events fundamental to society that unleash process leading to an inclusive/extractive gov § Ex. revolution, natural disaster -· Developed societies have inclusive institutions, which generate incentives for financial development, whereas other areas do not have these incentives and so do not develop

what went wrong in tanzania?

o Nyerere had a too idealized version of the pre-colonial communal past § In reality, work was one individually and for family, not for everyone § Communal living but not communal work or sharing how ugama wanted § No socialist predisposition in Tanzania o Gov didn't plan well-lack of state capacity (resources and bureaucrats) § Couldn't build schools, clinics, etc. to get people to move to villages § Ideal ? project worked and people came willingly for a better life, but this couldn't happen on a national scale o Natural catastrophes § Major floods followed by massive droughts § Undermined agricultural capacity o Went to war against Uganda 79-81 § Nyerere felt that leader of Uganda was dangerous (he was a nasty dictator that killed people) § Was afraid he would try to conquer Tanzania § Tanzania won war, but had to move resources from health, education, infrastructure, to military o Conditions in ugama villages bad § Peasants very unhappy with the lack of resources in their forced villages § Forced too many people to move too fast o Contradictions begin promises of ugama and reality § People mad that the reality was so bad § Political corruption from urban bureaucrats § Gap between rural and urban areas (urban areas much better off) o Tension between creating this ideology when have lack of resources § Free rider problem: benefits shared equally between those who work a lot and a little § Scarcity: hard to make equality seem good because it is equality in poverty; creates tensions § State capacity (capacity of bureaucracy and its ability to deliver policy) · Was little/bad: couldn't implement programs they wanted · Only 25/8000 villages had the characteristics of ugama

why did the debt crisis happen?

o OPEC raising oil prices: can't buy oil, economy collapses o In 70s, interest rates low and could borrow money from major private banks in west, major banks have surplus of petrol dollars and put in western banks and loaned to 3W o Banks driven by profit because were in stagflation in west—get money from 3W/stimulates economy o Problem—interest rates didn't stay low (stagflation=stagnant economy + inflation) § Reagan 'dealt' with inflation by raising interest rates (up to 20% or >), 3W now can't even service debts and crisis ensues

when and why did people begin to think about development?

o People began thinking about development after WWII; enlightenment also gave a notion of the ability to evolve § After WWII, started to think about how the west could have colonies while fighting against imperialism o Idea that industrialization causes development § Industrialization starts development-transition from agricultural society to urban centers o In agricultural society, societies had static economy and culture, increased wealth and goods with industrialization o Generated massive wealth throughout the world but not generated equally

technocratic illusion

o We think we know what the best system for the world is o Technocratic illusion is that poverty results from a shortage of expertise, whereas poverty is really about a shortage of rights: technical problems of poor are a symptom of poverty, not the cause

Arusha Declaration

o Pronounced Tanzania as officially on the road to ugama o Said would get rid of poverty and get economic growth in rural areas o 3 elements § 1. Basic notion of hard work essential § 2. Freedom: anyone can join party and help decision make § 3. Consensus: once we make consensus, everyone must follow it § 4 (?) self-reliance: don't accept dependances from major powers (non, aligned, no foreign assistance, only take it if they could do what they wanted with it) § 5 (?) equality · If leader, must have peasant background · Leaders couldn't accumulate wealth/have shares · No directorship in any private enterprise · No gov leader gets 2 or more salaries · Can't own houses that you rent to others o 1 party state § have elections but within one party § one party because there are no fundamental differences in society § thought was part of African traditions § thought different parties represented different classes so didn't need because had no clashing classes o rejection of capitalism § saw as exploitation of humans by humans § community has priority over the individual § investments made by government § no massive private property § thought would bring inequality and need to exploit other countries o his views were extremely popular in Africa and asia/middle east § big, big gap between his principles and reality § Tanzania was very dependent on Scandinavian countries, world bank, IMP despite preaching self-reliance § Struggle against dependence failed in Tanzania: 1 party state collapsed

taiwan

o Replica of South korea to an extent/related to warfare o Nationalists moved from china to Taiwan after communist takeover § Significant land reform (redistribution with titles to peasants) § In context of cold war, so huge foreign assistance from US gov (military and economic) § Could export goods to US § Authoritarian govàsystem liberalized as education increased and people asked for rights Sense of nationalism and belonging, Confucianist ethic from escaping communism -story hard to replicate today

renegotiations with dealing w debt in 3W

o Said not fair that poor paying to rich o Late 80s (began) and changed way we do debt o Rescheduling, eventual debt cuts o HIPC: heavily indebted poor countries initiative § If followed program of IMF or World Bank, would reschedule, cut debt, and lower interest rates § Conditionality § By mid 2000s, significant debt relief, could now invest in own country · But few countries have benefited (but those did!) § Total debt still colossal and will not be forgiving entirely

embedded state

o Seeking to avoid pitfalls of captured state o Trying to become developmental state and escape dangers of captured state (but no guarantees) o When embedded state becomes successful =, becomes developed state o Have an industrial policy that provides incentives to olg firms to join different sectors o Gov helps and hopes firms followàgov not completely in hands of firms, gov has power and can tell firms what to do o Significant growth in education o Generates a competitive environment for firms o Need some form of significant foreign assistance to provide money and their niche in market § Ex. US provided a market for south Korean goods § Difficult to get this today o Gov was authoritarian at first because we need cheap labor at the beginning, but also progress § Lots of agricultural regorms, redistribution of land, moves population to cities, slums created, land reform critical § Closed markets from outside o States often perceived as autonomous o Seen as well-defined, not only in relation to other states, but also in relation to other national actors. States are also, according to this idea, actors who know who they are o Assumed to have fixed interests and preferences o They seek to avoid the pitfalls of the captured states. If successful, they become developmental states

Proving dependency theory wrong

o Shift in china—adopts market reforms and becomes superpower o South korea becomes economic power o Taiwan, hong kong, and Singapore also successful o All join capitalist society, all erodes power of soviets

implications of rostow's theory

o Stages are universal, true for all societies moving from traditional to modern o Basic force propelling a society along the historical path is technological development o Idea that traditional societies wishing to develop had to copy the already proven example of the west

captured state

o The people who govern use the public office for their private gain o State dominated by and for a small group of elites-protected by gov o Inefficient bureaucracy; corrupt; doesn't make good developmental states o No innovation because no competition o Rent seeking behavior—when you control gov, gov gives you money to continue producing o robbery from central bank--elites use as own private bank o cycle of poor management, economic decline and political disintegration o Systemic political corruption in which private interests significantly influence a state's decision-making processes to their own advantage o The term was first used by the world bank around 2000 to describe the situation in certain central Asian countries making the transition from soviet communism. Specifically, it was applied to situations where small corrupt groups used their influence over government officials to appropriate government decision-making in order to strengthen their own economic positions: these groups' members would later become known as oligarchs o The classical definition of state capture refers tot eh way formal procedures (such as laws and social norms) and government bureaucracy are manipulated by government officials, state-backed companies, private companies or private individuals, so as to influence state policies and laws in their favor o Rent seeking behavior

reaction to 3rd world to debt crisis

o They were willing to repay debt because middle classes are who is going to pay price (not rulers) o Capital flights-illegal, creating an tiny surplus and pocketing it § Money gets away into people's pockets § Estimated 1970-2010, 33% poorest had 1Tril capital flights—corruption! § Debt doesn't affect leaders much o Can also just steal the money § Used central bank as private bank, would just take it out

vietnam, iran, and afghanistan causing less faith in US bloc

o US also had Vietnam war and Iranian crisis § Iranian crisis led to a radical islamic regime and hostage crisis o Afghanistan § Soviets tried to take power and I honestly don't know how it ended *Provoked the ascendency of modern western conservatism

reemergence of west

o War between Iraq and iran § Hussein supported by US, showed west would support enemies (huh?) o USSR begins to collapse (leaders kept dying, economic crisis, had to drop out of afghanistan) § Gorbachev takes power · Wants peace with west and liberal reforms of communism § 1985 Helsinki: agrees to eliminate all nuclear weapons, US agrees to not git rid of but diminish and put controls § His reforms don't work and USSR collapses · Can no longer support allies in 3rd world

characteristics of a modern society under Weber

o Weberian bureaucracy: an ideal type description of bureaucracy § Bureaucracy is a form of rule-bound administration, where authority stems from expert knowledge (in contrast to personalized authority under monarchy or dictatorship) § Modern bureaucracy: · Effective because not based on birth · Appoint people based on qualification · Impersonal, hierarchical, and scientific based · Essential to weber for rationalization -rational legal authority o Religious traditional society-secular modern society § Secular modern society—key principle: maximization of utilities/individualism § Contracts lead to an impersonal system of laws § Private property fundamental to modernization · Guaranteed by system of law § A legitimate state has a legitimate monopoly of force (to enforce laws) · Weber believes in a liberal democratic state § All of this is how weber thinks we get to modernity

dangers with developmental states

o competent bureaucrats can make wrong choices o most developmental states are export orientedàneed to find the market and that is difficult o agrarian reforms complicated o doesn't work if too many countries are doing it (if everyone is producing the same thing, too much competition) o hard without foreign assistance and spending investments of education

colonialism

o go, take, extract, establish ideology that legitimizes the process § Taking away a territory by forceful means § Often systematic killing of native people or slavery § Notion of colonizer superiority § Extraction of resources based on violent force § zones of influence partitioned amongst great powers § originally anchored in the catholic church § manifest destiny—'we need to elevate these backwards people'

doubt began to be generated about the power of the US and west; increased fear of soviet power growing and taking over the 3rd world

what led to this?

millennium project's 8 goals

§ 1. Eradicate extreme poverty § 2. Achieve universal education § 3. Gender equality § 4. Reduce child mortality § 5. Improve maternal health § 6. Combat HIV/other diseases § 7. Environmental protections § 8. Global partnership for developed nations where they give more foreign aid to developing nations

why has south korea been so successful?

§ 1950-53 korean war, devastating destruction and poor § Colonized by Japanese—extractive and nasty, but created a small group of middle class that would be important later § Rise from waràrole of US in boosting economy: gave money, esp for infrastructure: abt 42bil from 40s-70s · As part of the cold war · Also got direct assistance to budget—abt 60% § They borrowed a lot of money, but debt was invested in the right way to not get hurt § Significant investment in human capital/education · At first people weren't literate, now at our levels of education § Generated massive land reform (hard to do in 3W because those in power are in charge of the land) · Had to do with cold war: wanted legitimacy · Redistributed land to peasants-gave them TITLES to property so can go to bank, ask for loan, invest, etc. · Without title, land is dead capital (can't improve with it) § US intervention possible by protectionism · Protect so not competing with more powerful manufacturers (protect from imports through tariffs) · Build industry, protectionism, or begin to compete · US gave access to exporting § Culture · Confucianist culture w/sense of belonging, nationalism, all work together · Generated collective belonging and united country form threat of north korea · Lots of 3W have varied cultures with class, (something idk) more monogamous § Sequence from military dictatorship, collapse and emergence of civilian democracy (sequence) · All of this difficult to replicate today

ugama

§ 3 principles · 1. Mutual respect · 2. Sharing of property and production/its benefits · 3. Necessity for all of population to work extremely hard (since so poor) § He believed that these principles existed in the precolonial past and we needed them back § Also wanted to reform: thought sexism was a big problem in precolonial Africa and wanted to make equality in modern times § Also thought elders had too much power § Wanted to eradicate individualism and bring back community values § Peasantry were the very heart of African socialism and should be given priority

end of colonialism: 3rd world nations powerful

§ 3rd world nations become independent and challenged imperial powers · Freedom of India; China taken over by Mao Zedong

human development index (HDI)

§ Alternative to the notion that development=growth and western change § Looks at life expectancy, education level, economic growth, etc. to rate development § Poor societies can have a high HDI (ex. Cuba)

liberation theology

§ Argued by catholic church § Idea that we can modernize by replacing system and redistributing wealth § Used in some Central American countries; many leaders were priests and many of these movements failed

Keneysian economics

§ Belief of pumping money to lower class and some redistribution to get out of economic crisis § Welfare state, was seen as a communist threat § Generated doubt around world about US power § If US in decline, should we move to soviet bloc? (3rd world thoughts)

why doesn't the global south revolt?

§ Can only think about survival in such conditions § Cost of revolting is very high (death, sent away, might not work) § Mostly focused on feeding family

marshall divides citizenship into 3 parts:

§ Civil: the rights necessary for individual freedom—liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contracts, and the right to justice § Political: the right to participate in the exercise of political power, as a member of a body invested with political authority or as an elector of the members of such a body § Social: the range from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society o This is the minimum for effective citizenship; to be full members of a community

south korea's strategy

§ High investment in education and technology § Massive land reform: titleàloansàinvestmentsàsavingsàbanks § Highly efficient bureaucracy § Confucianism · An ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the importance of personal ethnics and morality · Sense of belonging · Homogenous society § US economic/political interventions in south korea § South korea has a high saving rate and GDP is increasing

wealth gap

§ Huge wealth inequality between global south and industrialized countries § Inequality highest level since gilded age § Questions of morality/ethics § Consequences of huge difference in global south (conflicts/tensions) § Disparities both between and within countries § 10 richest men in world own more wealth than >3bil people in the bottom § Poor angry, rich want to keep privilege

stabilization plans

§ Large trade surpluses created by exporting § Devise policies to favor exports § Do by devaluing currency to make it cheaper to export § Austerity: tell your workers to deal with it: cut wages and state spending · Cuts off substitutes through gov (not enough scarce resources for echoing) · Repay debt, but screwing population for everyone except top

human poverty index (HPI)

§ Measures most basic measures of poverty § Shows that some countries can be considered developed and have a high HPI

unipolar world by the end of the 90s

§ Perception that globalization is working and everything is good § 'end of history': only 1 idea of democracy and capitalism § This gets unraveled · Debt crisis not resolved · People begin to oppose globalization because of wealth inequality · Resentment against cultural reforms from globalization · Seattle meeting of major international financial institutions o Major protest against globalization, became violent o 'battle of seattle'

problems for world development: element of implosion

§ Political structures, social norms, and wealth can easily fall apart, even in technologically advanced countries (ex. Soviet Bloc) § Failed state/fragile states § Rogue states: dangerous to well-being of industrialized nations (Iran, North Korea) § Industrialized nations could ruin world with a nuclear exchange that would change the world order · If richest countries blew up, countries like Brazil, Pakistan, South Africa as new strongest bloc

ways to cope with living in the global south: public transcript and headen

§ Public transcript: poor being nice to upper class in their presence § Headen: being mean to rich when with other poor people (saying how they really feel) § Becomes explosive when headen transcript becomes public § Regimes fight back and know how to preserve their power

2 kinds of colonialism

§ Secular: significant population moves into colony; violent because of resistance § Normal: small settler population, more peaceful

structural adjustment plans

§ Shock theory: gov forced to do steps in step 1 (basically institutionalizes it in short term) § Goal is to put the short term steps into the long term § Privatization of state companies · Sell assets to external financial institutions § Tell 3W nations to open economy completely · Lower tariffs, inflow of foreign investments and more money § Problem: corruption and when got money, repaid debt instead of investing in own economy (so had bad economy) § Kind of lame system—outflow of resources from 3W and west § What you spend on debt much more than GNP o A structural adjustment is a set of economic reforms that a country must adhere to in order to secure a loan from the International Monetary Fund and/or the World Bank o Structural adjustment programs have demanded that borrowing countries introduce broadly free-market systems coupled with fiscal restraint—or occasionally outright austerity. Countries have been required to perform some combination of the following: § Devaluing their currencies to reduce balance of payments deficits § Cutting public sector employment, subsidies, and other spending to reduce budget deficits § Easing regulations in order to attract investment by foreign businesses § Closing tax loopholes and improving tax collection domestically

9/11

§ Shock to US and world that terrorism can reach any part of world § 9/11 is reaction of the third world against globalization and western imperialism § Trade center was symbol of American financial power § US invades Iraq as a response-believes they were responsible (they were not, was al-qaeda) · Goal=kill Hussein? They do it he dies · Even western powers doubtful of invasion-multilateralism ends · Precipitates division of west w/Chinese and Russia and with the bricks (Russia, brazil, south Africa, China, india) o Bricks: formally created as a western alternative in 2009 o Many countries in 3rd world don't want to align w/westàmore countries joining (ex. algeria, Argentina, iran, Saudi arabia, turkey, Egypt, Indonesia) § new non-aligned movement? · New opportunities for 3rd world but potential turbulence · Lots of oil and gas in this bloc (economic power)

mobility and great power emergence

§ Some countries in global south emerged as great powers, especially china § Global south is changing the world/power balance § We have created an immerse amount of wealth and unprecedented numbers of people have moved from poverty to stability · In china, 500mil have escaped poverty

marxist theories of development

§ The western world is linked to the 'underdevelopment' of the rest of the world · Imperialism, forced labor and slavery, extraction of resources · Modern day: debt crisis, role of international organizations such as IMF

how did nyerere want to implement ugama?

§ To do, concentrate in rural areas to implement ugama · 1. Self-reliance: developing on own resources in order to become modern o Do by creating self-reliant villages in 3 stages § 1. Move peasants into villages where will live communally (resources distributed in family and work and housing still private); create clinics, schools, and start production § 2. Benefits from work are shared communally; work together, benefit together; individualismàcommunalism § 3. Everything is communal o For Nyerere, socialism is this agricultural lifestyle focused on peasants (rural vision, not urban) § He is against urban life § To live in an urban society, would have to have classes and peasants would get screwed over § Wanted rural development

inequality adjusted HDI

§ Used as we noticed how unequal the world was becoming in the turn of the century § Adjusted HDI levels based on access to healthcare, education, etc.

problems with dependency theory

§ Was right about the wealth gap § ALL countries exploitive when industrializing § Has major problems § Right about how we got here, bad at solving it § Doesn't explain why we are STUCK: all countries are different

Weber's main theory-rationalization

§ What transforms society into a modern nation § Bureaucracies are meritocratic and organizationally effective based on scientific organizational principles (religion doesn't determine modern bureaucracies) § This leads to a society organized by a division of labor based on organizational principles Clock invented: modern instrument that guides production · Rationalization: focuses on the human capacity to control the world through thought, logic, and calculation -hierarchical and bureaucratic structures depending on skill and merit, division of labor/scientific management

mediation

§ global powers established local elites that mediated relationships between Europeans and native people § very few colonists actually lived in colonies so used this to get poweràif didn't work, used violence

hayek's theory of development (idk if this is actually important or not but just in case)

§ neoliberalism: 'a state may be necessary, but liberalism teaches that its power must be minimized and, especially, laissez faire should be left unhampered to work its miracles of development' § hayek says: · the birth of civilization is attributed to private property · central role of state=restricted to maintaining the rule of law § commonalities with Weber · a good legal system is needed to guarantee and enshrine in law the right to private property

problems for world development: ideal type

§ we truncate reality to put it into categories because it is easier to understand with broad categories § we say 'western world' and 'global south' or 'developed' and 'underdeveloped' even though there are differences in those groups

social change

· A western belief including the rise of free markets, secularism, liberal democracies, individualism, rule of law, and civil liberties · Belief that the changes that occurred in the West during industrialization were bound to happen in the rest of the worldàprocess seemed natural and inevitable · You have to do certain things to achieve development, and all countries are pursuing development on this linear path · Frances Fukuyama: believed that there is only one form of western modernity and your culture will be eroded by western culture during development o People didn't like this generalization: argued that there are multiple paths to modernization

end of colonialism: atlantic charter

· Churchill and Roosevelt wanted colonialism to end: created ideology behind colonialism collapsing · Established goals of a world without racism and with self-determination instead

non-aligned countries

· Created the third bloc of non-aligned countries, but still a mostly bipolar world o China and India were the big countries that actually got to be non-aligned · Would negotiate between blocs to get power o Ex. Egypt wanted to build a dam, soviets agreed to built, Egypt used this to manipulate the west to get a better deal · Most of the time, if you are in the bloc's sphere of influence you stay in that bloc o Exception: cuba moving to soviet side · 2 blocs saw opportunities in areas not quite in either sphere of influence o Ex. Mozambique and Angola § Colonies up for grabs, we messed up and Angola became communist o Ex. Somalia and Ethiopia § Ethiopia American regime originally, Somalia soviet regime originally § Countries weren't happy and switched regimes o All regimes authoritarian § Not like one bloc has democratic regimes and one doesn't § So authoritarian regimes are the main form of government for the 3rd world at the time § Over time, feeling that west power was declining and soviet power was increasing: Watergate and Vietnam

end of colonialism: vietnam

· French tried to retain Vietnam as a colony, was unsuccessful · French weakened by the Algerian War; began decolonization and negotiations throughout colonies · Charles De Gaulle: wanted colonies to be independent within the French Empire; all of Africa agreed except Guinea, but that precedent led other colonies to want full freedom

end of colonialism: WWII

· Great colonial powers against imperial Germany · How can we legitimize fighting against racism and imperialism if we do the same thing in the colonies? · WWII weakened many of the global powers and led to only 2 blocs (US and USSR); less power to colonize · West wanted to end colonialism because they didn't want the Soviets to colonize to spread communism

end of colonialism: bandung conference

· Independent countries got together in Indonesia · Decided to fight for independence and non-alignment