Politiques French Wars of Religion

Catherine de Medici

-Married Henry II -His mistress Diane, had more power than she did -Mother and Regent to 3 kings -None of her sons old enough to be king yet -Her uncle, Pope Clement VII, refused Henry VIII's request for annulment; he arranged her marriage because he wanted an alliance with Francis vs. Charles V -Banished Diane, from everything after Henry died -Had complete control after Henry's death -3 families fought for power in France since it was now a regency -Her job was to keep the power equal so that the 3 families could not take over. -she kept peace between the Catholics and Protestants

Philippe du Plessis Mornay

-One of the three books about Huguenot resistance was written by Philippe du Plessis Mornay -It was called the "Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants" -This suggested admonishing princes, nobles, and magistrates under the king, as guardians of the right of the body politic, to take up arms against tyranny in other lands

Edict of Nantes

-Passed by Henry IV -Proclaimed on April 13, 1598 -Directed towards the Huguenots -It gave them the right of public worship, assembly, and maintains their own fortified towns in their own towns and territories. It couldn't be in other cities and such -Although it was a little better for the Protestants, it made Catholics fight more with them for a longer amount of time

Vassay

-Protestant Congregations met in Champaigne to worship -The Duke of Guise killed all of the worshipers and any stragglers from in the church.

King Francis I

-Renaissance King (liked to collect Renaissance stuff) -Educated, loved poetry -Leonardo da Vinci died in his arms -Began the French Library--signed law = 1 copy of every book -published had to go to the library -1st and 2nd Habsbourg/Valois wars were to check Habsbourg power -Italy very vulnerable -Francis defeated at the Battle of Pivia by Charles V -He was captured by Charles V, so his mother traded him (Francis) for his two sons -Signed the Treaty of Madrid--which renounced his claims to Italy, surrendered Burgundy to Charles, and turned over Flanders and Artois. Afterward, he refused to abide to the Treaty, claimed he was in a state of duress (from being captured) -1526: He joined the League of Cognac--composed of Pope Clement VIII, Henry VIII, Venice, and Florence. They were defeated. This ended the Treaty of Cambrai and left Burgundy to France. -Fence-sitter -Wanted Parliament of Paris's advice and approval. They had the power to approve/disapprove the king's Edicts. -Regional Parliaments all over France -When Charles V capture Francis in Spain, his mom Louise of Savoy, got him back by trading him for his two sons. She late ok'd the publishing of Protestant books. -After his return, he like the Reform church better -1528: The Virgin Statue was mutilated, so he ordered persecutions on the Protestants. -1532: Tho ally German Protestants with England, where Henry VIII was anti papal, he changed again and favored the Reform, listened to evangelic sermons in the royal palace of Louvre. -1534: The Affair of the Placards by the Protestants solidified his views against the Protestants. Placards attacked the Mass, they were posted in Paris and on the door of Francis's Chambers. He again persecuted Protestants--Edict of Fontainebleau-- (He was scared they could get to him) Heretics were burned, others fled, and death was declared the penalty for heretics.

Henry III

-Ruled Poland until his brother Charles died - When Henry III's brother died, Charles, under Salic Law, the net leader was the Protestant Henry of Navarre -Henry III probably Gay -***De Guise told Henry II to make a proclamation that outlawed Protestantism and Henry of Navarre. After this, Henry III had de Guise assassinated. Henry III invited Henry of Navarre and his brother Louis over the III's house. III's guards killed Navarre that day and Louis the next. III also had Navarre's son imprisoned so no heir could inherit his throne.**** -Next the war of 3 Henrie's. Catholic league turned against Henry II and wanted Charles Bourbon, a imprisoned cardinal, to be Charles X as king. -Henry III fled Pares allied with Henry of Navarre. -The 2 Henries were besieging Paris when they came upon a Dominican monk, Jacques Clement, who pretended to have a message for Henry III, he hot close enough and stabbed him.`

Bourbon Family

-Rulers who had cousins in Navarre -They were next in line to the throne -They had family in France whose heiress daughter married Louis IX -During the religious wars, Louis I de Bourbon, Prince of Conde, was a Protestant General who fought for France, he was a converted Huguenot who was captured by the Spanish in 1562, he worked out peace with the Catholics, the Peace of Amboise, which didn't last long. Then he died. -In the 16th Century,, a Bourbon married the Queen of Navarre, the Queen was Calvinist, so Navarre became Calvinist. -1572: their son Henry, King of Navarre, and a leader of Protestants in Western Europe.

January Edict

By Catherine de Medici -1562: Catherine Talked with Beza and Coligny and issued this Edict which gave Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns, privately in town, and hold Synods. -It came to a close in March when the Duke of Guise massacred Protestants worshipers at Vassay in Champaigne.

Edict of Fontainebleau

By King Francis I -The Edict proclaimed by King Francis I, after Protestants posted attacks on his Chamber door. -Allowed persecution of the heretics, mostly lower and middle-classes, subjected all Huguenots to persecutions.

Edict of Chateaubriand

By King Henry II -Established this with new measures against the Protestants

Huguenots

French Protestants (Calvinists) (Did not accept the Catholic Church) Rebelled against the House of Savoy (led by Besancon Hugues), was Geneva's political revolt in the 1520's

French Wars of Religion

Habsbourg/Valois wars were over Italian territory by Spain (Habsbourg) and French (Valois). The French attempted to stop Charles V from invading them. The wars started with the Huguenots (French Calvinists/protestants). The French wars were for the claim of Naples, Italy. Sforza got Charles VIII to help him invade Northern Italy and Milan when he was against his son. They were triumphant through Northern Italy. An alliance of Venice, the Papal States, Austria, and Milan was made to oppose him. Charles VIII was defeated at Fornovo, lost his army, and went home. He ran into a door frame and died. These wars brought the Italian Renaissance into France.

Peace of St. Germaine el Laye

Peace Treaty ended the 3rd religious war in France

Politiques

******Rulers who put peace and national interest above religion****** Rulers who kept religious and civil war in balance and tended to make theological doctrine into unity by tolerance, moderation, and compromise in religious matters. Elizabeth I is the best example of this, by attempting to balance the religions.

John Knox

-A Scottish reformer who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland -He wrote: "First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women" This was a revolt against Mary Tudor. But Elizabeth thought it was against her and never truly forgave him. -He helped promote later Calvinist resistance -He escaped to France after converting to Protestantism -Protestantism became the Scottish national religion -The Scottish reformed church became the basis for Presbyterianism

Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV

-A baptized Catholic, but converted to Calvinism, his mother's religion -He was next in line to the throne when Henry III died -The Catholic League did not like him, and it was strong enough to keep Henry IV in the South -He had to try to take the throne through military aid, which was sponsored by Elizabeth I -The Catholic League proclaimed Henry's Catholic uncle, the Cardinal de Bourbon, as King Charles X. This did not work since he was Henry's prisoner -Henry failed to take Paris, but was victorious in battles against this league -After Bourbon's death, the league did not have another strong candidate. The strongest one was Isabelle, the daughter of Philip II, whose mother, Elizabeth, was the eldest daughter of Henry II. Since her candidacy was in violation of the Salic law, the League was suspected of being the agents of the foreign Spanish -Henry still could not take Paris because the Catholic opposed the Protestants -Gabrielle d'estrees, the love of his life, helped him agree that "Paris is well worth a mass" (Paris vaut bien une masse) -He permanently renounced Protestantism -He was crowned in 1553, since he renounced Protestantism, but he lost his ally Elizabeth. -He improved lives by draining swamps for new crop land and reformed taxes so peasant id not have as much -He also improved the economy by making peace with Catholics and Protestants -He created College Royale, which encouraged education for all -He saved forests and built tree-lined highways -He renewed Paris and make new canals -Henry financed expeditions to Americas, and France claimed Territory in Canada -1598: he made the Edict of Nantes******* -He made Catholicism the religion of France -Protestants had the freedom to worship in specific geographic areas, but not in the city -The Edict only meant for Catholics and Protestants, not Jews or Muslims -1610: France banished Muslims and Jews -Henry was murdered in his coach in Paris by Francis Ravaillic

"First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women"

-A book written by John Knox -1558 -It's about how getting rid of an Heathen tyrant was a Christian duty -Knox was thinking about Mary Tudor when he wrote this

Theodore Beza

-Calvin's successor -Founded the Genevan Academy, aka University of Geneva. This University trained new Calvinist ministers. -He wrote: "On the Right of Magistrates over Their Subjects"; which went beyond Calvinism and justified lower classes overthrowing any tyrannical rulers.

King Charles IX

-Catherine's next son who reigned for 14 years -Became king at 10 -The Montmorency and Guise families vied for his favor -He was married young to an Austrian princess, and they had two daughters and no male heirs -Involved in St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre -Henry and Charles signed a treaty where Catherine's daughter, Marguerite, Catholic, married Henry of Navarre, Protestant. All Catholics opposed that marriage. All Protestant leaders were there. Parliament of Paris decided to boycott the wedding.

St. Batholomew's Day Massacre

-Catholics set fire to a church of Protestants (they were inside) -Henry of Navarre was the leader of the Huguenots -It Started with the assassination attempt on Admiral of Coligny on Aug 23. (possibly by; Duke Henry of Lorraine, (a de Guise) or Duke of Alba (a Spanish Governor) or Catherine de Medici, had the motive. -Charles agreed to a Swiss mercenaries com in, led by Henry de Guise, and kill the Protestant Leaders (earlier decided to let them live, changed their minds) -Henry de Guise killed Coligny in his sickbed, first and dragged is body into the streets. -The Swiss dragged out the rest of the leaders too, and killed them in the streets. -Marguerite hid Henry of Navarre so he would not be killed. He escaped the massacre in Paris and fled to his Protestant forces in the South. -The massacre spread throughout the country. It was mostly peasants urged on by religious fanatics, killing the Protestant middle and lower-classes. -In Paris: 2000 were killed, and the gates were locked so they couldn't escape. 10,000 in the countryside were probably killed, anywhere for 2,000-100,000

Henry II

-During the Habsbourg/Valois wars, the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis is force on Henry. He renounces all claims to Italy, but he retains some Flemish Areas. -His daughter married Philip, Charles V's son -His son married Mary Queen of Scots -He persecuted the Huguenots harshly -He married the last Medici, Catherine, when he returned to Spain -His Mistress was Diane de Poitiers, Diane held the real power, much more than Catherine until after his death -1559: He was hurt in a jousting tournament (lance went through his helmet and pierced his eye) He died. A verse of scripture prophesied this also both Diane and Catherine told him not to joust. He called for Diane on his death bed. Catherine didn't let Diane see him before or after his death. -Catherine banished Diane from power

Guise Family

-Guise gained power in France. They led the Catholic League against the Huguenots. -Mary Queen of Scots was the daughter of James V of Scats and a de Guise, she was raised in France, but born in Scotland, through her charm and "love" of sickly King Francis II, she had more influence on him.

Day of the Barricades

-Henry III tried to disrupt the Catholic League with a surprise attack in 1588. This failed horribly, so the king fled Paris -Henry was emboldened by the English victory over the Spanish Armada, so he successfully planned the assassinations of the Duke and Cardinal of Guise -The Catholic League was really upset, because of this fury, Henry III had to ally with Henry of Navarre in April 1589, a Protestant