Pols 207, Lim EXAM I
TANF: Temporarily Assistance for Needy Families
In Texas: must only make $401 a month to qualify ($5,000 a year) $3,000 a year with no income
What countries are declining in population?
Japan, Italy, Russia, Spain, etc...
Caucasians
Largest racial group, however no longer the majority Second highest education level Second highest life expectancy (second lowest infant mortality?) Second lowest birth rate??
Which gender dies younger and why?
Males more susceptible to fatal sickness more likely to make fatal choices least likely to ask for help
Lowest per capital income?
Mississippi (35K)
r: 0.5-0.7
Moderate relationship
Religion, poverty, education
More poverty, lower education, higher religiousity
Pverty v. per capita income
Negative relationship, r = -.65 Texas is above the line noticeably, therefore has higher poverty when considering income levels.
Greatest metropolitan populated states?
New England
Highest highschool completion states?
North-Central US and New England
Programs with shared funding
general health care, economic affairs, general public services
Grants given to states by the federal government indicates
the impression that the states are better stewards of government revenue than the federal government
Hispanic population is
the largest minority group and growing in both percentage and numbers, with the highest fertility rate (however it is declining none the less)
The Asian population is
the smallest minority group, but fastest growing in terms of percentage and numbers
Larger areas with less people mean per capita expenditure
will be greater and more expensive
Smaller areas with more people means per capita expenditure
will be less and not as expensive
American federalism is better described as a ________-centric than a top-down power system.
state-centric
The Caucasian population is
decreasing (no longer majority) in percentage, fertility rate is declining (therefore in numbers, too)
Programs funded mostly by states
education, public order and safety and recreation and culture
Why is the Hispanic population growing so greatly?
Family reunification (chain migration)
Which level of government is responsible for national defense?
Federal government
Is the foreign born percentage greater or smaller than in the past?
Greater and growing Texas has a greater foreign born population than the national percentage
Who creates local governments?
state government
Population (2015), 3 greatest, 3 smallest
Greatest: 1. California 2. Texas 3. Florida 4. New York Smallest: 1. Wyoming 2. Alaska 3. North Dakota 4. South Dakota
Maternity migration
Having kids born in US
How had technology changed the landscape of the population of this country?
Heating and AC has made once extreme climates easier for the less "weathered" people to handle
Greatest state (alone) expenditures to least
1. Education 2. Health 3. General public services 4. Public order & safety 5. Economic affairs 6. Income security 7. Recreation & culture 8. Housing & community services
Total government expenditures from greatest to least
1. Health 2. Income security 3. Education 4. General public service 5. National Defense 6. Public order & safety 7. Economic affairs 8. Housing & community services 9. Recreation & culture
Shared expenditures of state and federal government from greatest to least
1. Health 2. Income security 3. Education 4. Housing & community services 5. Economic affairs
Greatest Federal Expenditures to Least
1. Income security 2. Health 3. National defense 4. General public service 5. Economic affairs 6. Education 7. Public order & public safety 7. Housing & community services
Ways states may vary:
1. physical and demographic differences 2. wealth differences 3. differences in social problems faced
How many reps in the House? How many in the Senate? (National)
150 30
The neutral population growth rate is?
2.1
Percentage of Population with a Bachelor's degree or higher in Tx
28%
2014 Government expenditures by federal, state, and local percentages
60% federal 49% state/local (with 7% from federal gov't) THEREFORE actual: 67% by federal 33% state/local
Percentage of Population with Highschool Education or Higher in Tx
82%
African-Americans and Hispanics
Hispanic infant mortality is much lower because of family culture African-Americans have lowest life expectancy (not including Native Americans)
Which group has the highest education levels?
Asians
Why is the US growing?
Because of immigration
Highest per capita income?
Connecticut (62-62K)
Stats don't lie, but what does?
Context and interpretation... the numbers may imply something, but looking into the context reveals something else.
The US natural birth rate is growing or declining?
Declining
What are the two usual causal answers?
Education Public policy/rules of the game
There are roughly 18,000 local governments in the US? T/F
False, 90,000
Revenue and income has a what relationship?
Positive
Per capita income v. HS completion
Positive relationship, r = .43 TX is above the line, therefore has a (much) higher projected income for HS completion rate Connecticut has highest
Incarceration Rate v. Violent crime rate
Positive relationship, r = .45 Texas is significantly higher than the line, therefore has more prisoners than projected by crime rate.
Per capita state & local government revenue v. per capita income
Positive relationship, r = .69 Texas is above the line, therefore has a noticeably lower spending considering income
Per capita income v. College degrees
Positive relationship, r = .76 Tx is above the line, therefore has a (little) higher income than projected by college completion
State & local government expenditures per capita v. revenue per capita
Positive relationship, r = .93 Texas is noticeably higher, therefore has a greater percentage of degrees than projected by spending (aka, spend less than expected from percentage of degrees)
Asians
Smallest minority Growing fastest in population highest education level highest life expectancy (so lowest infant mortality?) lowest birth rate???
Infant mortality v. education levels
States with lower education levels and higher poverty levels have higher infant mortality
Education and poverty
States with more HS/College graduation have higher income levels
r: 0.74-0.99
Strong relationship
Executions
Texas has greatest number Oklahoma has greatest per capita
Metropolitan Population (2014) of Texas & California
Texas: 92% Cali: 97%
Texas is growing at a faster rate than most states and the national growth? T/F
True
"Land of congestion"
Urban area More laws/regulations to keep order
r: 0.0--.4
Weak relationship
Which policy area is financed mainly by the federal government?
Welfare and social services
Spurious relationship
a relationship that is not linked directly or possibly even indirectly
How do states contribute to welfare?
administratively To apply for welfare, you go to state office
Why do we want to identify patterns of states differences
because it can help us create knowledge to identify policies to achieve goals more effectively
Why is the Asian population the smallest minority?
because they were excluded from immigration by the Chinese Exclusion act until 1965 under LBJ
Marriage rights and marijuana restrictions are examples of
changing policies and show that the federal government and some states are pushing different goals.
Data can be corrupted by
context different living conditions/inflation population influencing national polls
Life expectancy v. Infant mortality
negative relationship, r = -.78 Texas is below the line, therefore has lower life expectancy considering the low infant mortality rate.
Winter birds
older people who live up north, northeast and move during the winter to warmer locations
States with large populations already has its ___ ________ and doesn't need to produce for ________ commerce.
own market inter-state
States with small populations must ____ more to ___ to other states with _____ people
produce sell more
Life expectancy in relation to Infant mortality
r = -.075 (negative relationship) more infant dying, lower life expectancy
Poverty in relation to capita income
r = -.65 lower income, higher poverty
Programs funded by national government
social security, national defense, Medicare
The African-American population is
stable in percentage, fertility rate is declining
Which level of government has the most impact on public policies affecting elementary and secondary education, higher education, marriage, and speed limits?
state government