POLS 315 Exam 2

The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) arm of Homeland Security stepped up raids in major cities across America during the Trump administration. To dramatize the importance of immigrants to the economy, advocates staged a?

"Day Without Immigrants" on February 16, 2017, in which shops and restaurants closed for the day. The idea was to stay away from work to demonstrate what would happen if the US were to lose large numbers of foreign-born residents in a crackdown on illegal immigration

more mentoring and access to studios could occur. Harvey Weinstein (movie producer), co-chair of the Weinstein film studio, said:

"The truth is that the industry needs to, and must, do better. And we will, too," he said. (HARVEY WEINSTEIN????). Isn't he the impetus for the #MeToo Movement?

By 1978, illegal immigration was the most pressing problem facing immigration authorities. President Reagan declared in 1984:

"We've lost control of our borders."

M. President Johnson laid the philosophical foundations for affirmative action in the 1960s at a Howard U. (HBCU) commencement address (1965):

"You do not take a person, who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, 'You are free to compete with all the others' and still justly believe you have been completely fair."

In 1995 President Clinton gave a speech in which he said he didn't favor:

"the unjustified preference of the unqualified over the qualified of any race or gender."

Toronto professor Richard Florida, who coined the phrase "the creative class" warned that Trump's efforts to restrict immigration threatens:

"the very core of America's innovative edge - the ability to attract global talent"

Disparities between school districts were enormous:

$577.49 per pupil for one district versus another which was able to spend $1,231.72 per pupil

In analyzing aid to parochial schools, the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) created the Lemon test:

(1) the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; (2) its principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; (3) the statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion

To get movies financed, backers need a bankable star who can increase the film's box-office return:

(it is hard to do that with the lead character named Mohammad So- and -So). Is it really?

President Trump moved aggressively when in office against illegal immigration by cracking down on sanctuary cities:

(places that provide haven to undocumented immigrants) and loosening the rules on who can be imported

Some Americans now advocate an economic nationalism

(promotion of America's interests) that puts native-born Americans first (maintaining sovereignty over the homeland)

What is an H1-B visa?

-brought about by the immigration act of 1990 -permission for a highly-skilled noncitizen worker to come work for a short period of time (need all the same proof needed to get a green card) -allowed to work for 3 years with the possibility of applying for additional time

A number of economists argue legal immigrants boost economies in several ways:

1) their impact on ownership of small businesses (lifeblood of small businesses - retail, restaurants, groceries, and dry cleaning).

Outside of Virginia, immigration surged, with the Scotch-Irish and Germans making up the two largest groups. By 1750, the colonial population had reached:

1.1 million

How many members are in the Senate?

100

How many undocumented immigrants are in the US?

11 million

How many Electoral College votes does Washington D.C. have?

12

The nation has how many people who identify as being of Asian descent?

12.7 million

A 2015 study by the Bunche Center for African American studies at UCLA found minorities, predominantly blacks, had?

13 percent of lead film roles in 2014

In the '50s, 70% of immigrants had come from Europe, by the '80s, that figure had dropped to?

14%

of the 38 million Americans classified as poor, whites make up the biggest share:

17 million people

Research by the Center of the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State U. said women, who make up 51 percent of the population, occupied just?

19 percent of major behind-the-scenes movie jobs, such as director, writer, and producer. The trend is more pronounced among industry powerbrokers

Berea College v. Kentucky

1908; held "separate but equal" doctrine applied to public schools. was a significant case argued before the United States Supreme Court that upheld the rights of states to prohibit private educational institutions chartered as corporations from admitting both black and white students. Like the related Plessy v. Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896) case, it was also marked by a strongly worded dissent by John Marshall Harlan. The ruling also is a minor landmark on the nature of corporate personhood in a 7-2 ruling

Emergency Quota Act

1921 restricting immigration and banning immigration by anyone from Asian countries - quotas were placed on immigrants from other places

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Duke Power v. Griggs

1971 -Duke power company required that blacks have an intelligence test taken -this violated the civil rights act of 1964 -court ruled that the applications had been discriminated against the civil rights act unanimous vote, In its ruling, the Supreme Court held that employment tests must be "related to job performance."

University of California v. Bakke

1978 The supreme court ruled that a white man Allan Bakke had been unfairly denied admission to medical school on the basis of quotas. the court did not ruleout all forms of affirmative action, but it did strike down the quota system in a 5-4 ruling

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act

1986 Act of the U.S. Congress that set up a procedure for allowing undocumented workers to become citizens and the stricter documentation of workers

Gratz v. Bollinger

2003 Struck down use of "bonus points" for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan. 6-3 decision. The Court held that the OUA's policies were not sufficiently narrowly tailored to meet the strict scrutiny standard. Because the policy did not provide individual consideration, but rather resulted in the admission of nearly every applicant of "underrepresented minority" status, it was not narrowly tailored in the manner required by previous jurisprudence on the issue.

Grutter v. Bollinger

2003 case in which Supreme Court held that University of Michigan's law school admission program was sufficiently "narrowly tailored" to consider race as a factor in admission decisions in order to achieve goal of a diverse student body in a 5-4 ruling

Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education

2007: School systems can't use race in administrative policies (reversed Swann). Schools started using income instead. "The way to stop discriminating on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race in a 5-4 ruling they found the enrollment plan to be unconstitutional

Some 576,000 Native Americans are considered poor. However, far greater percentages of blacks and Hispanics are likely to be poor:

25% of blacks and 20% of Hispanics live below the poverty line, but only 10% of whites are poor

How many electoral votes are needed to win the presidency?

270

How many members are in the House of Representatives?

435

Immigrant opponents want native-born Americans to keep their jobs, and not face wage cuts. Undocumented immigrants only make up about what percent of the working population?

5%

Black and Hispanic children attended a school in which:

57% of the student body shared their race or ethnicity and about 2/3s of the students were poor

The Urban Institute found that only about half of black and Hispanic high school students graduate, compared to:

75 and 77% respectively, of whites and Asians

In 2000, the average white elementary school student attended a school that was:

78% white, 9% black, 8% Hispanic, 3% Asian and 30% poor

Blacks account for slightly more than?

9 million

The UCLA study reported that talent agents - who make the deals placing actors, writers, directors, producers and others in productions - are?

91 percent white and 68 percent male

How many federal district courts and circuit courts of appeal are there?

94 district courts are organized into 12 circuits, or regions. Each circuit has its own Court of Appeals that reviews cases decided in U.S. District Courts within the circuit. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit brings the number of federal appellate courts to 13.

stare decisis

A Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand." Most cases reaching appellate courts are settled on this principle.

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

A Supreme Court ruling that said that state and local governments had no obligation to integrate public schools that came about as a result of de facto segregation. A suit charging that the Detroit, Michigan public school system was racially segregated as a result of official policies was filed against Governor Milliken. After reviewing the case and concluding the system was segregated, a district court ordered the adoption of a desegregation plan that encompassed eighty-five outlying school districts. The lower court found that Detroit-only plans were inadequate. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the metropolitan plan. This case was decided together with Allen Park Public Schools v. Bradley and Grosse Pointe Public School System v. Bradley. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Court held that "[w]ith no showing of significant violation by the 53 outlying school districts and no evidence of any interdistrict violation or effect," the district court's remedy was "wholly impermissible" and not justified by Brown v. Board of Education. The Court noted that desegregation, "in the sense of dismantling a dual school system," did not require "any particular racial balance in each 'school, grade or classroom.'" The Court also emphasized the importance of local control over the operation of schools.

Strict Scrutiny

A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

rational basis review

A judicial standard for assessing a law or government action that is employed when neither strict nor intermediate scrutiny apply. It is used in cases where a plaintiff alleges that the legislature has made an ARBITRARY or irrational decision

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group.

Research has shown, however, that diverse casts can boost returns:

A study of 2014 movies found that global box-office returns for films with a 40- to 50-percent minority cast were twice that of movies with a 10 percent or less minority cast. TV shows similar patterns. (What about Black Panther?). In just 26 days it passed the $1 billion mark

After ignoring the Brown decision for a decade, many southern school districts adopted a Freedom-of-Choice plan:

Acts of violence and threat directed at blacks in those communities who requested transfers of their children into formerly all-white schools. Only courageous blacks (or those who were economically independent) would be a party to the lawsuits to integrate these schools and blacks were subject to economic intimidation as well

To protect themselves some German-Americans did what to their family and business names?

Anglicized (made english)

Should more H-1B visa holders (allows US employers to employ foreign workers in specialty occupations) be allowed to remain in the US?

Applicants generally fill a critical need in the US labor market -- are scientists, engineers, or computer programmers (STEM)working in highly skilled, specialty occupations. Many of these applicants have skills that no Americans possess. Former Trump senior policy adviser Stephen Miller has proposed scrapping the lottery system and replacing it with a program that would seek to prevent foreign workers from undercutting domestic salaries. While former President Trump was in office, Labor Department records showed Trump's golf club and model management companies had received two dozen H-1B visas for employees in the past five years.

Who advocated for America First?

Bannon

In Berea College v. Kentucky, the Supreme Court upheld a Kentucky statute that allowed states to prohibit private educational institutions chartered as corporations from admitting both Black and White students:

Berea College opened as a coeducational and desegregated school founded in 1855, admitting both Black and White students and treating them without discrimination. In 1904, the legislature passed the Day Law which prohibited "any person, group of people, or corporation from the teaching of Black and White students in the same school

After Berea's challenge to the law was struck down by the Kentucky Court of Appeals, the case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court:

Berea, as a private college, argued that the state should not have authority over what students it admitted. The state legislature passed a statute saying that since the state had granted the charter to Berea to open the school as a corporation, the state had the authority to regulate corporations. Justice Harlan and Day dissented

Serrano v. Priest 1971

Children and parents in resided in Los Angeles County brought a class action suit to challenge the constitutionality of the state finance system. Education, the Court held, is a fundamental right "which cannot be conditioned on wealth."

What happened in Boston in 1974?

Community and judicial efforts to push the City of Boston to voluntarily desegregate its schools failed, and in 1974, a federal judge imposed court-ordered desegregation via busing between neighborhoods in the landmark Morgan v. Hennigan decision. The court-ordered busing was implemented during the 1974-1975 school year, and assigned many students to schools in neighborhoods far from where they lived in an effort to racially balance school assignment. There was a hostile backlash by many white residents of Boston, and many city residents of all races had questions about the busing method for implementing desegregation as well as the efficacy of desegregation. The topic remains an issue in Boston, where despite the 1974 decision and continuing efforts to integrate its schools, many schools remain racially imbalanced today.

Opponents argue that schools vouchers violate which prong of the lemon test?

Critics argue that vouchers fail the second prong because they are not neutrally provided; their use is contingent on attending private school, most of which are religious and sectarian. Others argue it fails the third prong because constant government surveillance will be required to insure funds are not spent for religious purposes.

Which lawsuit that was in the Brown v. Board class action suit was a result of high school students?

Davis v. Prince Edward County (virgina)

What does DACA stand for?

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Is education a fundamental right according to the U.S. Supreme Court?

Education, the Court held, is a fundamental right "which cannot be conditioned on wealth."

Using white actors to portray minorities is an established practice in Hollywood:

English actor Christian Bale played the Middle Eastern Jewish character Moses, and white actors played Egyptian characters. Emma Stone played a Hawaiian-Asian woman in Aloha and Joseph Finnes played Michael Jackson in Elizabeth, Michael, and Marlon. By the way, Liz Taylor, played Cleopatra

Intermediate Scrutiny Test

Equal protection test used by the Supreme Court that requires the government to prove that the use of classifications such as age, gender, or race is substantially related to an important government objective.

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Established 3-part test to determine if establishment clause is violated: nonsecular purpose, advances/inhibits religion, excessive entanglement with government.

Fisher v. Texas (2013)

Fisher got rejected from UT and the court decided the Equal Protection clause of the 14th amendment allows the consideration of race in undergraduate admissions under strict judicial scrutiny. A 4-3 ruling upheld this.

Who dissented in Meredith v. Jefferson County?

Four justices dissented and said the ruling contradicted previous decisions (precedent) upholding race-based pupil assignments and would hamper local school boards' efforts to prevent "resegregation" in individual schools

Some charter schools are very successful based on the percentage of its graduates going on to college:

Frederick Douglass Academy in Harlem, N.Y., and MATCH Charter Public High School in Boston, MA. MATCH is 69% black. KY has passed the enabling legislation for charter schools but has not funded them so they are yet to exist in the state

Who became the first African American to win an Oscar?

Hattie McDaniel for her role as Mammy in the 1939 classic Gone With The Wind

If current population trends continue, Asian immigrants will outnumber?

Hispanic immigrants by 2055, according to the Pew Research Center

Tracking:

History shows white students are admitted to accelerated schools and programs, and black students are relegated to inferior schools or low tracks. Whites are placed in AP and Honors and black and brown student are placed in lower-level tracks. So, although the schools are desegregated, once the students enter the schoolhouse door, they often do not interact with one another in their regular academic classes

Who is the father of education?

Horace Mann (May 4, 1796 - August 2, 1859) was an American educational reformer and Whig politician known for his commitment to promoting public education

Brown v. Board of Education 1955

In 1955, the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation. In their decision, which became known as "Brown II" the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur "with all deliberate speed,"

The Pew Research Center shows that black and white Americans are divided by a considerable margin on whether minority group members should get preferential treatment:

In 2008, among blacks, 57% said yes, but only 27% of whites agreed

Do local economies benefit from the arrival of legal immigrants?

In Durham, NC, best known for Duke U. and the Research Triangle Park - Apple announced in 2021 it was establishing a campus in RTP and investing $1 billion and creating 3,000 high tech jobs - its first campus outside of the West Coast, (leading center of biotechnology -- modifying living organisms according to human purposes -- and life sciences research) a local council member says their economy needs immigration to prosper. Its population has almost doubled since 1990, with a 10% increase in foreign born - primarily from Latin America and Asia. Its restaurant scene is flourishing Newcomers fill both lower-paying jobs and positions at start-ups - they depend of immigrant brain power.

Green and Alexander?

In Green v. New Kent County (1968), the Court eliminated the freedom-of-choice as a sufficient desegregation technique (many saw it as a delay tactic). In Alexander v. Holmes B. of Ed. (1969), for the first time since Brown, the Nixon DOJ (President Nixon campaigned in 1968 on a platform of law and order and BUSING) opposed that of counsel for the black plaintiffs. In a per curiam decision, the Court ordered the termination of dual school systems (black and white) at once. The Green and Alexander decisions left considerable confusion in their wakes regarding what techniques federal courts could employ to carry out the duties of desegregation. In Swann v. Charlotte (1971), Chief Justice Burger noted that a district court's equitable powers to remedy past wrongs is broad.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Keyes?

In Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver Co. (1973) the Court asked "Whether school desegregation standards imposed upon a southern school district with a history of legal segregation would be applied in northern school litigation? In Keyes, Black and Hispanic parents (plaintiffs - those who initiate a lawsuit) filed suit against all Denver schools due to racial segregation. Plaintiffs argued that de facto segregation had affected a substantial part of the school system and therefore was a violation of the equal protection clause. Petitioners proved that for nearly ten years since 1960 the Denver, Colorado school system implemented an unconstitutional policy of racial discrimination by operating a segregated school system. The defense argued, and the District Court held, that even though one part of the Denver system was guilty of segregation, it did not follow that the entire system was segregated as well. The case was key in defining de facto segregation. The Court found although there were no official laws supporting segregation in Denver, "the School Board," thru its actions over a period of years, intentionally created and maintained the segregated character of the core city schools. The Supreme Court ruled the entire school district in Denver, CO, must be desegregated. 7-1 ruling.

The Green and Alexander decisions left considerable confusion in their wakes regarding what techniques federal courts could employ to carry out the duties of desegregation:

In Swann v. Charlotte (1971), Chief Justice Burger noted that a district court's equitable powers to remedy past wrongs is broad

Brown v. Board (1954) was a class-action suit which could have been filed in state court or federal court. Why?

It questioned the 14th Amendment equal protection clause

numerous Southern cities, with long histories of segregation, voluntarily created inter-district arrangements to achieve desegregation, ex:

Jacksonville, Nashville, Charlotte

What day does the President always assume the oath of office?

January 20th

Why was "Tonto" such a breakthrough role?

Jay Silverheels played him, making him the first Native American star

Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education (2007)

Jefferson County Public Schools (JCPS) were integrated by court order until 2000. After its release from the order, JCPS implemented an enrollment plan to maintain substantial racial integration. Students were given a choice of schools, but not all schools could accommodate all applicants. In those cases, student enrollment was decided on the basis of several factors, including place of residence, school capacity, and random chance, as well as race. However, no school was allowed to have an enrollment of black students less than 15% or greater than 50% of its student population. Meredith and other parents sued the school district, arguing that the plan's racial classifications violated the students' Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection of the laws. By a 5-4 vote, the Court applied a "strict scrutiny" framework and found Jefferson County's enrollment plan unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the plurality opinion that "The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race." The Court acknowledged that it had previously held that racial diversity can be a compelling government interest in university admissions, but it ruled that "[t]he present cases are not governed by Grutter." Unlike the cases pertaining to higher education, Jefferson County's plan involved no individualized consideration of students, and it employed a very limited notion of diversity ("black" and "other"). Jefferson County's goal of preventing racial imbalance did not meet the Court's standards for a constitutionally legitimate use of race: "Racial balancing is not transformed from 'patently unconstitutional' to a compelling state interest simply by relabeling it 'racial diversity.'"

Pay gender inequity also surfaced as an issue in December 2014 after it was revealed that:

Jennifer Lawrence (J-Law - native Louisvillian) was paid less than her male co-stars in American Hustle (in 2015 and 2016 she was the highest paid actress in the world). Lawrence was shocked and angry. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is investigating allegations of bias against female directors. As a result of this loud conversation, the explicit denial or implicit disregard of the embarrassing statistics by high-profile individuals in no longer possible

What did Justice Kennedy do?

Justice Kennedy was the swing voter holding that strict scrutiny should be applied and that applying strict scrutiny, the schools had failed to demonstrate that there plans were narrowly tailored to achieve the asserted compelling state interest. Kennedy refused to join the plurality - he felt diversity could be a compelling state interest.

Who was the precursor to Milliken?

Keyes

why some argue we should grant legal resident status to the 11 million undocumented workers?

Legal workers earn higher wages than undocumented workers

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Is television more diverse than film?

Many experts say diversity is making visible progress in television with films such as Empire and Black-ish (all-black casts) and Fresh Off the Boat (about a Taiwanese immigrant chef). Television is much further along than film according to the National Hispanic Media Coalition. TV production companies score better on diversity overall than movie companies

Bracero

Mexican laborers

Construction of the laboriously prepared road leading to the Supreme Court's repudiation of state-sanctioned segregation has been amply recorded by contemporary historians. The graduate school desegregation cases paved the way:

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938), Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the U. of Oklahoma (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Former President Trump signed an executive order blocking refugee immigration from 7 countries of what religion?

Muslim

What religious groups struggle to counter terrorist stereotypes?

Muslims and Arabs

What 3 cities make up the research triangle on the east coast?

North Carolina State University, Duke University, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, located in the cities of Raleigh and Durham and the town of Chapel Hill, respectively.

What president earned the title "Deporter-in-Chief"?

Obama

What industries is the research triangle known for?

Oftentimes the Research Triangle Park is referred to a miniature Silicon Valley thanks to the density of technology companies that operate in the area.

writ of certiorari

Order by the Supreme Court directing a lower court to send up the records of a case for review

When were US and Chine relations normalized? And by what 2 leaders?

President Richard Nixon and Mao normalized relations in 1972 which accelerated chinese immigration

What president declared german-americans to be alien enemies?

President Woodrow Wilson in 1918

charter schools

Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices.

Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education:

Race was considered in student enrollment (15-50 rule). Struck down because there was no individualized consideration of students. 5-4 split decision

In Brown II (1955), the Court had to decide what remedy should be granted?

Rejecting petitioners' requests for immediate relief, the Court opted for a procedure that would permit the individual resolution of the administrative and academic problems. The cases were remanded (sent back) to the federal district court to be resolved on a case by case basis with "all deliberate speed."

Serrano v. Priest (1971)

Required California to decrease the gap in per pupil spending across districts. California's method of funding public education, because of district-to-district disparities, "fails to meet the requirements of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the California Constitution." The California Supreme Court recognized for the first—but not the last—time that students have a fundamental right to equal educational opportunity under the California Constitution.

What is the penalty to any city that offers safe haven to undocumented immigrants? What are these cities called?

Sanctuary Cities, Trump cracked down on them when he threatened to cut off federal funding to any municipality that offers safe haven to undocumented immigrants

Change is on the horizon, maybe? - there is a new push for inclusivity from Hollywood insiders:

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has revamped its voting rules and has added its most diverse group of members ever, with the goal of nominating more diversity for awards. Cheryl Boone Isaacs, was elected as the first black president of the AAMPAS in 2013. In 2016, "Moonlight" won the Oscar for "Best Picture" with an all black cast - an LGBT film

What was the first feature-length motion picture? Who was being negatively stereotyped in the film?

The Birth of a Nation 1915, african americans because white people were painted in blackface

These conditions directly affect college admissions:

The Century Foundation (a liberal think tank), reported in 2003 that white students account for only 11% of the population at these schools, and Hispanics 7%

Bakke v. Board of Regents of the U. of California at Davis (1978)

The Court ordered that Bakke be admitted and prohibited the use of racial quotas. But they allowed race to be considered along with other criteria (4-1-4) decision

What congressional committee in Congress attempted to root out communism in popular culture by holding high-profile hearings on Capitol Hill?

The House Un-American Activities Committee

Roberts v. City of Boston (1850):

The Mass. Court found the school committee's segregation policy reasonable, despite evidence of the inferiority of the black schools and harms of segregation put forth by the plaintiffs. Plaintiffs had argued according to the Mass. Constitution, all people were equal before the law. The court responded the broad principle did not guarantee the same treatment for all, but only that the law would equally protect the rights of all.

When should strict scrutiny be invoked and what three conditions have to be met to satisfy the standard?

The Supreme Court has identified the right to vote, the right to travel, and the right to privacy as fundamental rights worthy of protection by strict scrutiny. In addition, laws and policies that discriminate on the basis of race are categorized as suspect classifications that are presumptively impermissible and subject to strict scrutiny. The legislature must have passed the law to further a "compelling governmental interest," and must have narrowly tailored the law to achieve that interest

Fisher v U of Texas (2013)

The Supreme Court voided the lower appellate court's ruling in favor of the University and remanded the case, holding that the lower court had failed to apply the standard of strict scrutiny, which was applied in the Grutter v. Bollinger and Bakke decisions. On remand, the Fifth Circuit court heard oral arguments from both sides. It announced its decision in 2014 in favor of UT-Austin with one judge dissenting. Fischer sought a rehearing en banc but was denied in a 10-5 decision. Oral arguments were scheduled for Dec. 9, 2015. Justice Scalia died suddenly in February 2016 and Justice Elena Kagan had recused herself, so the case was decided by the seven remaining justices. Fisher II was decided by a 4-3 decision with Justice Kennedy writing the majority opinion joined by Ginsberg, Breyer, and Sotomayor. The majority upheld the lower court decision. The Court's opinion summarized that Fischer I set three controlling principles strict scrutiny of affirmative action admissions processes, judicial deference to reasoned explanations of the decision to pursue student body diversity. It noted UT's combined Top Ten-Percent holistic admission policy was unique but said UT should regularly evaluate available data and tailor its approach in light of changing circumstances. In dissent, Chief Justice Roberts wrote that UT's stated interests in diversity were not sufficiently measurable - Justice Thomas noted in a separate dissent that a state's use of race in higher education admissions decisions were categorically prohibited by the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

What circuit court does the state of Kentucky fall under?

The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

In Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver Co. (1973) the Court asked "Whether school desegregation standards imposed upon a southern school district with a history of legal segregation would be applied in northern school litigation?"

The case was key in defining de facto segregation. The Court found although there were no official laws supporting segregation in Denver, "the School Board," thru its actions over a period of years, intentionally created and maintained the segregated character of the core city schools. The Supreme Court ruled the entire school district in Denver, CO, must be desegregated

Which branch of government was given the powers to have "authority" over the naturalization of immigrants?

The constitution have Congress (legislative branch) the power to "establish a uniform rule of naturalization"

Most southern states were slow to desegregate and began a campaign of "massive resistance:

The eleven states of the Old Confederacy had a mere 1.7 percent of their black students attending school with white students by the 1963-1964 school year

Why was the 1960s film "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" groundbreaking? What Academy Award winner starred in the lead male role? This could have been inspired by what social movement happening in real life?

The era's civil rights and women's rights turmoil inspired moviemakers to lead more story lines involving women and minorities. It displayed an interracial couple starring Sidney Poitier

freedom of choice

The freedom of owners of property resources to employ or dispose of them as they see fit, of workers to enter any line of work for which they are qualified, and of consumers to spend their incomes in a manner that they think is appropriate.

Who does the burden of proof shift to when strict scrutiny is applied?

The government has the burden of proving that its challenged policy is constitutional. To withstand strict scrutiny, the government must show that its policy is necessary to achieve a compelling state interest.

What was the purpose of a "Day Without Immigrants"?

The idea was to stay away from work to demonstrate what would happen if the US were to lose large numbers of foreign-born residents in a crackdown on illegal immigration.

Several factors explain why racial, ethnic, and gender imbalance remains an issue in film and television:

The industries' allure of glamor, wealth, and fame leads to a talent supply that far outstrips demand (everyone wants to be a star) - breaking into the industry is contingent on personal relationships, which has led to a clubby circle of insiders. Says a Hollywood insider, "it's not a merit system - most people are disadvantaged by that."

Internet companies are also producing movies:

The internet movie trend creates opportunities for movies to get made that audiences are going to love but are increasingly difficult to get made

Legal immigration, however, has been diminished by the government response to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001:

The number of people granted permanent resident (green cards - allow one to apply for citizenship after five years if in good standing) has diminished, fewer people have been granted political asylum

Rational Basis Review

The standard used by the courts to determine the constitutionality of a law or government action if neither strict scrutiny nor intermediate scrutiny applies.

San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973)

The supreme court ruled that the San Antonio school district was not in violation of the 14th amendment equal rights clause. MALDEF lost in the fight to prove that schools should be equally funded. The Court said there is not an "explicit or implicit" constitutional right to a public education, therefore, education may not be considered a fundamental right

Movies and TV reflect our values but also shape them, how?

The way we are perceived is the way we'll get treated. In other words, media socializes us into what is pretty, what is ugly, who is pretty, who is ugly, he is smart, who is dumb, who is criminal, who is not, who to befriend, and not to befriend.

Charter Schools:

They provide a publicly funded alternative to the existing school systems which allow parents to choose among available private schools

What were "blaxploitation films" of the 1970s?

They were cheaply made films directed at black audiences.

What does #OscarSoWhite refer to?

This was in response to the academy's 7,000-plus predominantly older, white and male members had nominated an all-white slate of actors and actresses for Hollywood's most prestigious prizes - for the second year in a row.

Are undocumented immigrants good for the US economy?

Trump cited a figure from the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR): illegal immigration costs US taxpayers about $113 billion a year at the federal, state, and local level. That figure according to FAIR, includes federal expenses for education, medical treatment and law enforcement and other expenses covering undocumented immigrants, who have been blocked from receiving federal welfare since passage of the 1996 welfare reform law. Others argue most of this cost is actually the cost of education and health care for US citizen children

Similar initiatives to the one in California have been passed in:

Washington state, California, Michigan, Nebraska, Arizona, and Oklahoma

What did critics have a problem with Zoe playing Nina Simone?

When the movie trailer came out about black singer Nina Simone was released in 2017, critics blasted it as a return to "blackface" - using makeup on white actors so they can play black characters. Hispanic actress Zoe Saldana, who had been chosen to play Simone, was wearing a prosthetic nose and her skin had been darkened with makeup

Comedian Chris Rock wasted little time confronting the issue of the day when he took the stage at the 2016 Academy Awards. He immediately referred to the program as?

White People's Choice Awards

Charges of gender and racial bias and sexual stereotyping continue to plague the film and broadcast entertainment industries despite decades of complaints from women, minorities and civil rights advocates:

White males still dominate virtually all aspects of the business; from writers, directors, and producers to actors starring in leading roles

Creative class

a class of workers whose job it is to create new jobs - engineers, university professors, arts, music, poets, etc. -- believed to bring economic growth to countries that can attract its members, e.g., new ideas, high-tech industry, creative growth) warned that Trump's efforts to restrict immigration threatens "the very core of America's innovative edge - the ability to attract global talent.

The 1952 law contained a gaping loophole:

a concession to Texas agricultural interests that relied on cheap labor from Mexico

tipping point

a critical percentage of newcomer housing occupancy is reached which may precipitate a rapid exodus by the former majority population

Opponents argue that vouchers are:

a funding of sectarian schools which they assert is a violation of the First Amendment's establishment clause.

Great Famine

a period of mass starvation and disease caused by failure of the potato crop, killed I million people and led to the emigration (to leave your own country) of roughly 2 million more between 1845 and 1849

What does it mean to be a "Dreamer"?

a person who has lived in the US without official authorization since coming to the country as a minor

justiciable

a requirement that to be heard a case must be capable of being settled as a matter of law rather than on other grounds as is commonly the case in legislative bodies

Intermediate Scrutiny

a test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases that places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is unconstitutional

Burger noted four areas of concern:

a) Racial quotas (racial ratio is appropriate as a starting point). b) One-race schools can not be the result of continuing discrimination, past or present. c) Altering of attendance zones, though they may be awkward and bizarre. d) Busing with the caveat that the time or distance not be so great to risk health or impinge on the educational process.

Obama aggressively deported how many people during his 8 years in office?

about 3 million

Many thought the Reagan administration when it came into office in 1981 would be opposed to affirmative action. But Reagan's appointees were divided:

affirmative action was weakened but not overturned

The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited access to US citizenship to white immigrants (people from Western Europe) - it declared that any alien who was a "free white person" was eligible to become a citizen when?

after living in the US for two years

The new arrivals built an?

agriculture-based economy

In the mid- (19th century, the Irish (1840s and 1850s - crop failure, land and job shortages, potato famine) Germans were the dominant immigrant groups, along with many Chinese (mining and railroad construction in western states). Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited:

all immigration of Chinese laborers

In 1942, the US and Mexico agreed on the Bracero Program:

allowed Mexican guest workers to fill agricultural jobs left vacant when servicemen went to war. Employers were supposed to hire braceros (manual laborers) only for jobs certified to have a domestic labor shortage. Workers overstayed their contract

What was the basis for the "bracero" program in this country in 1942?

allowed mexican "guest workers" to fill agricultural jobs left vacant when American men went to war

What is DACA?

allows immigrants who were brought to the US as children and who met certain requirements to apply for 2 years protection from deportation

precedent

an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.

Foreign-born workers look at the controversies over immigration as evidence of?

an unwelcome American climate

According to the Naturalization Act of 1790 who was given eligibility to become a citizen after living in the US for two years?

any alien who was a "free white person"

What company announced that it will be building a campus in the research triangle?

apple

Aptitude tests v. Achievement tests

aptitude is testing the ability to understand/learn something and achievement is testing whether you mastered a subject or not

The critics get support from liberals who want to keep affirmative action:

as long as it's based on socioeconomic status instead of race

Who are the wealthiest US immigrants?

asians

Local property taxes was the rational purpose of?

assuring local control of public schools

guidelines call for each elementary, middle or high school to have?

between 15 and 50 percent black enrollment; residence -based system assigns students to school within residential cluster

But most courts held that racial classification was only reasonable where separate schools were also provided for blacks. Where only one public school was maintained in a district:

blacks could not be excluded

In 2014, minorities represented 38 percent of the population:

but whites and men dominate nearly every facet of the industry from the corporate suite to cinematography, although studies show TV has become somewhat more diverse than movies

What schools were started and publicly funded in the 1950s and 1960s?

charter schools for white kids

Opposition to these new educational options tends to come from?

civil rights groups, public school officials, teachers' unions, and parents concerned with one more financial drain on the public schools

California voters in 1996 banned affirmative action in?

college admission

In Detroit, 65 percent of city students were black, 81 percent of suburban students outside the Detroit area were white. The NAACP argued the only way to achieve desegregation was to?

combine the urban and suburban school districts. To rule otherwise would be to reward "white flight" from urban areas to the suburbs

The 1994 white male outrage at preferences by minorities was a key factor in:

congressional elections that toppled Democrats from control of both houses

Undocumented immigrants hold large numbers of jobs in:

construction, health care and restaurants, especially in Texas, which has the second largest number of undocumented immigrants behind California

Swann was the high water mark for?

desegregated public schools in America

Then President Obama weighed in saying the industry should?

do what every other industry should do, look for talent and provide opportunities to everybody

The Court held that school districts were obligated to eliminate racial segregation in any form, whether de jure or de facto, as long as?

evidence existed that showed that government action was responsible for such an outcome

What major industry would suffer without undocumented immigrants?

farming, they make up about 50% of hired farmworkers

Each state has at least one _______ district court?

federal

When does the Supreme Court open each year?

first Monday in October

Conservative affirmative action critics cite these statistics to argue that:

focusing on college admissions and hiring practices rather than school reform is a big mistake

the movie industry may have reached a tipping point in 2016:

following a controversy over the Academy Awards nominations for best actor and actress: For the second consecutive year, all the nominees were white.

Article II confers authority on the president to conduct?

foreign affairs and address immigration

During President Obama's administration's the department of Education and Justice together filed a:

friend-of-the-court brief on behalf of the U. of Texas at Austin, which is defending its race-conscious methods to achieve the educational benefits of diversity

Boston College political science prof. Peter Skerry says anti-immigration arguments resonate with Americans who believe?

globalization (cultural, economic, and financial, digital world and internet)and the free movement of workers across borders have hurt them

In 1986 Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act:

granted a general amnesty to all undocumented aliens who were in the US before 1982 and imposed sanctions against employers who knowingly hired individuals unauthorized to work in the US of A

In 1897, Black parents and taxpayers sought to enjoin a GA school board from collecting school tax levies from them for a high school that the board had closed. The board opted to discontinue the black high school and open four primary schools in the same building. The Court ruled that?

granting plaintiffs relief would impair the white high school or force its closure thus taking educational privileges from white children without giving to colored children (the Court doesn't seem to be concerned about taking educational privileges away from the Black high school students)

The creative class:

group of workers in multiple industries united by the fact that creativity is central to their productive work

Rock himself didn't escape charges of bias and stereotyping:

he introduced a group of Asian children as accountants who tally award votes and Latinos were miffed he addressed the exclusion of blacks but not of other minorities

Trump's first act on immigration?

he signed an executive order to build a wall on the US-Mexico border to keep migrants from Mexico and Central America from crossing into the U.S.A

Today, a half-century after Brown, evidence shows that predominantly black schools all too often have?

higher student-faculty ratios, less-experienced and lower-paid teachers, inferior facilities, and lower-quality course offerings and extracurricular programs than white schools

Diversity has come to mean:

hiring and admissions policies that focus on bringing people of different races and cultures on board

As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama was asked how would he recommend changing affirmative action policies so that affluent Americans are not given advantages and poor, less affluent whites are. He responded by saying?

his daughters advantages should weigh more than skin color

Today's immigration system dates back to 1965, when Congress overhauled the immigration rules scrapping national origin quotas in favor of?

immigration limits for major regions of the world and giving preference to immigrants with close relatives living in the US. President Johnson signed the legislation into law

Despite the promises for the future, history offers?

important warnings regarding the prospects of single-race schools

WWII started in 1939 and when the US entered in 1941, 11,000 German-Americans were?

interned during the war

Why was the hit show "I Love Lucy" such a breakthrough for TV?

it featured an ethnically mixed couple; Cuban Desi Arnaz and his white wife Lucille Ball

Obama tried again in 2013, proposing another reform package giving undocumented workers a chance at citizenship:

it included a new visa program

How does the school bus from the inner city become the Trojan horse when it arrives at the suburban district schoolhouse door?

it would make the district schools not as good

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

Racism that appears to be entrenched in public schools , segregated schools and classrooms, and lowered expectations of black children has led for calls to:

leave the system altogether

The California finance scheme for funding public education relied on:

local property taxes as a major source of school revenue with the balance drawn from a state foundation program which provided a minimum amount of support for all districts

A coalition of roughly 600 colleges and universities sent a letter to then Secretary of Homeland Security (John Kelly) saying the country could?

maintain its "global, scientific and economic leadership position" only if it encouraged talented people to come to the US

Public opinion seems to be divided on the issue:

majority black opinion remains strongly for affirmative action, on the grounds that the legacy of racism lives on. Whites and blacks are 30 percentage points apart on the issue according to a 2007 national survey by the Pew Research Center

Who are the poorest US immigrants?

mexicans

Local governments have been active accomplices, thru?

mortgaging practices, the location of public housing and urban renewal projects, and zoning regulations

Trump's former adviser Steve Bannon sees a global shift toward:

nationalism

The nation's 42 million immigrants are more likely to start businesses than?

native-born Americans

Goal of brown?

not integration, but. equal opportunity

Some education advocates such as Julius Chambers argued that priority should be given to desegregating?

not the students, but the money

From Hollywood's earliest years, racial and ethnic groups - who were battling deeply entrenched racism in society - have protested their depictions?

on screen and exclusion from decision-making roles

German immigrants endured two waves of anti-German sentiment:

one before and during WWI (1914-1918) and one during WWII (1939-1945). In 1918, President Wilson declared German-Americans to be "alien enemies" and many were confined to internment camps in Utah, Georgia, and NC. Many German-Americans anglicized their family and business names (assimilation) to avoid persecution, e.g., Johann Christian Bach became John Bach, etc.

In Milliken v. Bradley (1974), (Detroit and 53 surrounding suburban districts) the Court ruled that a federal court could not do wha?

order busing of schoolchildren across school district boundary lines to achieve racial integration unless each school district had been found to practice racial discrimination or school district lines had been deliberately drawn to achieve racial segregation

Race is central to the affirmative action debate because the doctrine grew out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which:

outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and gender

Obama retorted that he still believes in affirmative action as a means of?

overcoming both historic and potentially current discrimination. He added that he doesn't believe it should be a quota system and it can't be something that is simply applied without looking at the whole person

Tuition Vouchers are the most?

popular and the most controversial of educational alternatives to emerge

affirmative action supporters say the approach ignores reality. They argue that?

preferences in operation in our society are preferences given to people with white skin and who are men who have financial and other advantages

intermediate standard of review

primarily used for classifications in the law based on sex; for the law to be constitutional the government must show important governmental objectives and the law must be substantially related to achievement of those objectives

The majority of funding nationwide comes from what source of revenue?

property tax

These cases struck down segregation provisions which failed to?

provide equal education for blacks, while specifically avoiding the issue of whether segregation itself was unconstitutional

The ruling also rejected the Seattle school system's use of?

race as a "tiebreaker" for assigning students to high schools; the plan had been suspended in 2002 because of litigation

Affirmative action hasn't eliminated the link between:

race/ethnicity and poverty and academic deprivation

affirmative action is now seen by many whites as nothing but a fancy term for:

racial quotas designed to give minorities an unfair break

Title VII of the CRA of 1964 prohibits:

racial, religious or sexual discrimination in hiring, and said that judges enforcing the law could order "such affirmative action as may be appropriate" to correct violations

In San Antonio v. Rodriguez which standard of review was in question?

rational basis test

The cities in which white flight occurred indicated the existence of a tipping point:

reached when approximately 35 to 50 percent of the student body was black

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

retained a basic quota system that favored immigrants from Northern Europe (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, etc.) - especially the skilled workers and relatives of US citizens among them

San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez (1973)

ruled that Texas did NOT violate the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause with its educational funding program which gave more schools in wealthier districts more money. The court also determined that education is not a fundamental right and that the poor are not a suspect class. 5-4 ruling The Court refused to examine the system with strict scrutiny since there is no fundamental right to education in the Constitution and since the system did not systematically discriminate against all poor people in Texas. Given the similarities between Texas' system and those in other states, it was clear to the Court that the funding scheme was not "so irrational as to be invidiously discriminatory." Justice Powell argued that on the question of wealth and education, "the Equal Protection Clause does not require absolute equality or precisely equal advantages."

In 2007, Republican President George Bush pushed a comprehensive reform that sought to?

satisfy supporters and foes of immigration by providing legal status to undocumented migrants and giving them a pathway to citizenship

Supporters discount those concerns:

saying immigration - especially highly educated foreigners - is a boon to the economy

The Court's bottom line:

schools and employers could take race into account, but not as a sole criterion (it could be one factor among others). Setting quotas based on race, ethnicity, or gender was prohibited

public schools

schools that are paid for by taxes and managed by local government for the benefit of the general public

de jure segregation

segregation by law

de facto segregation

segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice

The effect of the decision was multi-faceted:

some schools closed, others slowly integrated

The 11 million undocumented immigrants who are working pay about $13 billion a year in?

state and local services

METCO program

students from Boston neighborhoods are bused to nice suburban schools everyday (Lincoln)

Foreign revenue from American movies in 2016 represented 73 percent of box-office receipts. As a result:

studios produce more star-studded, action-driven, blockbuster movies that appeal to international audiences

In Green v. New Kent County (1968), the Court eliminated the freedom-of-choice as a?

sufficient desegregation technique (many saw it as a delay tactic)

race is a what?

suspect class

Opponents focus mainly on illegal immigration and say it:

takes jobs away from Americans and costs the treasury billions of dollars

Trump then signed a second order doing what?

temporarily blocking immigration from seven predominantly Muslim Middle East countries (After numerous legal challenges, in June 2018, the Supreme Court upheld Muslim Ban 3.0)

In movies directed by men in 2015, women made up only?

ten percent of writers, 19 percent of editors and 10 percent of cinematographers. But in movies directed by women, more than half the writers were women, as were 32 percent of the editors and 12 percent of the cinematographers

In Alexander v. Holmes B. of Ed. (1969), for the first time since Brown, the Nixon DOJ (President Nixon campaigned in 1968 on a platform of law and order and BUSING) opposed that of counsel for the black plaintiffs. In a per curiam decision, the Court ordered the?

termination of dual school systems (black and white) at once

The loosely defined term is used as a synonym for advantages - "preferences" -:

that employers and schools extend to members of a particular race, national origin or gender

Fisher v. U. of Texas (2013) marked the first time the court under Chief Justice Roberts revisits the issue since?

the 2003 decision in Grutter v. University of Michigan

The stakes over the immigration debate on the US economy are high:

the 35 million people who identify as Hispanic are a significant economic force in the U.S. of A., representing a $1.3 trillion consumer market

The percentage coming from Asia, Central America and the Caribbean jumped from about 30% in the 1950s to 75% during?

the 70s

In 2017, before the Muslim ban was temporarily blocked, more than 100 chief executives from technology and other companies filed a brief with?

the 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals- based in San Francisco

What legislation passed by congress in 1882 barred these immigrants from becoming US citizens until 1940s?

the Chinese Exclusion Act

Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971)

the Supreme Court ruled that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits not only intentional job discrimination, but also employer practices that have a discriminatory effect on minorities and women. The Court held that tests and other employment practices that disproportionately screened out African American applicants for jobs at the Duke Power Company were prohibited when the tests were not shown to be job-related.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI) authorized?

the cut-off of federal funds to state and local programs that continued to segregate their public schools

Former President Barack Obama deported more illegal immigrants in his eight years in office than former President Donald Trump did earning him?

the dubious distinction of "Deporter-in-Chief"

Before the studio system became entrenched - with production companies holding actors, directors, writers and others under exclusive contracts and enforcing rigorous rules:

the initial years of the industry were full of opportunity. Women had a major role in the early days because no rigid role distinctions had been set. African Americans formed companies to produce "race films" with "all black casts" to be shown in segregated theaters

Much of the debate in the Seattle-Louisville decision is less about whether schools can achieve substantive equality than:

the message they send when they attempt to do so. The plurality sought to achieve equality by requiring schools to pretend race does not exist

The issue of diversity in the film and television industries, which employ 302,000 people directly and 1.9 million indirectly, increasingly is being scrutinized as?

the nation becomes more heterogeneous (diverse)

Advocates assumed that integration, on its own, would improve the educational prospects of black children, but time proved:

the persistent educational gap between black and white students is only indirectly traceable to segregation

Tracking

the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria

The primary rationale for affirmative action is that America is institutionally racist (also referred to as systemic racism) expressed in:

the practice of social and political institutions - the economy, politics, education, religion, the family

reverse discrimination

the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.

A federal court used the equal protection clause to void a Kentucky statute which directed:

the school taxes collected from whites be used to maintain white schools, and taxes from blacks to operate black schools, which resulted in a greatly inferior education for black children

Ward Connerly, an African American businessman from California, argues that?

the time has come to end race-based decision-making. He says the CRA of 1964 talks about treating people equally without regard to race, color, or national origin. Civil rights don't just belong to black people

Rational Basis Test

the use of evidence to suggest that differences in the behavior of two groups can rationalize unequal treatment of these groups

immigrants have an economic ripple effect not widely recognized:

they create additional jobs that would not be there. For example, undocumented immigrants constitute about 50% of hired farmworkers. About 69% of agricultural employees are from Mexico. Undocumented workers do not compete with skilled laborers - they complement them - allow carpenters and electricians to specialize - focus on what they do best and not routine tasks. Experts say immigrants are helping to fill labor shortages - the truth undocumented immigrants do a lot of jobs Americans (of all colors) no longer want to do

The Court is saying that school districts are not immune from the responsibility to desegregate their schools simply because?

they did not formally prohibit racially integrated education

Connerly says that race and gender preferences are the wrong tool with which to promote diversity because?

they effectively erode academic standards

Women and minorities did not fare well in the early 1950s TV, why?

they filled traditional housewife roles and females working off camera were rare

Segregation in Louisville endured long after the Brown decision, resulting in a 1975 desegregation order from the district court:

this plan called for crosstown busing between predominantly African American West End and mainly white neighborhoods in the East End; the court order was dissolved in 2000; the school board adopts a pupil-assignment plan with use of racial classifications to promote diversity

heightened scrutiny test

this test has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important government interest

Unitary School Districts

those that achieved the status of being desegregated, meaning that students were no longer placed in racially separate schools

Dual schools districts

those that operated separate and distinct schools for students who were White and children who were African American or other minorities such as Mexican American

Opponents view the movement with alarm. They fear it will increase school choice for already privileged students and their parents:

those who have the information and social savvy to exploit the new schooling opportunities. (KY does not have any charter schools but there is a push for them)

As a result of 9/11 Congress created the Department of Homeland Security:

to protect the territory of the US from and responding to terrorist attacks. It absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service and assumed its duties and created three new agencies: Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS), and the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

In 1954 the Border Patrol launched "Operation Wetback" (racial slur):

transferring INS officers from the Canadian perimeter and US cities to join agents policing the US-Mexican border. More than 1 million undocumented Mexicans and their children were deported

Activists with underrepresented groups say their community members often are stereotyped:

transgender people are almost always women; Asian men rarely get to play romantic swashbucklers; Hispanics tend to be brown-skinned and occupy low-paying jobs, etc. Furthermore, as women get older, they get fewer roles - the reverse is true for men - men in their 40s get more roles than men in their 30s - this keeps the emphasis on their physical traits. Lawrence and others are speaking up about gender-based disparities in pay and profits vis a vis their male co-stars

Despite public opposition to preferences, support among blacks is so strong that Republican presidential campaigns tend to downplay action, for fear of?

triggering a huge turnout among black voters, who vote overwhelming Democratic

Illegal immigration does have some negative economic effects:

undercut wages, take jobs that would otherwise go to Americans. Undocumented workers have lowered the wages of US adults without a high school diploma (25 million of them)

Art. 1, Sec. 8, gave Congress the authority to establish a?

uniform Rule of Naturalization

Disparate Impact

unintentional discrimination

The Milliken decision marked a significant departure point in the Supreme Court's willingness to allow lower courts to?

use their remedial authority to achieve school desegregation- it was the first time the Court rejected a desegregation plan offered by the NAACP since it began attacking segregation in the 1930s

All-black public schools before Brown:

were inadequate in facilities, equipment, teacher salaries, and other necessities for effective schooling

The original debate over affirmative action focused on hiring. During the past two decades, the debate has shifted to:

whether preference should be given in admissions to top-tier state schools, such as UCLA based on race, gender, or ethnic background. Graduation from such schools is seen as a ticket to the good life

For illegal immigrants already in the U.S., Congress attempted to pass the Development, Relief and Education of Alien Minors (DREAM) Act:

which would create a path to citizenship for young undocumented immigrants brought into the US as children. Opponents of the legislation have called the bill amnesty for illegal immigrants who will compete with native born Americans for scarce scots at public universities

What demographic dominates the film and TV industry?

white males

Opponents argue that vouchers will not alter the educational advantages available to well-off parents, but, rather?

will enhance them by siphoning needed resources from already poorly funded schools. Opponents argue that vouchers are a funding of sectarian schools which they assert is a violation of the First Amendment's establishment clause

The film industry during the first part of the 20th century was responsible for reinforcing patriarchal norms:

with men occupying positions as directors and producers and women were cast in roles where they were objectified by men

When whites leave the inner city and flee to the suburbs what is the reason they do this?

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs they move for better schools and when they leave the money goes with them leaving inner city public schools with little to no funds

Because women and minorities don't get the experience they need to land the prestige studio jobs, they end up?

working on smaller, independent productions according to a California entertainment attorney

Basing affirmative action on class instead of race:

wouldn't exclude racial and ethnic minorities because race and class are so closely intertwined

Voucher programs allow parents to select a public or private school of their choice. Voucher programs allow a state to?

write checks to parents for all or part of the private or public-school tuition for elementary or secondary schooling. Voucher legislation has been passed in numerous states and is under consideration in many other states