POLS 382

Jiangism

CCP's policy launched by Jiang Zemin concerning economic growth and stability. Focussed initially on the coastal areas and later the Far West and the Northeastern 'rust-belt'. Companies encouraged to go out and trade in international markets. 'Grasp the big, drop the small.' And foreign policy is centred on improving relations with China's neighbour.

Beijing Consensus

Closely associated with 'state capitalism'. The idea that heavy state involvement is needed for rapid economic growth, opposing the 'Washington Consensus', advocating incremental change for the developing world rather than complete market liberalisation.

Hukou

A resident permit given by the Chinese government. It is issued on a family basis and is required by law in China. Every household has a hukou booklet that contains detailed information about each of the family members. Without the hukou, citizens are unable to obtain an identity card or a passport, attend school, work or even marry.

Five Nos

A term authored by Wú Bāngguó referring to 5 reforms that China will not undertake. The Five Nos are as follow: 1) no multiple party system; 2) no pluralism in ideology; 3) no checks and balances in power or bicameral parliament; 4) no federal system; and 5) no privatisation.

Resilient Authoritarianism

"a one-party political system that is able to 'enhance the capacity of the state to govern effectively' through institutional adaptations and policy adjustments." Dickson

Guerrilla policy style

According to Heilmann and Perry, it is a distinctive methodology of policy generation that enabled success in the unpredictable military-combat settings of revolutionary time, and that bequeathed a dynamic means of navigating the treacherous rapids of transformative governance during both the Mao era and the post-Mao era.

Chinese Dream

According to Xi Jingping, it is the realisation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as the greatest dream for the Chinese nation in modern history.

Tangwai Movement

...

Yanda Campaigns

...

Supreme People's Court

According to the Chinese state constitution, it is the highest judicial organ in China. But in reality, supreme legal authority in China resides with the Party's Central Politics and Law Committee, according to Lawrence Sullivan, author of the "Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party".

Laogai

An institution or new work of labour camps in China created under Mao. Much like the Soviet Gulags, it forces prisoners to work prison farms and factories to support the economic system; based on the idea of "thought reform through labour"

Four Cardinal Principles

Authored by Deng Xiaoping as part of his reform. The 4 are Adherence to the socialist road; adherence to the 'people's democratic dictatorship'; adherence to the leadership of the Communist Party of China; and adherence to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.

Shanghai Clique

A group of leaders from Shanghai with Jiang Zemin and Xi Jingping as the most well-known.

Koxinga

A half Japanese-Chinese Ming loyalist who is celebrated on both the Mainland and Taiwan. He is celebrated in the Mainland for driving the Dutch out of Taiwan and unifying the island with the crumbling Ming Empire; celebrated in Taiwan for resisting the Qing annexation of the island.

Anti-Secession Law

A law passed during Hu administration calling for 'non-peaceful means' to be used if Taiwan were to move towards independence.

Party-State

A political system in which power flows directly from the ruling political party (usually a communist party) to the state, bypassing government structures.

Guangdong Model

Developed by Guangzhou CCP head Wang Yang, and with a focus on increasing wealth so that all sectors of Chinese society can benefit. 'Bake a bigger cake.'

two 100-years

First mentioned by Hu, it is the idea that China will become a "moderately well-off society" by 2021, the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, and a fully developed nation by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the People's Republic.

Princelings

Group of children of the Communist revolutionary leaders who walked with Mao on the 1933 Long March, they are now in senior positions of power in the CCP. An well-known examples are Bo Xilai and Xi Jinping.

National People's Congress

NPC is China's top legislative body and is constitutionally the nation's highest state organ. But in practice, it is often regarded as a symbolic rubber-stamp for the Communist Party of China because the Party tightly controls the NPC's membership as well as the laws and leadership appointments passed by the body.

Chongqing Model

Proposed by Bo Xilai and other 'New Left' supporters calling for a greater emphasis on dividing China's wealth more evenly and providing more support for the poorer interior. 'Divide the cake more evenly.'

Asian Values

The idea that a common set of Asian cultural values emphasising community rights runs contrary to Western notions of human rights emphasising individual rights, which leads to the argument that Western-type democracy is not compatible with Asian governance.

Guanxi

a Chinese term meaning "connections" or "relationships" and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances; important factor in China's political and economic life.

chequebook diplomacy

a foreign policy openly using economic aid and investment between countries to carry diplomatic favour. In the case of "China" (Mainland and Taiwan), it is used to buy recognition.

Democratic Centralism

a form of democracy in which the interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests.

Elitist coalition

a group emerged during Jiang era and currently led by Wu Bangguo consists mainly of princelings and the Shanghai gang. It dominates the economic and financial sectors and represents the interests of the coastal region.

Populist coalition

a group led by Hu Jintao and consists primarily of former Chinese Communist Youth league officials. The group advocates for social justice and social cohesion and often claims to voice the concerns of the inland region.

Scientific Concept of Development

a political slogan promoted together with "Harmonious Society" by Hu Jintao. According to a People's Daily editorial, the concept "calls for people-centred development, which is comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable. It also stresses coordinated development between urban and rural areas, among different regions, between economic and social development, between the development of man and nature, and between domestic development and opening to the outside world."

Harmonious Society

a political slogan promoted together with "Scientific Concept of Development" by Hu Jintao. According to Hu, "A harmonious society should feature democracy, the rule of law, equity, justice, sincerity, amity and vitality."

Weiwen

a slippery catch-all that refers to the pursuit of social stability through a range of policing methods. These are to manage social dissent and social disorder, particularly "mass incidents", using policing practices that include coercion, persuasion and education.

Tuanpai

a term used by political observers to represent cadres and government officials in the Communist Party of China who originated from the Communist Youth League (also known as Youth League Faction). The famous politicians that belong to this group are Hu Jintao and Li Keqiang.

spectralisation

a trend in rural China in which villages became ghostly reminders of the past, a wasteland inhabited only by the 'left-behind', particularly children and the elderly.

the age 59 phenomenon

a trend of people with power (such as government officials and state owned entrepreneurs) who use their positions of influence immediately before they retire to gain advantage by trickery

the New Socialist Countryside program

an initiative designed to spark rural development, reduce income inequality and check unrest by redistributing resources and income to rural areas.

Combining punishment with leniency

an invention of Maoist dialectics enshrined in Article 1 of the 1979 Criminal Law. It sought to "win over and reform the great majority of criminals while isolating and punishing the minority" through a variety of means. These included severely punishing principal offenders, recidivists and those who refused to confess to their crimes, and punishing leniently non-principal offenders, first-time offenders, and those who surrendered to police or performed meritorious service.

Three Supremes

confirmed by Hu Jintao. meaning the supremacy of the CCP, the interests of the people and constitutional law. ('socialist concept of the rule of law').

chosen trauma

consists of experiences that "symbolise this group's deepest threats and fears through feelings of hopelessness and victimisation." It reflects the incapacity by traumatised past generations to mourn losses connected to a shared traumatic event, as well as the failure to reverse such injury to the group's self-esteem and humiliation.

Golden Son-in-Law

refers to a son-in-law who himself is a rich man or senior official. In modern daily usage, its meaning remains the same.

Danwei

refers to a work unit, or a place of employment, in China. The word literally means unit and is an abbreviation of work unit.

Black Collar

refers to the increasing number of the rich and powerful and, most importantly, operate their businesses and wield their economic power in an opaque manner.

One China

refers to the policy or view that there is only one state called "China" despite the existence of two governments that claim to be China. One is the People's Republic of China controlling mainland China. The other is the Republic of China controlling Taiwan.

Three Represents

socio-political ideology authored by Jiang Zemin. 1) Advanced productive forces-Primarily the growing urban middle class of businessmen, professionals, and high technology specialists 2) Advanced culture-As opposed to both feudalism and modern materialism 3) The interests of the majority of the Chinese people

Wearing A Red Hat

the practice of chinese private enterprises when they register themselves as collective ones in order to get better treatment and loans.