POLS CAPSTONE EXAM

Iron Curtain: -

A term coined by Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech to explain the division between East and West in post-World War II Europe.

Fourth Estate -

A term describing an organization outside of the official political sphere—typically the news media—that has indirect but significant impact on society.

philosopher-king -

A term, closely identified with Plato, denoting ideal political leadership. The philosopher-king would know the true nature of justice and what it required in every instance.

Parsons Green attack -

A terrorist attack by the Islamic State in 2017 that took place in London in the Parsons Green metro station, injuring 30.

Parliament -

A type of legislature often associated with systems in which the legislators vote on the leadership of the executive branch and the formation of a government

MNCs -

Firm that produces, distributes, and markets its goods or services in more than one country. They are able to influence politics, econ developments, and social relations through the goods and services they produce and the wealth at their disposal. Ex: Microsoft/cocacola.

mario monti -

On 9 November 2011, Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano. Mario Monti was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures. On 12 November 2011, following Berlusconi's resignation, Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government. Monti accepted the offer, and held talks with the leaders of Italy's political parties, saying that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled elections in 2013. On 16 November 2011, Monti unveiled a technocratic cabinet, and was officially sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy. He also appointed himself as Minister of Economy and Finance.

PNTR -

Permanent Normal Trade Relations

Bretton Woods and Postwar Liberal Order

U.S Hegemony, liberalism free market was embedded, free markets with safe guards. Creation of IMF and Worldbank. Monetary system fixed and based on the dollar

USAID -

US Agency for International Development

liabilities -

US banks borrow from depositors (you) who are paid interest and FDIC insured, Organization's debts and other financial obligations.

USAID/ Department of Defense -

USAID is the government agency providing U.S. economic and humanitarian assistance worldwide for more than 40 years.

right-to-work -

legal principle prohibiting mandatory union membership

justiciability -

legal term indicating that an issue or dispute is appropriate for or subject to judicial resolution

civil code -

legal tradition that envisions a complete and fully articulated legal system based on clear statutes that lay out legal principles and commands in plain language that citizens can understand and obey

bicameral legislature -

legislature with two chambers that may have equal or unequal powers

formal institutions -

institutions that are governed by formal rules and typically linked to complex organizations like the state or corporations

confederation -

loose governing arrangement in which separate republics or nations join together to coordinate foreign policy and defense but retain full control over their domestic affairs

mass consumption and self sustained growth--

major sectors of economy are able to meet demand which helps sustain the high level of economic activity.

writ of certiorari -

judicial instrument that makes a formal request that a case be reviewed by a higher court

standing committees -

permanent committees of the Congress enjoying fixed jurisdiction and continuing automatically from one Congress to the next

Civil War -

pitted the northern states against the southern states, occurred between 1861-1865

this theory prioritizes open markets and free trade--

places a premium on the need for LDCs to adopt export oriented growth policies.

inherent powers -

powers argued to accrue to all sovereign nations, whether or not specified in the Constitution, allowing executives to take all actions required to defend the nation and protect its interests

Social revolutions -

revolutions that dramatically change social structures

confirmation hearing -

setting in which nominees for federal judicial posts appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee to respond to questions from the members

New Deal -

the name given to FDR's policies and programs intended to address the Great Depression

legitimacy -

the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime

monarchy -

the rule of one man in the interest of the entire community; broadly: kingship or the hereditary claim to rule in a given society

Annapolis Convention

- Held in Maryland in September 1786 to discuss problems arising from state restriction on interstate commerce, it was a precursor to the Constitutional Convention.

Constitutional Convention

- Met in Philadelphia between May 25 and September 17, 1787, and produced the US Constitution. It is sometimes referred to as the Federal Convention or Philadelphia Convention.

Continental Congress

- Met in September 1774 and from May 1775 forward to coordinate protests against British policy and then revolution. Was superseded by the Confederation Congress when the Articles of Confederation went into effect on March 1st, 1781.

Reconstruction

- the period of post-Civil War (1867-1872) military occupation of the South during which the North attempted to reconstruct southern social, political, and economic life

enumerated powers

- the specifically listed powers of Congress found in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution

China / yuan / renminbi

- yuan is the base unit of a number of modern Chinese currencies. The yuan is the primary unit of account of the Renminbi.Renminbi is the official currency of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Renminbi is legal tender in mainland China, but not in Hong Kong or Macau. It is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of the PRC.

Hegemonic state -

-A state powerful enough to enforce cooperation through threat of force -Willing to pay the cost of providing a public good

Revolution -

A form of collective action in which some larger-scale, structural change is either attempted or accomplished

Congress -

A form of legislature, typically associated with a presidential system in which there is a separation of powers

Free trade zone: -

A geographic area in which goods can be exchanged or manufactured without intervention by a customs authority.

Grand Coalition -

A governing coalition composed of two or more major parties that hold a supermajority of legislative seats and represent a supermajority of the electorate

Crimean Peninsula -

A peninsula in the Black Sea that became a territory of the Russian Empire in 1783,was gifted to Soviet Ukraine in 1954 and remained a semi-autonomous region of Ukraine until March 2014,when the Russian military, sparked by the Euromaidan protests, invaded and held a disputed referendum that returned Crimea to Russian jurisdiction.

Failed State -

A state so weak that its political structures collapse, leading to anarchy and violence

Truman Doctrine -

An American foreign policy creat-ed to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War, announced by then-President Harry Tru-man in 1947. It stipulated American support for other nations threatened by Soviet communism and proved fundamental to the formation of NATO in 1949.

Neo-conservatism -

An American political movement that originated in the 1960s among hawkish liberals,dissatisfied with the American left's foreign policy.

BRICS: -

An acronym designating five countries with major emerging national economies—Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—which have met annu-ally since 2009.

Internet bot -

An automated software that typically performs repetitive tasks online at a rate faster than a human. Today, more than half of all web traffic is made up of bots, some of which are benign, and some of which are malicious, such as those that perform in political campaigns.

Malapportionment -

Apportionment in which voters are unequally represented in a legislature, such as through relatively greater numbers of legislators per capita for low-population areas and lesser number of legislators per capita for high-population areas

appointment power -

Article II, section 2, of the Constitution empowers the president, often with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint many senior government officials.

treaty-making power -

Article II, section 2, of the Constitution gives the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, the power to make treaties with foreign nations

Supremacy clause -

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

Marshall Plan -

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

cooperative federalism -

Mid-20th century view of federalism in which national, state, and local governments share responsibilities for virtually all functions

Karl Marx -

a socialist, says after modern industry, society split between middle class (bourgeoisie) and modern working class(proletariat), that next working class would take over, should make a socialist society of revolutionary workers. Followed theory of Hegel (actually hired to write about communism -- not his ideas)

civil society -

a space in society outside of the organization of the state, in which citizens come together and organize themselves

"America First" -

The official foreign policy of the Trump administration, which prioritizes American interests and American national security.

organization -

The ongoing coordination of collective action in the pursuit of common purposes

Bureaucracy -

The organization of unelected officials, often considered part of the executive branch, that implements, executes, and enforced laws and policies.

Joseph Stiglitz: -

The recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2001. He served as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors under the Clinton administration (1995- 97) and as chief economist of the World Bank (1997-2000).

executive privilege -

The right of presidents, recognized by the Supreme Court, to keep conversations and communications with their advisers confidential.

political culture -

The symbolically encoded beliefs, values, norms, and practices that shape the formal distribution of power in any given society

WTO -

World Trade Organization

delegate -

a view of representation that sees the representative's principal role as reflecting the views and protecting the interests of his or her own constituents

foreign aid -

a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another, given at least partly with the objective of benefiting the recipient country.

vote of no confidence -

a vote taken by a legislature that expresses a lack of support for the government or executive, which, if successful, often results in the dissolution of the government and the calling of new legislative elections

hegemonic war -

a war over control of the entire world order - the rules of the international system as a whole, including the role of world hegemony. This class of wars is also known as global war, world war, general war or systemic war. The last hegemonic war was World War II.

Modernity -

a contested term that refers to a type of society, typically one experiencing economic growth and with a relatively strong state, among other characteristics

Alliance -

a joining together for some common purpose

precedent -

a judicial decision that serves as a rule or guide for deciding later cases of a similar nature

Nation -

a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

corporation -

a legal rather than a physical person. It can do anything a person can do, including buying and selling property, loaning and borrowing money, but the liability of the shareholders is limited to the amounts of their investments in it.

unicameral legislature -

a legislature with one chamber

republic -

a limited government in which power is widely, though not necessarily equally, vested in the people after directly or through their elected representatives

gini coefficient -

a measure of the inequality of a distribution, a value of 0 expressing perfect equality where everyone has equal shares of income and a value of 1 expresses maximal inequality where only one person has all the income

minimum connected winning coalition -

a minimum winning coalition in which all parties in the coalition are "connected" or adjacent to one another on the political spectrum

Gold Standard -

a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold (strong until the end of WWI when it died - temporarily resurrected in the early 1930s - IMF, tied DOLLAR to gold in a fixed exchange rate, variation of this - specifically $35 an ounce)

collective behavior -

a paradigm for understanding various forms of contention, popular for part of the twentieth century, which emphasized the irrational, social-psychological dynamics of protest

head of state -

a person with executive functions who is a country's symbolic representative, including elected presidents and unelected monarchs

Citizenship -

a person with legal rights within a given political order

judicial review -

Power of any federal court to hold any law or official act based on law to be unenforceable because it is in conflict with the Constitution

inherent powers -

Powers accruing to all sovereign nations, whether or not specified in the Constitution, allowing executives to take actions required to defend the nation and protect its interests.

Populism -

a political approach in which leaders, often heads of government and top executive branch officials, make direct appeals to "the people" and seek to develop direct political ties with the masses

proletariat -

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

fiscal policy -

all economic activity by the government, a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing)

grey market -

also known as parallel market is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels which, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer.

fernando enrique cardoso -

also known by his initials FHC - was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002

Nandan -

an Indian entrepreneur. He currently serves as the Chairman of the new Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), after a successful career at Infosys Technologies Ltd. He is also now heading Government of India's technology committee, TAGUP.

chamber -

an assembly or body of a legislature, often referring to one of two such bodies in a bicameral legislature

district system -

an electoral system in which voters select representatives from specific geographic constituencies

President -

an executive leader that typically combines the functions of head of state and head of government, and is not directly responsible to a legislature

Decree -

an executive-made order that has the force of law, despite not being passed through a legislature

TARP -

bank side response to US economic crisis, initially turned down by congress then rewritten in-acting equity injectors in which the treasury takes preferred stock in banks and uses leverage to buy up bad debts (every dollar in equity offsets 8-10 dollars in bad debts) A Keynesian style of stimulus initiatives.

Constitution -

basic of fundamental law that lays out the structure of government, the powers of each office, the process by which officials are elected or appointed, and the rights and liberties of citizens`

polity -

political community; a political community in which the institutions of oligarchy and democracy were mixed to produce political stability

State -

political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government

Zero Sum -

political outcome in which one side wins and the other loses

elite parties -

political parties in which membership and scope were largely restricted to a small number of political elites

catch-all parties -

political parties that are flexible on their ideological positions and aim to attract support from a broad range of interest groups and voters

democracy -

rule by the people; popular rule, where the people came together in one place, in the interest of the community; broadly: political systems in which free elections select public officials and affect the course of public policy

aristocracy -

rule by the wealthy few in the interest of the entire community; broadly: the class of titled nobility within a society

IPE (International Political Economy) -

the interdisciplinary science that examines the dynamic interactions between markets, states and societies, and how the tensions and conflicts between these arenas both affect and reflect conditions outside the nation-state and society

discount rate -

the interest rate that the Fed charges banks for loans

stare decisis -

the judicial principle of relying on past decisions or precedents to device rulings in later cases

Necessary and proper clause -

the last paragraph of article 1 section 8 of the Constitution states that Congress may make all laws deemed necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers specifically enumerated in Art. 1 section 8

opinion -

written finding or decision of a court

Tocqueville effect -

the name given by some scholars to Tocqueville's observation that changing relative status positions were an important factor in some groups participating in the French Revolution

Peace of Westphalia -

the nation-state was born out of this 1648 ________________diplomatic summit -- emphasized the ideas of sovereignty and self-determination as basic principles of the state and thus the global system

secular -

the nonreligious, this-worldly, everyday aspects of life

specialization norm -

the norm that encourages Congress members to specialize and develop expertise in the subject matter covered by their committee assignments

class structure -

the ongoing and patterned relationships between "classes," typically understood as groups of individuals linked together by economic interest or activity

oral argument -

the opportunity in a case before the Supreme Court for the opposing lawyers to present their legal arguments orally

Pendleton Act (1883) -

the original legislation establishing the civil service system

Districting -

the process by which districts or other geographic constituencies are created for the purposes of elections

interest aggregation -

the process by which individuals' preferences are brought together to make collective decisions, often through political parties and the party systems.

Apportionment -

the process by which legislative seats are distributed among geographic constituencies

interest articulation -

the process by which political actors express their demands, needs, or wants in a political system, often through interest groups

Portfolio -

the set of duties and tasks that correspond to a given ministerial office

civil society -

the set of organizations in civic life outside the state through which citizens associate and articulate and advance their interests; includes civic associations, interest groups, and volunteer organizations

executive-legislative relations -

the set of relationships between the executive and the legislative branches of government

Enumerated powers -

the specifically listed powers of Congress and president found in Article 1 section 8 and Article 2 section 2 of the Constitution

relative deprivation -

the state of having or feeling that one has less than other members of one's reference group (including one's own group over time)

head of government -

the top executive official responsible for forming governments and formulating and implementing policies

Individualization -

the treatment of problems as linked to the interests of individuals rather than as issues of common concern or interest

constructivism -

theoretical perspective proposing that learners construct, rather than absorb, knowledge from their experiences

traditional conservatives -

they believe in low taxes, limited government, regulation, and balanced budgets

monetarists -

they contend that slow and steady growth in the money supply facilitates smooth economic growth and stable prices

Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 -

created the Bureau of the Budget (BOB) in the Treasury Department and enhanced presidential control over the budgetary process in the executive branch. BOB became the office of management and budget in 1970

takeoff -

third stage in Rostow's stages of growth. This stage is characterized by dynamic economic growth. Which was as Rostow suggests began due to a sharp stimulus of either economic, political or technological in nature. The main feature of this is the self sustained growth

Texas v. Johnson (1989) -

this case upheld flag burning as protected expression or symbolic speech by applying the stringent clear and imminent danger test of Brandenburg.

absolute advantage -

this is the idea that ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources (Adam Smith "The tailor does not make his own shoes, but buys them from the shoemaker")

Informal Powers -

those powers possessed by an office holder that are not "official" but rather based on custom, convention, or other sources of influence

strategic voting -

voting in a way that does not reflect a voter's ideal preference, so as to prevent a less-desired outcome

Alternative Vote -

voting system in which voters rank candidates and the votes of low-ranking candidates are reallocated until a winner is determined

franz fannon -

was a Martiniquo psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and writer whose work is influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory and Marxism. Fanon is known as a radical existential humanist thinker on the issue of decolonization and the psychopathology of colonization.Fanon supported the Algerian struggle for independence and became a member of the Algerian National Liberation Front. His life and works have incited and inspired anti-colonial liberation movements for more than four decades

national interest groups -

groups that use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems. Groups vary considerably in size, influence and motive; some have wide ranging long term social purposes, others are focused and are a response to an immediate issue or concern.

BRICs -

grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development

Lower chamber -

in a bicameral legislature, the house that typically has a larger number of legislators than upper chambers, and often represents the national vote either more proportionally or through smaller geographic constituencies

Proportional Representation (PR) -

in its pure form, an electoral system in which voters choose a preferred party and seats are allocated to parties according to the percentage of the vote the party wins

representation -

in legislatures, the process by which elected legislators reflect the interests and preferences of voters in their constituencies

Members of the movement—

including former Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, former Vice President Dick Cheney, and former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld—gained political clout while serving Republican presidential administrations from Nixon to George W. Bush.

inflation -

increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money

guerrilla war -

is a form of irregular warfare and refers to conflicts in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians (or "irregulars") use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately.

Botswana -

is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana". Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.

black market -

is a market in goods or services which operates outside the formal one(s) supported by established state power.

occupy wall street -

is a protest movement which began September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district, which was initiated by the Canadian activist group Adbusters. The protests are against social and economic inequality, high unemployment, greed, as well as corruption, and the undue influence of corporations—particularly from the financial services sector—on government. The protesters' slogan We are the 99% refers to the growing income and wealth inequality in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. The protests in New York City have sparked similar protests and movements around the world.

william easterly -

is an American economist, specializing in economic growth and foreign aid. He is a Professor of Economics at New York University, joint with Africa House, and Co-Director of NYU's Development Research Institute.Easterly is skeptical toward many of the trends that are common in the field of foreign aid. Easterly elaborates on his views about the meaning of foreign aid. His book, the White Man's Burden released in the wake of Live8, the book is critical of people like Bob Geldoff and Bono and especially of fellow economist Jeffrey Sachs and his bestselling book The End of Poverty.

common law -

judge-made law, as opposed to a fully integrated legal code, developed over time as judges consider particular legal disputes and then future judges cite earlier decisions in resolving similar issues

Anarchy -

lack of order, structure; chaos

zaibatsu -

large conglomerates governed by family law rather than the legal code contributed heavily to the political parties that the Japanese favored; the large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II and controlled most of the economy.

migration -

movement of an individual or group from one place to another, often in pursuit of political or religious freedom, economic opportunity, reunification with family, or access to specific resources

GATT -

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

deregulation -

..., The process by which governments remove, reduce, or simplify restrictions on business and individuals with the intent of encouraging the efficient operation of markets.

Republican Government

- Mixed or balanced government that is based on the people but may retain residual elements of monarchical or aristocratic privilege. Americans of the colonial period were particularly impressed with the example of republican Rome.

Anti-Federalists

- Opponents of a stronger national government who generally opposed ratification of the US Constitution

WTO -

..., _______________, in effect since 1995. It deals with trade regulations amongst states and seeks ultimately to liberalize international trade.

general revenue sharing

- Program enacted in 1974, discontinued in 1986, that provided basically unrestricted federal funds to states and localities to support activities that they judged to be of highest priority.

Boston Tea Party

- Boston patriots oppose British attempts to tax the colonies by dumping tea into Boston Harbor rather than pay the required taxes

Democracy -

'A political system whose leaders are elected in competitive multi-party and multi-candidate processes' (Freedom House).

interdependence - ...

, a relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

globalization - ..

., The process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade.

stagflation -

..., name given the economic condition throughout most of the 1970s in which prices rose rapidly (inflation) but without economic growth (stagnation). Unemployment rose along with inflation. In large part, these conditions were the economic consequences of rising oil prices.

Cold War -

1945-1988 The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.

dual federalism -

19th century federalism envisioned a federal system in which the two levels were sovereign in fairly distinct areas of responsibility with little overlap or shared authority

tariff/non-tariff barriers -

1: taxes placed on imported goods to raise the price of those goods, making them less attractive to consumers. Used to protect domestic industry from foreign competition 2: all barriers other than protective tariffs that nations erect to impede international trade, including import quotas, licensing requirements, unreasonable product-quality standards, unnecessary bureaucratic detail in customs procedures, and so on (an example of neomercantilism taken in the 1970s post OPEC crisis)

Currency manipulation (currency intervention; foreign exchange market intervention)

: - The process wherein a government or central bank buys or sells its domestic currency in the foreign exchange markets in order to influence the exchange rate.

Graham-Schumer bill: -

A 2005-06 bill, proposed by Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) and Senator Lindsey O. Graham (R-SC). It called for the imposition of tariffs on Chinese products as a response to Chinese currency manipulation. The bill was abandoned before it could be put to a vote, following pressure from then-President George W. Bush.

Anna Politkovskaya -

A Russian political journalist known for her in-depth coverage of the Second Chechen War (1999-2000). She faced numerous acts of intimidation and violence, culminating in her murder in 2006

Anglo -

A Spanish term referring to non-Hispanic whites

Taliban: -

A Sunni Islamist fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently waging war within the country. When the U.S. led an invasion into Af-ghanistan in 2001, the Taliban controlled most of the country. It was also supported by al-Qaeda with fight-ers from Arab countries and Central Asia.

U.S. Department of State -

A U.S. federal executive department responsible for foreign policy issues.

Committee to Protect Journalists: -

A U.S.-basednon-governmental organization that champions freedom of the press and and the rights of journalists around the world

Government -

A _________ has a monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a state. Securing internal and external sovereignty of the state are major tasks of any _________.

"America First" -

A campaign slogan used by Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential race to refer to his vow to prioritize America in economic and foreign policy issues.

U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee: -

A committee of the U.S. Senate that leads foreign policy and related legislation debates, manages foreign aid programming, and confirms high-level positions for the State Department.

soft power -

A concept coined in 1990 by Harvard professor Joseph Nye to describe one actor's capacity to influence another without hard power tactics (i.e.,coercion, force or capital).

American Enterprise Institute (AEI) -

A conservative Washington think tank founded in 1938. It covers government, politics, economics and social welfare.

Constitution -

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

Espionage Act (1917) -

A federal law that was passed after the U.S. entered World War I as a security measure against interference with military operations. A controversial piece of legislation, the law has since been attacked as a violation of freedom of speech for those who have been convicted.

Treaty -

A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states

Edward Snowden -

A former CIA employee and contractor for the U.S. government who disclosed classified information from the National Security Agency(NSA) in 2013 that revealed NSA-run global surveillance programs around the world in collaboration with telecommunications companies and European governments. Charged with violating the Espionage Act and stealing government property, he escaped the U.S., and has been living in Russia, whose government has granted him asylum at least until 2020.

George Kennan: -

A former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union (May-September 1952), Kennan advo-cated for a U.S. policy that would prevent the expan-sion of Soviet influence during the Cold War. This policy was established in his 1946 "Long Telegram" from Moscow.

Chelsea Manning -

A former soldier in the U.S.Army and an intelligence analyst who revealed nearly 750,000 classified and other sensitive military and diplomatic documents to WikiLeaks, resulting in her conviction in 2013 for violating the Espionage Act.

Marshall Plan: -

A four-year U.S. financial aid pro-gram established in 1948, which donated more than $140 billion (current USD) to Western Europe after World War II to help rebuild the economy, industry and areas particularly ravaged by war, as well as to establish a strong anti-communist alliance.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): -

A free trade agreement between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. NAFTA was developed under President George H.W. Bush, signed into law by the Clinton administra-tion, and came into effect in 1994.

People -

A group of people whose common consciousness and identity makes them a collective entity.

America.gov -

A now defunct website founded by the

stimulus package -

A package of economic measures put together by the government to stimulate a floundering economy. The objective of a stimulus package is to reinvigorate the economy and prevent or reverse a recession by boosting employment and spending. The theory behind the usefulness of a stimulus package is rooted in Keynesian economics, which argues that the impact of a recession can be lessened with increased government spending.

coercive federalism -

A pejorative term to describe the federalism of the 1960s and 1970s, suggesting that the national government was using its financial muscle to coerce states into following national dictates as opposed to serving local needs.

Pax: -

A period of relative stability in the international sphere, when one state establishes military hegemony .

"axis of evil" -

A phrase used by former U.S. President George W. Bush in his 2002 State of the Union address and reiterated during his administration to gain the support of the American public for the "War on Terror." The phrase refers to those governments around the world that were allegedly attempting to obtain weapons of mass destruction and/or promoting terrorism. Throughout this period, the "axis of evil" generally implicated Iran, Iraq and North Korea.

Imperialism -

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

David Ricardo (1772-1823): -

A political economist from Britain, considered one of the most influential of the classical school.

political party -

A political organization that seeks to influence policy, typically by getting candidates and members elected or appointed to public office

Democracy -

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Abu Ghraib: -

A prison in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, in op-eration from the 1950s to the 2010s. When the U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003, it shared the facility with the Iraqi government. The prison later became a symbol of the human rights abuses committed there by the U.S. Army and the CIA against those incarcerated.

Impeachment -

A process by which a legislature initiates proceedings to determine whether an official, often a top-ranking executive official, should be removed from office

categorical grant -

A program making federal funds available to states and communities for a specific, often narrow, purpose and usually requiring a distinct application, implementation, and reporting procedure.

Trans Pacific Partnership (TTP): -

A proposed free trade agreement, signed in February 2016 by the U.S., Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Peru. The TPP envisions the aforementioned countries united in an economic system with most trade tariffs dropped. It has yet to be ratified, and is strongly opposed by Donald J. Trump.

sphere of influence: -

A region where another powerful country does not have official authority but is able to wield influence.

Interdependence -

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

starbucks index -

A representation of purchasing power parity published by The Economist that determines what a country's exchange rate would need to be in order for a Starbucks tall latte to cost the same as it does in the United States. Using this index, the purchasing power of each individual national currency can be reflected in the U.S.-dollar cost of a latte in that country.

Arab Spring -

A series of revolutionary protests across the Arab world from 2010-12, it began with the Tunisian Revolution and spread to Libya,Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain, among other countries. Many protests were violently suppressed by authorities or state-backed militias, and led to armed conflicts, including civil wars in Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen, and a coup in Egypt.

Mongol conquests: -

A series of some of the deadli-est conquests in human history in the 13th century, which created the Mongol Empire across Asia and Eastern Europe.

Napoleonic Wars (1803-15): -

A series of wars led by Napoleon I of the French Empire and allies against numerous British-led European powers.

Nation-state -

A state based on the acceptance of a common culture, a common history and a common fate, irrespective of whatever political, social and economic differences may exist between the members of the ___________.

Etatism -

A very strong emphasis on state power and an accompanying reduction of social and individual rights.

politico -

A view of representation that sees representatives following constituent opinion when that is clear and his or her own judgment or political interest when constituency opinion is amorphous or divided

proxy war: -

A war engaged in but not directly fought by a state or non-state actor.

regional integration -

Agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other

Veto -

An act of executive power in which an executive rejects a law passed by a legislature

Alan Greenspan -

American economist who served as chairman fo the federal reserve from 1987-2006. his advice was to "unleash the markets" it was due to him that there was a repeal of the glass-steagall act. He was celebrated by both sides of the political parties as the savior of the economy due to the repeal, however; the market crashed

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): -

An agreement signed by Canada, Mexico and the United States in 1994, creating a trilateral North American trade alliance.

Press Freedom Index -

An annual ranking of countries published by Reporters Without Borders that gauges each country's level of press freedom and how well press freedom is enjoyed or supported by journalists, news outlets, Internet users and the government.

amicus curiae brief -

An argument filed with the court by a party interested in a case but not directly involved in it as a contending party. Latin for "friend of the court."

Iraq War (2003-11) -

An armed conflict, beginning with then-U.S. President George W. Bush's declaration of a "War on Terror" in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. A U.S.- led alliance invaded Iraq and overthrew Saddam Hussein's government, subsequently inciting opposi-tion insurgencies that began fighting against the occu-pying forces and the post-Hussein Iraqi government. The Obama administration officially withdrew all U.S. combat troops from Iraq in December 2011.

Country -

An imprecise synonym or short-hand term for state or nation-state

economic growth -

An increase in the total output of an economy. It occurs when a society acquires new resources or when it learns to produce more using existing resources.

International Monetary Fund (IMF): -

An institution in the United Nations system. Itwas established in 1945 in the wake of the Great Depression and the Sec-ond World War, and tasked with ensuring the stability of the international monetary system. Today, this includes regulating the system of exchange rates and internation-al payments, as well as relevant macroeconomic and financial sector issues.

World Bank: -

An international financial institution be-longing to the UN system. It aids devel-oping countries by providing loans for capital programs. It exists within the World Bank Group, and consists of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-ment, and the International Development Association.

"War on Terror": -

An international military campaign initiated by the U.S. government after the 9/11 attacks in 2001.

al-Qaeda -

An international network of militant Sunni Islamists, co-founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988. It was responsible for the 1988 embassy bombings, the 9/11 attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings. The organization is designated a terrorist group by the UNSC, NATO, the EU, the U.S., Russia, India,and many other countries, and was the target of the U.S.-led "War on Terror" after the 9/11 attacks

Syrian Civil War -

An ongoing armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Syrian government of President Bashar al-Assad and various opposition both of which are supported by a wide set of allies. The conflict began in 2011 during the Arab Spring when protests against the Assad government were violently suppressed.

Détente -

An warming of previously tense relations, particularly in the political sense.

prior restraint -

Any limitation on publication requiring that permission be secured or approval be granted prior to publication. No __________ means no censorship or permission process that could hinder publication

ADB -

Asian Development Bank

BLS -

Bureau of Labor Statistics

CSIS -

Center for Strategic and International Studies

joint committees -

Congressional committees made up of members of both the House and the Senate and assigned to study a particular topic

reciprocity norm -

Congressional norm promising that if members respect the views and expertise of members of other committees, their committee expertise will be respected as well.

implied powers -

Congressional powers not specifically mentioned among the enumerated powers, but which are reasonable and necessary to accomplish an enumerated end or activity

Welfare states -

Democracies that accept responsibility for the well-being of their citizens, particularly by redistributing resources and providing services for the young, old, sick, disabled and unemployed.

Classical Liberalism -

Doctrine identified with Hobbes, Locke, and Smith favoring limited government and individual rights. The dominant American political and social ideology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Classical Republicanism -

Doctrine identified with Montesquieu and Hume that highlights concern for the common good over the self-interest of individuals

EPI -

Economic Policy Institute

Executive Office of the President (EOP) -

Established in 1939, it houses the professional support personnel working for the president.

facebook IPO -

Facebook- Initial Public Offering.Facebook is getting so big that the government will regulate it anyway even though it is private, so why not go public and make some money.Zuckerberg has two options: a traditional IPO, in which banks distribute shares to investors in exchange for a percentage of total proceeds; and the little-used "Dutch auction" that cuts out the Wall Street middlemen by making the allocation of shares dependent on prices bid by each investor.

block grants -

Federal funds made available to states and communities in which they have discretion over how the money is spent within the broad substantive area covered by the block grant

Interstate commerce Comission -

First independent regulatory commission established in 1887 to develop, implement, and adjudicate fair and reasonable freight rates

Condoleeza Rice -

Former U.S. Secretary of Defense (2005-09) under then-President George W. Bush.

American Newspaper Publishers Association: -

Founded in 1887, it is a trade association for U.S. and Canadian newspaper publishers that seeks to promote freedom of the press and journalistic integrity.

Freedom House -

Founded in 1941, a non-governmental organization funded by the U.S. government that monitors democracy, political freedoms and human rights worldwide.

German reparations - -

Germany's payments for cost of war-was agreed upon in the Treaty of Versailles (1919)-terribly damaged German economy-France + Britain relied on these payments to pay the US back -When the US stock market crashed, Germany suffered even more, as well as other nations; US also facing the effects of the crash demanded its money back with a greater emphasis

right to counsel -

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) declared that a person accused of a crime has the right to the assistance of a lawyer in preparing his or her defense. The right to counsel is part of the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of "due process of law."

GIFCT -

Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism

supply chain - ...,

Global network used to deliver products and services from raw materials to end customers through an engineered flow of information, physical distribution and cash.

Natural Law -

God's act of creation entailed a just and proper end or purpose for the natural world, including man. God's purpose for man was imprinted on the mind and heart of man.

polis -

Greek term for political community on the scale of a city

GDP -

Gross Domestic Product

G-7 -

Group of Seven

Thomas Friedman -

He wrote, "The World Is Flat," (flat screens, outsourcing etc) and he wants to spread the ideas of globalization to the entire world -- emphasizes the transformation of the production process. Says countries with similar norms wont attack each other and that a Green Revolution would help renew America (The Lexus and the Olive Tree)

Russia -

High oil prices and initially weak currency followed by increasing domestic demand, consumption and investments has helped the economy grow for nine straight years, improving the standard of living and increasing Russia's influence on the world stage. While many reforms made during the Putin presidency have been generally criticized by Western nations as un-democratic, Putin's leadership over the return of order, stability, and progress has won him widespread popularity in Russia

U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International

Information Programs to deliver information about current U.S. foreign policy and American life and culture

Government -

In the context of executives, the set of top elected executive officials and high level political appointees that shape and orient policy; also refers to the broader administrative apparatus of the state

Terrorism -

In the context of revolutions or insurgencies, a tactic used by some participants that involves violence directed at non-military targets

Privatization -

In the context of the social scientific study of religion, this refers to the process of religious practice being confined to the private sphere

IDB -

Inter-American Development Bank The IDB is the main source of multilateral financing in Latin America. It provides solutions to development challenges and support in the key areas of the region

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

unanimous consent -

Legislative device by which the Senate sets aside its standard rules for a negotiated agreement on the order and conduct of business on the floor. Plays roughly the same role as rules or special orders in the House.

LIO -

Liberal International Order

MESCOSUR -

MERCOSUR is an economic and political agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Founded in 1991 by the Treaty of Asunción, which was later amended and updated by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro Preto. Its purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency.

jihad -

Meaning "struggle" or " "to strive." Jihad denotes a Muslim's duty toward religious practice amid struggle. The term can refer to both spiritual and external struggle: the inner struggle of a Muslim to practice Islam or the physical struggle against religious enemies and to build a society in accordance with Islam.

State / Nation -

Nation, state and nation-state are three different concepts. A nation defines a group of people with a shared sense of cultural identity and territoriality. A state is a legal concept describing a a social group that occupies a territory and is organized under common political institutions and an effective government. A nation-state, synonymous with the term country -- since the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, this has been the major political (sovereign) unit of the international system.

H.R. McMaster -

National security advisor to President Donald Trump, appointed in February 2017 after Michael Flynn's resignation from the position.

NGOs -

Non-profit, private and non-violent organisations that are independent of government but seek to influence or control public policy without actually seeking government office.

NAFTA -

North American Free Trade Agreement

NATO -

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

United Nations Security Council: -

One of the six main organs of the United Nations. It works to main-tain peace and security internationally, accept new members to the UN and approve changes to the UN Charter. The UNSC is the only UN body with the au-thority to issue binding resolutions to member states. Its 15 members include five permanent states —the victors of World War II, that is, the Soviet Union (now Russia), the UK, the U.S., France and China—who can veto any resolution, and 10 non-permanent, rotat-ing members, representing various regions.

First Amendment -

One of the ten amendments to the Bill of Rights that was adopted to the United States Constitution in 1791. It protects freedom of religion,press, speech, peaceful assembly and petition, and pre-vents Congress from tampering with any of these rights.

feedback/ accountability -

Part of William easterly's theory for how to solve world poverty

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) -

Part of the Executive Office of the President that provides budgetary expertise, central legislative clearance, and management assistance to the president.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff -

Pres. Hoover era, legislation passed in 1930 that established very high tariffs. its objective was to reduce imports and stimulate the domestic economy, but it resulted only in retaliatory tariffs by other nations. Was considered the cause for the great depression.

foreign assets -

Represents the total fixed and current assets outside the home country

ladder of development -

Sachs -"Ladder theory" is a theory of economic development which claims that all countries tend to go through roughly the same pattern when transforming from a poor economy to a rich one. The countries of Western Europe, Canada and the United States followed this pattern when they transformed their poor economies into rich ones during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Henry Paulson -

Secretary of the Treasury during the bailout, free market capitalist, republican, used TARP for $700 billion for banks

Fillibuster -

Senators enjoy the right of unlimited debate. Use of unlimited debate by a senator to stall or block passage of legislation is called a _______

symbolic speech -

Speech-related acts, such as picketing or flag burning, that like actual speech are protected under the First Amendment because they involve the communication of ideas or opinions.

TRIPs -

The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.

Preemption -

The Article VI declaration that national statutes are "the supreme law of the land" allows Congress to preempt or displace state authority in areas where they choose to legislate.

Causes of Globalization

Technology, economics and politics

Territory -

Terrain or geographical area.

ANPA -

The American Newspaper Publishers Association

Barron v. Baltimore (1833) -

The Court held that the Bill of Rights applied to the federal government, not the states. As a result, individuals whose rights had been violated by state and local governments had to appeal to state constitutions, state judges, and local juries.

US v. Lopez - 1995 -

The Court found that Congress's desire to forbid carrying handguns near schools was too loosely related to its power to regulate interstate commerce to stand. The police powers of states cover such matters.

self-incrimination -

The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees that one cannot be compelled "to be a witness against himself." Taking advantage of the right against __________ is often called "taking the Fifth."

World Bank -

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes. created by the bretton woods agreement (used to be called in the international bank for reconstruction and development -- meant to help European countries redevelop post WWII)

Power -

The ability to make other people do what they do not want to do. It is the ability to apply force.

nullification -

The claim prominent in the first half of the 19th century that states have the right to nullify or reject national acts that they believe to be beyond national constitutional authority

secession -

The claim that states have the right to withdraw from the Union

veto power -

The president has the right to veto acts of Congress. The act can still become law if both houses pass the bill again by a two-thirds vote.

european central bank -

The primary objective of the ECB is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone Governing Council defined price stability as inflation at 2%. The key tasks of the ECB are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves

Gitlow v. New York (1925) -

The court accepted the argument that the First Amendment limited state as well as federal action, but then applied a relaxed version of the "clear and present danger" test that allowed speech to be punished if it created a "bad tendency" to produce turmoil, even at some point in the remote future.

Miller v. California (1973) -

The court allowed states and local communities greater latitude in defining and regulating obscenity.

impeachment -

The process of removing national government officials from office. The House votes a statement of particulars or charges, and a trial is conducted in the Senate.

Modernization -

The process through which a society becomes "more modern," which is typically understood to mean having an advanced economy and, sometimes, a democratic polity.

Secularism -

The ideological complex that favors secular culture

Virginia v. Black (2003) -

The court ruled that cross burning, due to its historical ties to racial fear and intimidation, is not protected speech

Balance of trade: -

The difference between a country's imports and its exports.

Keynsianism -

The economic theory is based on the idea that the state will follow economic policies which regulate the economy in an effort to promote economic growth. The key point to include is that the state can use deficit spending to boost the economy in times of economic downturn--in other words, the state can spend more money than it has to keep the circular flow of goods flowing. When the economy is doing well, the state can cut back and reduce its spending. -combine state and market influences in a way that in the spirit of Adam Smith still relies on the invisible hand but supports a larger but still limited sphere of constructive state action. -state intervention -adopted in modern terms with regard to the current economic crisis (We're all Keynesian now)

differentation -

The process through which institutions become increasingly autonomous from one another, including the reduction or other change in the linkages between religion and other institutions

Winston Churchill: -

The former prime minister of the UK (1940-45; 1951-55) who led the UK to victory in World War II.

Cabinet -

The group of senior officials in the executive branch, including ministers, who advise the head of government or head of state

Secularization -

The process through which societies become less religious as they become more modern

housing bubble -

The most recent speculative bubble over housing prices. Many Americans bought houses they couldn't afford using lax credit and adjustable rate mortgages. The result was a steep drop in prices when mass foreclosures came about. It sent America into the recent "Great Recession."

official reserves -

The quantities consisting of foreign currencies that the central banks of nations hold with the IMF, and stocks of gold

Re-Globalization

The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them.

devolution -

The return of political authority from the national government to the states beginning in the 1970s and continuing today

cabinet -

The secretaries of the executive departments and other officials designated by the president. It is available to consult with the president.

Executive legislative relations -

The set of political relationships between the executive branch of government, which executes laws/policies, and the legislative branch, which often has the authority to pass those laws/policies

Public sphere -

The space in which public life and deliberation take place

Okun's Law: -

The statistical relationship between a country's cyclical unemployment rate and its gross do-mestic product

American political development (ADP) -

The study of development and change in American political processes, institutions, and policies

Delcinism -

The theory that a country or society is gradually losing power and/or prestige and will con-tinue to do so.

terrorism -

The use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims

TAA -

Trade Adjustment Assistance Program

TPP -

Trans-Pacific Partnership

conditionality -

When regional or international lending agencies require that recipient national governments accept certain policy conditions in order to receive a loan or some form of economic assistance. includes structural adjustment procedures

UKIP -

United Kingdom Independent Party

UN -

United Nations

UNSC -

United Nations Security Council

USDA -

United States Department of Agriculture is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food. It aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers, promote agricultural trade and production, work to assure food safety, protect natural resources, foster rural communities and end hunger in the United States and abroad.

USTR -

United States Trade Representative

Pork Barrel Politics -

Usually refers to spending for specially targeted local projects, acquired by a congressman or senator outside the regular appropriations process.

macroeconomic policy -

Utilizes government spending and tax policy to influence economic growth. • Government spending is a direct source of demand for specific goods and services. • Increased govt. spending leads to GDP growth. • Decreased govt. spending leads to GDP declines Tax policy affects how much money people and firms have to spend in the economy..

Cleavages

____________- are deep and persistent differences in society where (1) objective social differences (class, religion, race, language, or region) are aligned with (2) subjective awareness of these differences (different cultures, ideologies and orientations).

cloture -

a cloture vote, requiring a 60-vote majority, is the only way to halt a filibuster in the Senate

Balaam:

a financial crisis that spreads to other national economies through international linkages such as capital, currency, money, and commodity markets, trade interdependence effects, and shifting market psychology. (observed during east asian financial crisi of 1997- 2000)another ex. US financial crisis 2007

chaebol -

a giant corporation controlling numerous companies and benefiting from government connections and favors, dominant in South Korea's economic geography

minimum winning coalition -

a governing coalition that contains no surplus parties beyond those required to form a government

minimum size coalition -

a governing coalition that is closest to the threshold needed to govern, typically 50 percent of the legislative seats plus one seat

semi-presidential system -

a mixed or hybrid system combining aspects of presidentialism and parliamentarism

multipolar -

a system in which there are multiple poles capable of producing order/disorder beyond their own borders

Presidentialism -

a system of government in which a president serves as chief executive, being independent of the legislature and often combining the functions of head of state and head of government

Parliamentarism -

a system of government in which the head of government is elected by and accountable to a parliament or legislature

regressive tax -

a tax that takes a greater proportion of the income or wealth of the poor than of the wealthy

progressive tax -

a tax that takes a higher proportion of the income or wealth of the wealthy than of the poor

reprieve -

a temporary postponement of the effect of a judicial decision to give the executive time to consider a request for a pardon

strain theory -

a theory suggesting that major social change causes social "strain" or conflict which increases demand for revolution

trustee -

a view of representation that says representatives should listen to their constituents but use their own expertise and judgement to make decisions about public issues

civil war -

a war between citizens of the same country

State Autonomy -

ability for a government to wield power independently of its citizens or its external actors

reverse -

action by a higher court to overturn the decision of a lower court

affirm -

action of a higher court supporting the decision of a lower court

judicial activism -

active policymaking by courts, especially in sensitive cases such as desegregation and abortion

US hegemony -

an indirect form of imperial dominance in which the hegemon (leader state) rules sub-ordinate states by the implied means of power rather than direct military force. In this case, the US is the hegemon.

electoral college -

an institution created by the Federal Convention of 1787 to select the president

executive order -

an order made by a chief executive or top official to the bureaucracy that determines how the bureaucracy should enact or interpret the law

customs union -

an organization of nations whose members have no trade barriers among themselves but impose common trade barriers on nonmembers

Positive sum game -

any interaction between actors that makes all participants simultaneously better off -- this is the liberalist argument of the benefits of a free marker

poverty trap -

any self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist. If it persists from generation to generation, the trap begins to reinforce itself if steps are not taken to break the cycle

third world -

arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either capitalism and NATO (which along with its allies represented the First World), or communism and the Soviet Union (which along with its allies represented the Second World). This definition provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the earth into three groups based on social, political, and economic divisions. Due to many of the 3rd and 2nd world countries being extremely poor, it became a stereotype such that people commonly refer to undeveloped countries as "third world countries". Third world countries included most of Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

Legislature -

assembly or body of representatives with the authority to make laws

law -

authoritative rules made by government and backed by the organized force of the community

International Liberal order

based on U.S leadership and liberal values. An western creation but extended to the rest of the world after the cold

John Maynard Keynes -

came at a time of crisis, liberal policy was failing -reacting to wild fluctuations seen in the market -ideally, fluctuations would self-correct -wants to achieve full employment -new policy response to market failure (mixed govt intervention)

monopoly -

circumstance in which one producer has exclusive control of a market, thus enabling market manipulation and discretionary pricing

information technology -

concerned with technology to treat information. The acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications are its main fields

reconciliation -

congressional process to resolve differences if appropriations bills approve more spending than the spending targets permit

insurgencies -

contention with formalized military conflict

Gerrymandering -

creation of districts of irregular shape or composition in order to achieve a desired political result

Friedrich Von Hayek -

dangers of pure market liberalism to a mixed economic approach (Keynes) -stifling of market incentives -excessive central control -loss of political freedoms His View --> free market = free people who will make good choices

civil law -

deals primarily with relations between individuals and organizations, as in marriage and family law, contracts, and property. Violations result more in judgments and fines than punishment as such.

foreign debt (govt or private) -

debt we owe to other countries; 2/3 of debt comes from other countries, people, companies and the rest comes from government owing itself

reserve requirements -

define the portion of a financial institution's total deposits that the Fed says must be held in cash

taxation / tax cuts -

designed to equitabley distribute wealth, to protect new industries, or to uplift social conditions / may result in too few dollars chasing too few goods and therefore cause inflation

Take off stage--

industries increase rapidly

Keynesianism -

economic ideas associated with British economist John Maynard Keynes advocating countercyclical spending by government to manage demand in the private economy

everyday resistance -

efforts to resist or obstruct authority that are not clearly organized over time, such as work stoppages, slowdowns, and sabotage

Multi-member district (MMD) -

electoral system in which district constituencies have more than one representative

indirect election -

electoral system in which representatives are chosen by other elected officials, rather than directly by the citizenry at large

first past the post -

electoral system in which the candidate with the most number of votes is elected, regardless of whether a majority has been attained

Runoff -

electoral system in which the top candidates after a first round of voting compete in one or more additional rounds of voting until a candidate receives a majority

single-member district -

electoral system in which voters choose a candidate and the winner is elected by the most votes earned or through winning a runoff vote

open-list proportional representation -

electoral system in which voters choose a candidate but votes are aggregated by political party to determine the allocation of seats across parties

Single Transferable Vote (STV) -

electoral system in which voters rank candidates and the winners' surplus votes are reallocated to other, lower-ranking candidates until a slate of representatives is chosen

Specialization -

essentially the breaking down of large jobs into many tiny components. Under this regime each worker becomes an expert in one isolated area of production, thus increasing his efficiency. This saves time and enhances overall gains from exchange and trade. Ultimately, this resulted from uneven distribution and attributes but led to greater abundance of the necessities and conveniences of life (similar to division of labor)

Glass-Steagall Act -

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

currency speculation -

exists whenever someone buys a foreign currency, not because she needs to pay for an import or is investing in a foreign business, but because she hopes to sell the currency at a higher rate in the future (in technical language the currency "appreciates"). This is nothing more than the old rule of buying low and selling high—only with foreign money. - concerned Keynes a great deal

senatorial courtesy -

expectation that the president will clear federal district court judgeship appointments with senators of his party from the state in which the judge will serve

export led growth -

export led growth was proposed by WW Rostow. encouraging nations to adopt export oriented growth policies, based on their natural comparative advantages. this would serve as an engine of growth with the state guiding economy toward efficient allocation of resources. in addition, foreign aid should be used bc it helps meet important infrastructure needs.

food insecurity -

food security refers to the availability of food and one's access to it. A household is considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation.

rule of four -

four justices must approve a write of certiorari before a case will be heard on appeal before the Supreme Court

zero-sum game -

gains by one party equal the losses for the others. Plays a major role in the realist-mercantilist perspective (not liberal thought)

exports vs imports -

goods sent to other countries to sell vs goods sold in our country from other countries

Liberalism -

market oriented economic model (cooperative), an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard

guerrilla tactics -

military techniques designed to produce ongoing stalemate, usually employed in situations of asymmetric military capability

fixed/expanding pie -

negotiations fail because each party assumes that there is only a fixed amount to be negotiated and, in order for one person to win, the other must lose. To overcome this negotiation impasse, one or both of the spouses must start considering acceptable compromises which permit them to expand the size of the pie.expanding pie: Change the frame of the negotiation from a zero-sum, win-lose game to a win-win scenario where both sides can benefit more by working together on mutual benefits.

NICs -

newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists.NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached First World status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Another characterization of NICs is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth (usually export-oriented). Incipient or ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of a NIC. In many NICs, social upheaval can occur as primarily rural, or agricultural, populations migrate to the cities, where the growth of manufacturing concerns and factories can draw many thousands of laborers.

subaltern -

occupying lower rungs in a hierarchical system

john f kennedy -

often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.Kennedy ended a period of tight fiscal policies, loosening monetary policy to keep interest rates down and encourage growth of the economy. Kennedy presided over the first government budget to top the $100 billion mark, in 1962, and his first budget in 1961 led to the country's first non-war, non-recession deficit.

smuggler -

one of the oldest professions. transporting goods across borders in defiance of rules that political leaders have imposed on exchanges. -- oil, tobacco, counterfeits, antiquities, animal parts, and military technology. smugglers take advantage of differing laws and regulation sin neighboring countries to engage in arbitrage (buying a product in a lower price market and selling it in a higher price market).

Social movements -

ongoing, organized collective action oriented toward a goal of social change

schengen agreement -

opened the borders between most of the european countries and defined new forms of police cooperation. 1985. , The 1985 agreement between some- but not all- European Union member countries to reduce border formalities in order to facilitate free movement of citizens between member countries of the new "Schengenland." For example, today there are no border controls between France and Germany or between France and Italy.opened the borders between most of the european countries and defined new forms of police cooperation. 1985.

Interest groups -

organizations that make demands in the political system on behalf of their constituents and members

mass parties -

parties consisting of large numbers of citizens as members and that undertake massive political mobilization

party system -

patterns of party politics characterized by the number of relevant parties in a country

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a geo-

political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of regional peace and stability, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully

US Federal Reserve -

private system of private banks (not part of govt but President appoints chairman) Jobs:

rule making -

process of defining rules or standards that apply uniformly to classes of individuals, events, or activities

comparative advantage -

producer can do both areas efficiently but specializes anyways b/c not enough resources and can make more money (**Ricardo built this idea off of Smith's idea of absolute advantage) included in this is the idea of an inherent opportunity cost

criminal law -

prohibits certain actions and prescribes penalties for those who engage in the prohibited conduct

Extradition -

provision of Article IV, section 2, of the U.S. Constitution providing that persons accused of a crime in one state fleeing into another state shall be returned to the state in which the crime was committed

PPP -

purchasing power parity

casework -

refers to the direct assistance that members of Congress or their staff provide to constituents who need something from a federal agency or department

monetary policy -

refers to the government decisions about the money supply and interest rates

regulatory policy -

refers to the legislation and bureaucratic rules that affect the performance of individual businesses and the economy in general

gerrymander -

refers to the strange shape of some congressional districts that result when parties draw districts intended to maximize their political advantage

balance of payments -

registers an accounting of all of the international monetary transactions between the residents of one nation and those of other nations in a given year -- much like a personal check book

Term limit -

restriction on the number of times or total amount of time a political official can serve in a given position

supply-

side economics - argues that lower taxes and lighter regulation improve the business climate, encourage new investment, and expand output

Civil wars -

sustained military conflict between domestic actors

Consociational -

systems that use formal mechanisms to coordinate different groups sharing access to power

flat tax -

takes the same proportion of income or wealth from the wealthy as from the poor

current account -

that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments

sovereign immunity -

the 11th amendment to the U.S. Constitution declares that states cannot be sued in their own courts, the courts of other states, other nations, or in federal courts except as their own state laws or federal law explicitly allows

reserved powers -

the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declares that powers not explicitly granted to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people

DOD-

the U.S. federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the United States armed forces.

national debt -

the accumulation of annual deficits over the years is referred to as the national debt

factor endowments -

the amount of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship that a country possesses and can exploit for manufacturing -- commonly referenced as part of the Heckscher-Ohlin model

political opportunities -

the availability of political options to redress grievances

patronage

the awarding of political jobs or contracts based on partisan ties instead of merit or expertise

Administration -

the bureaucracy of state officials, usually considered part of the executive branch, that executes policy

Prime Minister -

the chief executive in a parliamentary system of government

trade -

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

hegemonic currency -

the current most powerful currency --> right now this is the dollar as a result of BWA and the fixed exchange rate at first. many argue different theories on whether or not this will stay this way for long

Mobilization -

the engagement of individuals and groups in sustained contention

colonialism -

the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory

popular sovereignty -

the idea that all legitimate governmental authority comes from the people and can be reclaimed by them if government becomes neglectful or abusive

judicial restraint -

the idea that courts should avoid policymaking and limit themselves to implementing legislative and executive intent

statistical discrepancies -

the idea that in measuring balance of payment, measures are inexact so we must keep track of the margin of ___________________

historical materialism -

the idea that the forces of production of society, defined as the sum total of knowledge and technology contained in society set the parameters for the whole economic system (Marx believes this explains the organization of society - low vs high technology)

legislative supremacy -

the idea that the lawmaking authority in government should be supreme over the executive and judicial powers

remand -

to send a case back to a lower court for further consideration

GDP/GNP -

total goods/services produced by a country // GDP + net transfers of profits from firms and individuals operating abroad

later stages--

use of advanced technologies and an increase in savings and investment

briefs -

written arguments prepared by lawyers in a case outlining their view of the relevant law and the decision that should be rendered based on the law

"take care" clause

- Article II, section 3, of the Constitution requires that the president "take care that the laws be faithfully executed."

full faith and credit clause

- Article IV, section 1, of the constitution requires that each state give "full faith and credit" to the legal acts of the other states

Privileges and Immunities Clause

- Article IV, section 2, of the Constitution guarantees to the citizens of each states the "privileges and immunities" of the several states

unitary government

- Centralized government subject to one authority as opposed to a federal system that divides power across national and subnational (state) governments.

planners -

"In foreign aid, Planners announce good intentions but don't motivate anyone to carry them out. Planners raise expectations but take no responsibility for meeting them. Planners determine what to supply. Planners apply global blueprints. Planners at the top lack knowledge of the bottom. Planners never hear whether the planned got what it needed.

credit default swap / AIG

- ..., Basically insurance - where credit protection seller (insurer) receives premiums, in exchange for agreeing to assume the risk of loss on a specific asset in the event that asset experiences a default. Important in the 2007-8 Subprime Credit Crunch (AIG)

Third World debt

- ..., money owed by developing countries to richer countries, From commercial banks, governments, IGOs (World Bank; IMF).

Bretton Woods Agreement

- 1944, Held in _____________New Hampshire, Allied leaders joined and created the IMF, GATT and World Bank. It made the change that all exchange rates were fixed in terms of the dollar (since the gold standard fell during the war, this replaced/reinstated it); the US stood ready to convert foreign holdings of dollars into gold at a rate of $35/ounce

Representative Government

- A form of government in which elected representatives of the people, rather than the people acting directly, conduct the business of government.

Balcones Escarpment

- A geological fault-line that separates the lowlands of East Texas from the prairies and plains of West Texas

Permian Basin

- A geological formation in West Texas, around Midland, where oil discoveries were made in the 1920s that remain productive today

bicameralism

- A two-house, as opposed to a unicameral or one-house, legislature

Spindletop

- A.F. Lucas's well near Beaumont came in on January 10, 1901, kicking off the twentieth-century Texas oil boom

Intolerable Acts

- Acts passed in Parliament during the spring of 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party and similar events to strengthen British administration of the colonies

Declaratory Act

- An act passed in Parliament in March 1766 declaring that the British king and Parliament had the right to pass laws binding on the colonies in America "in all cases whatsoever."

Rust Belt:

- An economic region in the northeast of the United States. It covers, approximately, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Penn-sylvania. The term refers to the industrial decline in the region, experienced since the 1980s.

political subcultures

- Distinct regional variations produced when some elements of the national political culture are emphasized and others de-emphasized

Berlin blockade and airlift -

- An international crisis in 1948-49 spurred by the Soviet Union's decision to block rail, road and water communications, isolat-ing West Berlin from the rest of Western Europe. In response, the U.S. and UK began to deliver food and other vitals to the city by air.

Shay's Rebellion

- An uprising of Massachusetts farmers during the winter of 1786-1787 that convinced many Americans the political instability in the states required a stronger national government

King Ranch

- Founded in 1853 by Captain Richard King, the 825,000 acre King Ranch south of Corpus Christi epitomizes the huge dry land cattle ranches of Texas.

irrational exuberance -

"false hopes", acid inflation caused by low interest rates, so people spent money on stock market instead of saving, so stock market prices sky rocketed, -deals w/1990 internet explosion

advice and consent clause

- Article II, section 2, of the Constitution requires the president to seek the advice and consent of the Senate in appointing Supreme Court justices, senior officials of the executive branch, and ambassadors, and in ratifying treaties with foreign nations

Marbury v. Madison -

(1803) Chief Justice John Marshall derived the power of judicial review from the Constitution by reasoning that the document was supreme and therefore the court should invalidate legislative acts that run counter to it

McCulloch v. Maryland -

(1819) The decision announced an expansive reading of the "necessary and proper" clause, holding that Congress's Article 1, section 8, enumerated powers imply unspecified but appropriate powers to carry them out

Gibbons v. Ogden -

(1824) This decision employed an expansive reading of the commerce clause, the doctrine of the "continuous journey," to allow Congress to regulate commercial activity if any element of it crossed a state boundary

Dred Scott v. Sanford -

(1857) The court declared that African Americans, whether free or slave, were not citizens of the U.S. Moreover, slaves were property and could be carried into any state in the union, even a free state, and held as property

Paul v. Virginia -

(1869) This decision declared that the privileges and immunities clause of the US Constitution guaranteed citizens visiting, working, or conducting business in another state the same freedoms and legal protections that would be afforded to citizens of that state.

Texas v. White -

(1869) in the immediate wake of the Civil War, the U.S. SCOTUS declared that the U.S. Constitution presumed an indestructible Union and that states could not unilaterally secede

U.S. v. E.C. Knight -

(1895) The court held that Congress's powers to regulate interstate commerce extended only to transportation of goods across state lines, not to manufacturing or production

Wickard v. Filburn -

(1942) The court rejected the narrow reading of the commerce power in U.S. v. E.C. Knight to return to the broader reading in Gibbons v. Ogden by which Congress could regulate virtually all commercial activity

Sharpstown Scandal -

(1972) scandal in which Houston financier Frank Sharp and a number of prominent Texas politicians were accused of trading political for financial favors

US v. Morrison -

(2000) Citing U.S. v. Lopez, the court found that the Violence Against Women Act was too loosely related to Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce to stand

Lawrence v. Texas -

(2003) the U.S. SCOTUS struck down laws in 13 states, including Texas, criminalizing same-sex sexual activity

Obergefell v. Hodges -

(2015) SCOTUS declared that the due process and equal protection clauses of the 14th amendment guaranteed same-sex couples the fundamental right to marry

Friedrich List -

(exiled) German economist, nationalist, and author of the "National System of Political Economy" in which he asserts that tariffs and railroads are needed to build a nat'l economy. He supported the formation of a freed trade union (Zollverein) and industry - mercantilist that experienced the benefits of Hamilton's views and implementation of those views on trade. sought multiple investments in different goods, education and technology

protectionism -

(we don't want a deficit in trade, we want a surplus) seek to protect national interests + domestic constituencies. Includes: tax laws (tariffs or duties), regulatory laws (public health laws, env.), quota laws (limits on quantities of a certain imported good), antidumping laws (laws prohibiting selling below product cost), subsidies (govt supported monopolies)

open market operations

- Purchases and sales of government and certain other securities in the open market through the Domestic Trading Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, with the purpose of influencing the volume of money and credit in the economy

Republic of Texas

- Texas was an independent nation from 1836 until it became a U.S. state on December 29, 1845

Rio Grande Valley

- Texas's four southernmost counties, often referred to simply as "the valley," are heavily Hispanic. The phrase is sometimes used more expansively to refer to all of South Texas.

Confederation Congress

- The Congress served under the Articles of Confederation from adoption on March 1st, 1781, until it was superseded by the new Federal Congress when the US Constitution went into effect on March 4th, 1789.

Declaration of Independence

- The document adopted in the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, to explain and justify the decision of the American colonies to declare their independence from Britain

Bill of Rights

- The first ten amendments to the US Constitution proposed by the first Federal Congress and ratified by the states in 1791, were intended to protect individual rights and liberties from the action by the new national government

political culture

- Widely held ideas concerning the relationship of citizens to their government and to each other in matters affecting politics and public affairs

Articles of Confederation

- Written in the Continental Congress in 1776 and 1777 , outlining America's first national government, finally adopted on March 1st, 1781. Replaced by US Constitution on March 4th, 1789.

Boston Massacre

- a clash on March 5 1770 between British troops and a Boston mob that left five colonists dead and eight wounded

federalism

- a form of government in which some powers assigned to the national government, some to lower levels of government, and some, such as the power to tax, are exercised concurently

New Jersey Plan

- a plan to add a limited number of new powers to the Articles, supported by most of the delegates from the small states, introduced into the Constitutional Convention as an alternative to the Virginia Plan

OPEC

- an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum-- most are middle eastern. 1973-- OPEC banned exports of oil to the US and other allies of Israel. This caused the prices of oil to skyrocket. the power of OPEC relies on the dependence of many countries on petroleum imports.The fact that OPEC had so much control over the price of oil made other nations more eager to find ways in which they could enhance their relationships with other oil producing countries, in addition to providing incentives to their citizens to cut on their energy consumption.

Stamp Act Congress

- delegates from nine colonies met in New York City in October 1765 to coordinate their resistance to Parliament's attempt to tax the colonies directly. They argued that only colonial legsislatures could levy taxes in the colonies.

Rio Grande

- forms Texas's biggest southern border with Mexico from El Paso to Brownsville.

substantive due process

- late 19th century Supreme Court doctrine holding that most attempts to regulate property were violations of due process

Virginia Plan

- outline of a strong national government, written by James Madison and supported by most of the delegates from the large states, that guided early discussion in the Constitutional Convention

remittances

- payments made by a migrant to family or friends in the country of origin. The global economic crisis has severely decreased the amount of money migrant workers have been able to send back to their families in their mother countries.

Federalists

- supporters of a stronger national government who favored ratification of the US Constitution

Upper chamber

- the chamber in a bicameral legislature that is usually smaller in number of legislators, often representing larger geographic constituencies such as states or provinces

Separation of Powers

- the idea that distinctive types of governmental power, most obviously the legislative and executive powers, and later the judicial power, should be placed in separate hands

checks and balances

- the idea that government powers should be distributed to permit each branch of government to check and balance the other branches

"necessary and proper" clause

- the last paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the Constitution, which states that Congress may make all laws deemed necessary and proper to carry into execution the powers specifically enumerated in Article I, section 8.

Classical Era

-Mercantilism to Liberalism- Pax Britanica: British econ & polt dominance- relied on gold standard (fixed exch rate)- Emergence of free trade- Corn Laws Repealed- Cobden-Chevalier Treaty (MFN clause)- U.S. = protectionist- Trade= mainly with colonies (similar to mercantilism)

fixed, pegged and floating exchange rates -

-the price of currency in units of other currencies, (appreciation and depreciation) Floating: an unmanaged process in which governments neither establish an official rate for their currencies nor intervene to affect the value of their currencies, and instead allow market forces and private investors to influence the relative rate of exchange for currencies between countries (based on the demand for and supply of these currencies) Pegged and fixed: when a government commits itself to keep its currency at or around a specific value in terms of another commodity, such as gold. This resulted from the Bretton Woods system, thus making the US $ the worlds reserve currency. All other countries become begged to the dollar.

RTA / trade agreement -

..., A negotiated agreement among two or more countries to limit or alter their policies with respect to trade., Regional Trade Agreement; trade agreement that removes all barriers to trade among member nations while maintaining barriers with non-members (technically these violate GATT and WTO principle of nondiscrimination yet are still legal entities)

Y2K -

..., A suspected worldwide disaster in 1999-2000 in which it was thought thatthe international calenders would break down resulting in computer and power failures. It never happened. (B.V.), A computer glitch that only showed the year by the last two digits. It was feared that when the year changed from 1999 to 2000, computers would think it was really 1900 as it only read the last two digits.

Price-earnings ratio -

..., Ratio between the market price of a stock and the profits per share over the last year. (To compute the P-E ratio, divide the earnings into the market price of stock).

most-favored nation -

..., Status in an international trading arrangement whereby agreements between two nations on tariffs are then extended to other nations. Every nation involved in such an arrangement will have most-favored-nation status. This policy is used, particularly by the United States, to lower tariffs, extend cooperative trading agreements, and protect nations from discriminatory treatment. Most-favored-nation agreements can also be used to apply economic pressure on nations by deliberately excluding them from international trade.

assets -

..., The entire property of a person, association, corporation, or estate applicable or subject to the payment of debts.

capital -

..., assets available for use in the production of further assets, previously manufactured goods used to make other goods and services

Washington Consensus -

..., label used to refer to the following principles of free trade: 1) that free trade raises the well-being of all countries by inducing them to devote their resources to the production of goods that they produce most efficiently, and 2) that competition through trade raises a country's long-term economic growth rates by expanding access to global technologies and promoting innovation, the view that Global South countries can best achieve sustained economic growth through democratic governance, fiscal discipline, free markets, a reliance on private enterprise, and trade liberalization (promoted through the policies of GATT, IMF and World Bank

Margaret Thatcher -

..., leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. -similar to Reagan in valuing privatization and deregulation

institutional investors -

..., organizations, which pool large sums of money and invest those sums in companies. They include banks, insurance companies, retirement or pension funds, hedge funds and mutual funds.

currency crisis -

..., when a speculative attack on the exchange value of a currency results in a sharp depreciation of the currency or forces authorities to expend large volumes of international currency reserves and sharply increase interest rates to defend the prevailing exchange rate

Alexander Hamilton -

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. - mercantilist, argued against specialization in agriculture, and protection of the US infant industries as well as the need for state promotion of domestic industries

creative federalism -

1960s view of federalism that refers to LBJ's willingness to expand the range of federal programs to support state and local activities and to bring new, even nongovernmental, actors into the process

soft / hard currency -

1: not widely accepted currency - usually limited to its home country or region. a currency that is not fully convertible. However, even a hard currency can be weak relative to another currency because of the relative exchange rates over time. , fluctuates in value and are not considered stable. They are not easily converted 2: Currencies including USD, JPY, GBP and EUR, that are generally accepted in international trade transactions because the money is issued by large countries with reliable and predictably stable political economies.,

Cuban Missile Crisis -

A 13-day conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962, brought about by the deployment of U.S. ballistic missiles in Ita-ly and Turkey and the subsequent deployment of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The conflict was the world came to a full-blown nuclear war during the Cold War period.

Bretton Woods Agreement: -

A 1944 agreement that established a system of regulations for the international monetary system founded on gold and the U.S. dollar, and creating the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and De-velopment (IBRD). The system collapsed in 1971 when the U.S. "temporarily" suspended the gold standard.

Baruch Plan -

A 1946 proposal by the U.S. government to achieve global cooperation on nuclear oversight by ceding the control of atomic weapons to the UN. Unable to achieve support, the plan was not established and in fact had the opposite effect than intended: a peril-ous Cold War nuclear arms race that pitted the U.S. and the Soviet Union against one another.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): -

A 1947 multilateral treaty that limited or removed barriers to trade like tariffs and quotas in order to foster international trade. The agreement remained in effect until the World Trade Organization was created in 1995.

Cold War: -

A period of tension from the end of World War II to the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, estab-lishing bipolarity between the communist Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and allies) and the capitalist and dem-ocratic West (the United States, NATO and their allies). While both sides fed regional proxy wars, the period was deemed "cold" because there were no large-scale or direct armed conflicts between the two polarities.

big mac index -

A survey done by The Economist that determines what a country's exchange rate would have to be for a Big Mac in that country to cost the same as it does in the United States. Purchase power parity (PPP) is the theory that currencies adjust according to changes in their purchasing power. With the Big Mac PPP, purchasing power is reflected by the price of a McDonald's Big Mac in a particular country. The measure gives an impression of how overvalued or undervalued a currency is.

crony capitalism -

A system in which close friends of a political leader are either legally or illegally given business advantages in return for their political support.

liberal international order: -

A system of economic openness, political liberalism and multilateralism in a rules-based system perpetuated through institutions like the UN.

Ideology -

A systematically coordinated and cognitive salient set of beliefs focused on politics

Brexit: -

A term for the UK's referendum on EU mem-bership, held on June 23, 2016. The British public voted 52% to 48% to leave the union. The UK will remain in the union until it invokes Article 50 of the EU's Lisbon Treaty, after which point the terms of Britain's exit must be agreed upon within a period of two years.

Berlin Wall -

A wall built by the German Democrat-ic Republic (East Germany) that divided Berlin and completely isolated West Berlin from the East between 1961 and 1989. Ideologically, the Eastern Bloc saw the Wall as a way to hinder the infiltration of "fascism" from the West. Physically, the Wall was a barrier to entry to the West for those in the Eastern Bloc who sought to emigrate or defect.

Vietnam War (1955-75): -

A war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and South Viet-nam—supported by the U.S., South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies.

Crimean War (1853-56) -

A war fought by the Rus-sian Empire against a coalition of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. Provoked by a conflict of interests regarding the rights of Christian minori-ty groups in the Ottoman Empire, the war was more broadly brought about by opposition to Russian aspira-tions to gain territory as the Ottoman Empire declined.

limited war -

A war in which the weapons, the territory, or the objectives are restricted in some way, esp. in the use of nuclear weapons.

total war -

A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded

Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) (1990-91) -

A war waged by a U.S.-led 35-country coalition against Iraq after Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait.

Richard Nixon -

Against Keynesiaism and LBJ's Great Society program -- sought to see more economic growth than stability -- unilaterally made the decision to make dollars nonconvertible to gold and to switch to a flexible exchange rate system, which led to increased speculation on currencies and more money in the intl econOPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) - an international organization concerned with the crude-oil policies of its member states. This organization was founded in 1960, and has 11 members, including Kuwait, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Indonesia, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Due to their control of most of the world's oil supply, they have a strong influence on many industrialized nations. (1973 spike in oil prices)

executive agreements -

Agreements negotiated between the president and foreign governments. They have the same legal force as treaties but do not require confirmation by the Senate.

bilateral aid -

Aid from a single donor country to a single recipient country, in contrast to multilateral aid.

multilateral aid -

Aid provided by a group of countries, or an institution representing a group of countries such as the World Bank, to one or more recipient countries. Contrasts with unilateral aid.

european union -

An economic and political union established in 1993 after the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty by members of the European Community and since expanded to include numerous Central and Eastern European nations. The establishment of the European Union expanded the political scope of the European Economic Community, especially in the area of foreign and security policy, and provided for the creation of a central European bank and the adoption of a common currency, the euro.

Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism: -

An organization formed in 2017 by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube to standardize practices and improve cooperation among eachother, and with other tech companies, civil society,scholars and governments on preventing the spread of terrorism and other forms of extremism on their respective platforms.

civil liberties -

Areas of social life, including free speech, press, and religion, where the Constitution restricts or prohibits government intrusion on the free choice of individuals

civil rights -

Areas of social life, such as the right to vote and to be free from racial discrimination, where the Constitution requires government to act to ensure that citizens are treated equally

social contract theory -

Argument identified with Hobbes and Locke that the legitimate origin of government is in the agreement of a free people.

supremacy clause -

Article VI of the U.S. Constitution declares that the acts of the national government within its areas of legitimate authority will be supreme over the state constitutions and laws

APEC/ASEAN -

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries (formally Member Economies) that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional economic blocs (such as the European Union) in other parts of the world, APEC works to raise living standards and education levels through sustainable economic growth and to foster a sense of community and an appreciation of shared interests among Asia-Pacific countries.

AIIB -

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

1997 Thai Baht crisis -

Baht suddenly collapsed in value resulting in a currency crisis. The Thai govt had GUARANTEED the exchange rate of the baht to be fixed at 25 baht per dollar. Thai banks were found to have bad loans and capital flight commenced. This resulted in an extreme decrease of Thai dollar reserves. Speculation turned this into a self-fulfilling prophecy where everyone pulled their money out, but the Thai govt couldn't give everyone their dollars at once. They were forced to abandon their fixed rate resulting in the collapse of the baht. This caused a plethora of problems for everyone from merchants to businessman.

Hezbollah -

Based in Lebanon, a Shi'a Islamist political party and militant group. It was once considered a resistance movement, but now widely seen as a terrorist organization promoting jihadist, anti-Zionist and anti-West values. Since 2012, it has aided the Syrian government in the Syrian Civil War and trained local forces in Syria and Iraq to fight ISIS.

British hegemony -

Britian was said to be more so of a passive hegemon during the 19th century. Although it provided many of the resources necessary for creating the global economy (mainly capital), it was not hegemonic in the sense that the hegemonic stability theory (the idea that international markets work best when a hegemon accepts the costs associated with keeping them open for the benefit of both itself and its allies by providing them with certain international public goods at its own expense)

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) -

By concluding that a public official had to prove either "actual malice" or "reckless disregard for the truth" in order to be awarded damages in a libel case, the Court essentially constructed a right not to be punished after the fact for what has been published.

Mao Zedong: -

Chinese revolutionary leader and founder of the People's Republic of China, which Mao led as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1949 until his death in 1976.

carlos slim -

Carlos Slim Helú is a Mexican business magnate and philanthropist who as of 2011 is the richest person in the world, for the second year in a row. He is the chairman and chief executive of telecommunications companies Telmex and América Móvil and has extensive holdings in other Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso SAB, as well as business interests elsewhere in the world.

rules committee -

Committee that writes rules or special orders that set the conditions for debate and amendment of legislation on the floor of the House

conference committees -

Committees composed of members of the House and Senate charged to resolve differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill.

Treaty of Westphalia -

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): -

Designed to deepen economic relations, cut tariffs, enhance trade and ultimately create a single market among 12 Pacific Rim countries, TPP was signed in February 2016. The Donald Trump administration pulled out of the treaty in January 2017.

Participatory democracy -

Democracy in which citizens actively and directly participate in government.

DFID -

Department for International Development UK Government Department responsible for promoting development and the reduction of poverty.

DEPENDENCY-

Dependence resulted in underdevelopment (structuralist)Underdevelopment was a proves that further undermined LDC economies while contributing to prosperity of industrialized world.Decolonization removed the political dominance of the European powers, but the basic economic system was intact—resulting in neocolonialism.MNCs extracted profits from these nations.

bailout -

Emergency funds given to corporations in order to prevent their collapse. Funds can come from the government or other institutions, can take many forms, and may or may not require reimbursement

British industrialization -

Enclosure movement, developed transportation (railways/canals), good resources (coal, iron, steel), industrial innovations, political stability, developed banking system and culture all led to Britain being the first to industrialize.

FDA -

Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), veterinary products, and cosmetics.

IMF -

Formally charged with providing short-term loans to countries experiencing a current account deficit in their balance of payments (in exchange for the implementation of policies) 1980s worked with World Bank to solve the problem of LDC debt

U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) -

Formed in 1979, it leads the U.S. intelligence community to brief policymakers, academics and the private sector on issues of national security.

Larry Summers -

Former Harvard President; said women didn't have the mental capacity for science and engineering like men did. Summers resigned as Harvard's president in the wake of a no-confidence vote by Harvard faculty that resulted in large part from Summers's conflict with Cornel West, financial conflict of interest questions regarding his relationship with Andrei Shleifer, and a 2005 speech in which he suggested that the under-representation of women in science and engineering could be due to a "different availability of aptitude at the high end," and less to patterns of discrimination and socialization.Summers has also been criticized for the economic policies he advocated as Treasury Secretary and in later writings.

Muammar Qaddafi -

Former Libyan socialist leader (1969-2011). He was internationally denounced as a dictator who violated the human rights and financed of global terrorism. In 2011, then-U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton persuaded the Obama administration to bomb his forces during the Arab spring

"Star Wars": -

Former President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, a proposed missile de-fense system. The Initiative was nicknamed "Star Wars" by the media in reference to the popular film.

Sean Spicer -

Former White House press secretary under President Donald Trump. He resigned in July under President Donald Trump. He resigned in July 2017. His tenure was marked by his hostile relationship to the press corps and controversial and/or false public statements.

Michael Flynn -

Former national security advisor to President Donald Trump. He resigned in February 2017, less than a month after he entered the position.He is the center of an ongoing FBI investigation into his contact with Russia's ambassador to the U.S. and other Russian officials during the Trump campaign.

Saddam Hussein -

Former president of Iraq (1979-2003). Hewas a brutal dictator under whose leadership Iraq invaded Iran and Kuwait. In 2003, a U.S.-British alliance invaded Iraq to unseat him because of his alleged possession of weapons of mass d ties to al-Qaeda (neither accusation could be confirmed). In 2006, he was convicted by an Iraqi court for carrying out crimes against humanity and was executed.

Pentagon Papers Case (1971) -

Formerly titled New York Times Co. v. United States. The court found that prior restraint violated the First Amendment unless imminent danger could be proven.

WikiLeaks -

Founded in 2006, it is an international non-profit organization run by Julian Assange that publishes previously clandestine or classified information and anonymously submitted news leaks.

Cambridge Analytica -

Founded in 2013. Is a privately-held company that uses datamining and strategic communications to analyze elections. The role and influence of the company on campaigns it worked on, including Donald Trump's U.S.presidential bid and Leave.EU (a Brexit campaign), isbeing taken up in ongoing U.S. and British criminal investigations.

frontex -

Frontex is the European Union agency for external border security. It is responsible for co-ordinating the activities of the national border guards in ensuring the security of the EU's borders with non-member states. Frontex is headquartered in Warsaw, Poland.

human rights -

Fundamental rights to freedom and security that belong to all human beings

government spending -

Government expenditures, both chosen and required for a variety of programs and entitlements.

troll farms -

Groups of typically anonymous and state-sponsored commentators who masquerade as real Internet users online with the aspiration of swaying public opinion.

Ronald Reagan -

He developed Reaganomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair (retreated back to a bipolar view of power, the soviet union as an "evil empire" - encouraged opening the markets, but used the threat of trade sanctions with many nations that supported ideas such as communism, terrorism and apatheid) "hegemony on the cheap"

appropriations committees -

House and Senate committees that appropriate or allocate specific funding levels to each government program or activity

authorizing committees -

House and Senate committees that develop or authorize particular policies or programs through legislation

Committee of the Whole -

House convened under a set of rules that allows limitations on debate and amendment and lowers the quorum required to do business from 218 to 100 to facilitate speedier action

HDI/HPI -

Human Development Index is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and distinguish "very high human development", "high human development", "medium human development", and "low human development" countries.expanding pie: Change the frame of the negotiation from a zero-sum, win-lose game to a win-win scenario where both sides can benefit more by working together on mutual benefits.

commitee -

In a legislature, a body composed of a group of legislators convened to perform a certain set of tasks

capital account -

Includes all payments related to the purchase and sale of assets and to borrowing and lending activities. Components include outflow of U.S. capital and inflow of foreign capital (simply put, international investment)

IMF -

International Monetary Fund

G-8 -

International organization that promotes economic cooperation: Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and United States

ISIS -

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (IS—Islamic State; ISIL—Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant; Daesh)

Meiji Restoration -

Japan was practically medieval in the mid 19th century. This event was a result of the Samuri coup --> no more shogun, restored the emperor to power (_______ oligarchs)

Vietnam War -

LBJ, This War occurred in _______________ from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the communist North , supported by its communist allies, and the government of South , supported by the United States and other member nations of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South as part of their wider strategy of containment. Military advisors arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s and combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive. Despite a peace treaty signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. In April 1975, North captured Saigon. North and South ____________ were reunified the following year

ww rostow -

Liberal economic theory proponent. believed that the US and other developed countries went through a series of growth stages and that these growth stages can be replicated to LDCs.LDCs must go through a series of changes in their socieoeconomic systems in order to develop. There must be an increase in literacy, entrepreneurship, investment in raw material-- to expand the commercial activity.

original jurisdiction -

Mandatory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as laid out in Article III of the Constitution

modernization vs dependency -

Modernization theorists: (liberal perspective)LDCs need to become intimately integrated into the global market economy.Emphasize on their comparative trading advantage.As the LDCs trade more of their primary sources, they will be able to accumulate wealth to buy foreign technology and promote new investments in industrial and manufacturing enterprises.Develop and industrialize while learning from the pitfalls and policy mistakes.Less waste of resources.Foreign aid from IOs and FDI into developing economies is critical—to strengthen the poorer nations ability to trade and build their economic infrastructure.

nafta -

NAFTARegional trade agreement b/w US, Canada and Mexicoi. Encourages the elimination of trade barriers between these nations MEXICO:i. Mexico's economic crisis in the 1980s leads to deregulation and market opening (Mexico joins GATT in 1985)c. In 1994, NAFTA reduced tariffs over 15 years d. NAFTA has created the world's largest trading bloce. Unresolved labor issues include immigration and cross-border trucking

Judiciary Act of 1789 -

Originating act for the federal judiciary passed by the first Congress

National Security Council (NSC) -

Part of the Executive Office of the President, established in 1947, that coordinates advice and policy for the president on national security issues.

Colonialism -

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power...exploitation

War Powers Resolution -

Passed in Congress in 1973 requiring the president to consult with Congress on the use of force and to withdraw U.S. forces from conflict should congressional approval not be forthcoming.

spoils system -

Patronage system prominent between 1830 and 1880 in which strong political parties struggled for control of Congress and the presidency with the winner taking the bureaucracy and its jobs as a prize

PPP -

Purchase power parity (PPP) is the theory that currencies adjust according to changes in their purchasing power.

Corn Laws -

Revised in 1815 these laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them for their own good. Their repeal signified the end of dominance by the landed nobility

neoliberalism -

Revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism (primarily thought of in the 1970s), the idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule , deregulation, privatization, open world market(an agenda of economic policies -- compared to liberalism as a perspective)

Adam Smith -

Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand", Father of economics. Explained how rational self-interest and competition, operating in a social framework which ultimately depends on adherence to moral obligations, can lead to economic well-being and prosperity.

searchers -

Searchers find things that work and get some reward. Searchers accept responsibility for their actions. Searchers find out what is in demand. Searchers adapt to local conditions. Searchers find out what the reality is at the bottom. Searchers find out whether the customer is satisfied.

concurrent majority -

South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun's idea for restoring balance between the North and South by giving each region the right to reject national legislation thought harmful to the region.

obscenity -

Sexually explicit material, whether spoken, written, or visual, that "taken as a whole . . . lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value."

SCO -

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

four tigers -

South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.

slovakian vote -

Slovakia, the euro zone's second-poorest member, is the only one of the bloc's 17 countries that hasn't approved the expansion of the European Financial Stability Facility.

means-tested programs -

Social programs in which eligibility is established by low income and limited assets. Medicaid is a means-tested program

social insurance programs -

Social programs, such as Social Security and Medicare in which prior payments into the program establish eligibility to draw money out upon meeting program requirements.

cruel and unusual punishment -

The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing __________. Historically, this language prohibited torture and other abuses. Today the key question is whether the death penalty should be declared to be __________.

select committees -

Temporary committees of the Congress that go out of business once they complete their work or at the end of each Congress unless specifically renewed.

Representative democracy -

That form of democracy in which citizens elect leaders who govern in their name

eurozone -

The Eurozone are the collection of countries who all share the Euro as a common currency. However, each member retains their own economic policies, with the exception that they do not have monetary policy powers. Many countries are currently in the process of joining the Eurozone because of the perceived benefits. Greece's entering into the Eurozone directly contributed to the lowering of interest rates in that country, as investors assumed that as a Eurozone member, greece would take fiscal policyt measures to improve the country's finances, and at the very worst, The richer members would bailout Greece. In 2010, the Greek debt crisis threatened the Eurozone, because the potential for default could lead to a chain of increasingly devastating defaults in other member countries that would lead to severe economic depression. Members of the Eurozone include Germany, France, Italy, Greece, Portugal and Spain.

establishment clause -

The First Amendment to the Constitution says that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." This clearly means that Congress may not establish a national religion. There is an ongoing debate over how much, if any, contact is allowed between religion and government.

Free Exercise Clause -

The First Amendment to the Constitution, immediately after saying that Congress may not establish religion, says Congress may not prohibit the __________ of religion. The intent of the free exercise clause is to protect a wide range of religious observance and practice from political interference.

Unreasonable searches and seizures -

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees that citizens will not be subject to __________. A search must be authorized by a warrant secured on probable cause that specific, relevant evidence is to be found if a particular place is searched.

GATT -

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - a multilateral agreement that sought to promote free trade among countries; predecessor to the WTO, established in 1947. Promotes the ideas of reciprocity and nondiscrimination (supposedly) MFN status included in this

Interwar Collapse

The Gold standard abandoned and UK hegemony ended. Great depression World trade declined by 2/3. International capital flow ceased, currency wars. The emergence of MNC

maastricht treaty -

The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on February 7, 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final negotiations on December 9, 1991 between the members of the European Community and entered into force on November 1, 1993 during the Delors Commission. It led to the creation of the European Union and was the result of separate negotiations on monetary union and on political union. The Maastricht Treaty has been amended to a degree by later treaties

special revenue sharing -

The Nixon administration developed block grants that bundled related categorical grants into a single grant to enhance state and local discretion over how the money was spent

Atkins v. Virginia (2002) -

The Supreme Court held that the execution of severely retarded persons violated the prohibition against "cruel and unusual punishment" in the Eighth Amendment.

The mother of parliaments: UK Westminster model -

The UK parliament dates back to the thirteenth century when King John convened nobility of England to act as an advisory council to help control the economy. In 1215, they sensed the king's weakness so they made the Magna Carta, which gave them property rights and required royalty to consult them on certain issues. Parliament's power began to rise in the seventeenth century due to the English Civil Wars as well as the Glorious Revolution of 1688. It was initially compromised of just the house of the lords, but soon as included the House of Commons. They evolved from a simple advisory council to powerful legislators that asserted their sovereignty over the monarchy. This system is known as the Westminster model after the London neighborhood where parliament resides. Parliament is considered the UK's supreme and sovereign political power. Even though parliament is considered the supreme political power,different institutional mechanisms allows the executive to push legislation through. Although the legislature votes, the prime minister has the expectation that the "backbenchers" will support any government proposal. Due to Britain's colonialism, this model is used everywhere from the Caribbean to India. The House of Commons is the dominant chamber. It holds the executive branch and has almost sole responsibility for passing laws, approving budgets, and and holding the executive accountable. Members are chosen in single member districts via the first past the post system.

Legitimacy -

The condition of being in accordance with the norms and values of the people. Power is accepted because it is seen as right.

Framing -

The way in which a given problem or situation is described and understood with implications for how it might be addressed

Reaganomics -

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, deregulation of banking, energy, investment, trade markets and supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. (privatized industries) "trickle down effect"

Soviet Bloc (Eastern Bloc): -

The grouping of socialist states in Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War, comprised generally of the Soviet Union and the signatories of the Warsaw Pact (Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania).

Globalisation -

The growing interdependencies and interconnectedness of the world that reduces the autonomy of individual states and the importance of boundaries between them.

Osama bin Laden: -

The founder of al-Qaeda, the organization responsible for the 9/11 attacks and other terrorist attacks around the world. A target of the "War on Terror," bin Laden was shot and killed in 2011 on Glossary 3the Obama administration's orders by the UN Naval Special Warfare Development Group and the CIA.

Pentagon -

The headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense, often employed as a metonym for the Department of Defense.

Supreme Court -

The high court or court of last resort in the American judicial system

Sovereignty -

The highest power that gives the state freedom of action within its own territory.

incorporation -

The idea that many of the protections of the Bill of Rights originally meant to apply only against the national government applied against the states as well because they were "incorporated" into the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of "due process" and "equal protection of the laws."

iron law of oligarchy -

The idea, developed by Robert Michels, that collective action always produces new elites.

Human rights -

The innate, inalienable and inviolable right of humans to free movement and self-determination. Such rights cannot be bestowed, granted, limited, bartered or sold away. Inalienable rights can be only secured or violated.

division of labor -

The main focus of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations lies in the concept of economic growth. ____________, or specialization is essentially the breaking down of large jobs into many tiny components. Under this regime each worker becomes an expert in one isolated area of production, thus increasing his efficiency. Also also implies assigning each worker to the job that suits him best (different attributes and knowledge)

Gross Domestic Product: -

The monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country in a certain period of time.

khanate: -

The name for a political entity in the Mon-golian Empire, including the Yuan dynasty, the Golden Horde, the Chagatai and the Ilkhanate.

collective action -

The name given by social scientists to joint efforts of individuals and groups to bring about a shared, preferred outcome

contention -

The name, most associated with scholars like Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, referring to the pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions

district courts -

The ninety-four general trial courts of the federal judicial system.

Brexit -

The term used to refer to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union in June 2016 (the UK is on course to leave the EU in 2019).

poverty (transitional, chronic) -

The transitional poor are "on the cusp" of poverty. They are living paycheck-to-paycheck, but when times get tough and they are faced with job loss, medical bills, divorce, grief, or mental illness, they have a support network to which they can turn. They can sleep on a friend's couch, they can find another job in a reasonable amount of time...in other words, they can be resourceful. There are times, however, when their stamina dwindles and they slip further into poverty and, at that time, they may be on their way to becoming the residual poor, in which case they may pass poverty onto their children.Chronic Poverty is characterized by its long duration.

Coup d'etat -

The use of force or threat of force, typically by the military or a coalition involving the military, to impose a non-electoral change of government

Patronage -

The use of government favors, typically in the form of employment, to garner political support

GDP -

The value of all final goods and services produced within a state in a given year. In order to compare the wealth of states the measure used is normally ______ per capita.

courts of appeals -

Thirteen courts that form the intermediate level of the federal judicial system and hear appeals of cases tried in the federal district courts.

Executive -

This branch of government, or the individual(s) at the top of that branch, that executes or administers policies and laws in a country

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) -

This case established the Lemon test for state support of religion. Such support must be secular in purpose, not unduly advance or impede religion, and not involve "excessive entanglement" of the state with religion.

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

This decision established an almost complete prohibition against prior restraint on publication by any agent or level of government.

Free market -

This is the core of Adam Smith's thesis: giving everyone freedom to produce and exchange goods as they pleased (free trade) and opening all markets to competition (international as well as domestic). This became known as the invisible hand

Big 9 -

This refers to the 9 biggest banks that Henry Paulson sat down with prior to requesting his $700 billion dollar bailout (basically told them that they were going to take the money)

exclusionary rule -

This rule holds that evidence illegally obtained by police cannot be used in court. The Supreme Court established the rule in regard to the federal authorities in Weeks v. US (1914) and in regard to state authorities in Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

1994 peso crisis -

This was caused by the sudden devaluation of the peso. The govt allowed the rate to be fixed at 4 pesos per dollar. The govt could not keep this so decided to let it float, and the peso crashed. The US rapidly intervened with a $50billion loan

"quiet crisis" -

Thomas Friedman's idea to fight the quiet crisis of a flattening world

structural adjustment -

World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint and adopt neo-liberalism

absolute deprivation -

a condition of being deprived of resources below some given threshold, as distinguished from relative deprivation

pardon -

a ____ makes the recipient a new person in the eyes of the law as if no offense had ever been committed

third world revolutions -

a concept developed by John Foran holding that revolutions in the developing world have special characteristics

Big push -

a concept in development economics or welfare economics that emphasizes the fact that a firm's decision whether to industrialize or not depends on its expectation of what other firms will do. It assumes economies of scale and oligopolistic market structure and explains when industrialization would happen.

development -

a concept that lacks a universally accepted definition, but it is most used in a holistic and multi-disciplinary context of human development — the development of greater quality of life for humans. It therefore encompasses foreign aid, governance, healthcare, education, poverty reduction, gender equality, disaster preparedness, infrastructure, economics, human rights, environment and issues associated with these.

state of emergency -

a condition allowed by some constitutions in which guarantees, rights, or provisions are temporarily limited, to be justified by emergencies or exceptional circumstances

central bank -

a government monetary authority that issues currency and regulates the supply of credit and holds the reserves of other banks and sells new issues of securities for the government, A bank whose chief function is the control of the nation's money supply; in the United States, the Federal Reserve System Ex) The main goal of the Federal Reserve is to maintain and control the money supply; they do this through Monetary Policies such as regulating domestic financial institutions and influence domestic and foreign exchange rates

free trade agreement -

a group of nations that agrees to eliminate tariff barriers for trade among themselves, but that retains the right of individual nations to set their own tariffs for trade with nonmember nations.

Constituency -

a group of voters or a geographic district that legislators or other elected officials represent

Monarch -

a head of state in a monarchy, who usually inherits a position for life and may have either substantial political powers or very limited ceremonial powers

Bureaucracy -

a hierarchical organization in which offices have specified missions and employees are assigned responsibilities based on merit, knowledge, and experience

social movement organization -

an organization that has been created to help maintain and lead social movement activity over time

Intergovernmental Organization -

an organization/treaty formed with groups of governments for a specific purpose or pledging cooperation

european comission -

an unelected body created in 1967 whose commissioners are appointed by member states but who are not responsible to them-to implement the treaties agreed to by member states. Commissioners propose new laws and run the day to day operations of Community affairs.

UN millenium goals -

are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. They include eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for development.jeffrey sachs/ bono - Jeffrey D. Sachs is the Director of The Earth Institute, Quetelet Professor of Sustainable Development, and Professor of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University. He is also Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. From 2002 to 2006, he was Director of the UN Millennium Project and Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan on the Millennium Development Goals, the internationally agreed goals to reduce extreme poverty, disease, and hunger by the year 2015.Author The End of Poverty

stag hunt -

basically we must decide whether to act in our own interest or cooperate to save the group (referring to giving up sovereignty in exchange for the regulation and benefits of IOs) : Jean Jaques Rousseau's analogy of the five hunters trying to catch a stag (deer) by cooperating with one another. The analogy forces us to consider whether it is rational to cooperate to solve problems with one another, or not to--given that someone else may choose not to cooperate and ruin things for everyone. The analogy is often applied to security situations that require cooperation to move forward on a problem like arms control.

opportunity cost -

cost of any activity measured in terms of the value of the best alternative that is not chosen (that is foregone). It is the sacrifice related to the second best choice available to someone, or group, who has picked among several mutually exclusive choices

radicalism -

critiques the failures of the state and markets (anti-system), Belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system. feel that the current system can't be saved, and starting new is the only option.

structuralism -

critiques the failures of the state and markets (structure), a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals - have their roots in Marxist ideas but do not share the commitment to socialism - however they see the current global system as exploitive

functional definition -

definition that aims to define a given phenomenon by what it does

substantive definition -

definition that aims to define a given phenomenon by what it is rather than by what it does

monetary policy -

deliberate government efforts to increase the supply or velocity of currency

Skeptical of foreign aid—

dependency on these assistances reinforces a dominant subordinate relationship between developed and less developed nations.

fiscal policy -

government policies about taxing, spending, budges, deficits, and debt

human trafficking -

half a million people are trafficked each year, mostly women and children -- the most vulnerable of a society. these are forced into slavery, prostitution and other inhumane activities. the roots of trafficking are in patriarchy and poverty, women and children lack political rights and are victims of organized crime. women and children are pushed into the sex trafficking network against their will. The higher the protectionist measures of certain countries, the higher prices is paid to those who sneak people in, and it makes it more profitable to be in the industry.

Sovereignty -

highest government control over a territory/people

Secular Stagnation

idea that very low growth is the new normal. May be a demand problem and is exacerbated by increasing inequality. lack of investments=slow growth

deficit -

if government spends more than it collects in a given year, the amount that has to be borrowed to make up the shortfall is called the __________

surplus -

if government takes in more money than it spends in a given year, the amount left over is called the __________

hedge fund -

investment instrument that attempts to make a profit from the fact that an asset such as a stock or bond might be trading at different prices in different places.a private investment pool, open to wealthy or institutional investors, that is exempt from SEC regulation and can therefore pursue more speculative policies than mutual funds, known for its risky but lucrative returns.

capital flight -

investors transfer their bank accounts out of the country to safe harbor nations. In turn, this creates extreme shortage of funds in the debtor nations and then sends interest rates shooting up in economics, occurs when assets and/or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an economic event that disturbs investors and causes them to lower their valuation of the assets in that country, or otherwise to lose confidence in its economic strength. This leads to a disappearance of wealth and is usually accompanied by a sharp drop in the exchange rate of the affected country (depreciation in a variable exchange rate regime, or a forced devaluation in a fixed exchange rate regime)., Also When residents and nonresidents rush to convert their holdings of domestic currency into a foreign currency, usually taking place when domestic currency is depreciating rapidly or a counry is facing dim economic prospects

ISI -

inward looking strategy. guided by structuralist interpretation of development, and views capitalist market forces as a threat to LDCs,. this is bc LDCs are viewed as being exploited by developed nations while they are being repressed and not allowed to grow. opposed dependency on foreign capital, comparative advantage road, and resulted in restrictive trade policies and stringent regulation and control of foreign investment. no more importing from foreign nations would result in economic growth for country since products that were locally manufactured would be sold. the manufacture of labor intensive consumer goods along with diversifying into capital intensive goods.

Anti-colonial revolutions -

revolutions brought by subjugated populations against colonial powers, typically with the purpose of removing them so that the society in question can achieve independence

political revolutions -

revolutions, the main effect of which is to alter political institutions rather than social and economic structures

free rider -

someone who benefits from a collective or public good without contributing to it

Mercantilism -

state-focused economic model (realist) -- a term generally applied to state intervention in an attempt to manipulate market outcomes, typically out of some realist or national interest

unfunded mandates -

states frequently complain that the federal government mandates actions, such as improving education, without providing sufficient funds to fulfill the mandate

stocks / equities -

stocks are ownership shares in companies called equities / equities may be reserved for private ownership (family business) or may be sold to the public and traded

unitary executive theory -

strong presidency theory holding that the president embodies executive authority and is the sole judge, particularly in wartime, of what is required to protect the nation and its people

referral -

the process by which a bill is referred or assigned to a standing committee for initial consideration

Social networks -

structures of social ties and connections among individuals

appellate jurisdiction -

substantive area in which a higher court may hear cases appealed from a lower court

harry s truman -

the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his unprecedented fourth term.Truman faced many challenges in domestic affairs. The disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act over his veto

micro-credit -

the extension of very small loans (microloans) to those in poverty designed to spur entrepreneurship. These individuals lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit history and therefore cannot meet even the most minimal qualifications to gain access to traditional credit. Microcredit is a part of microfinance, which is the provision of a wider range of financial services to the very poor.

Ethnicity -

the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition

Government -

the governing body of a nation, state, or community.

Individualism -

the idea that the people are the legitimate sources of political authority and that they have rights that govt must respect

bourgeoisie -

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

poverty line -

the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries

interest rates -

the percentage of a sum of money charged for its use. Usually lenders will add this onto the amout of money borroted from them. Discount: The discount rate is the interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank's lending facility--the discount window. SubPrime: characterized by higher interest rates and less favorable terms in order to compensate for higher credit risk. Prime: a term applied in many countries to a reference interest rate used by banks

partisan powers -

the powers accruing to a government official by virtue of the official's leverage or power over members of a political party

Formal Powers -

the powers possessed by a political actor, such as a chief executive, as a function of their constitutional or legal position

dissolving the legislature -

the practice of a chief executive disbanding the legislature, often accompanied in a democratic regime by the calling for new elections

Clientelism -

the practice of exchanging political favors, often in the form of government employment or services, for political support

implementation -

the process of making a program or policy actually work day-to-day in the real world

FDI -

the purchase by the investors or corporations of one country of non-financial assets in another country. This involves a flow of capital from one country to another to build a factory, purchase a business or buy real estate."

redistricting -

the redrawing of congressional district boundaries after each census

rogue state -

those states that do not adhere to the norms of the international system. this had significance after the 9/11 attacks on the united states. the bush administration felt strongly that they necessitated to fight terrorism proactively. in 2002, bush asserted that rogue states could not be allowed to develop or use nuclear weapons or use other WMD. These states included Iran, NK, Iraq, Syria, and Cuba. The security strategy called for the use of preemptive strikes if these states were suspected of fomenting terrorism.

raul prebish -

was an Argentine economist known for his contribution to structuralist economics, in particular the Singer- Prebisch thesis that formed the basis of economic dependency theory. He is sometimes considered to be a neo-Marxist though this label is misleading. Prebisch separated out the purely theoretical aspects of economics from the actual practice of trade and the power structures that underlie trading institutions and agreements. His resulting division of the world into the economic "centre", consisting of industrialised nations such as the U.S., and the "periphery", consisting of primary producers, remains used to this day.

corralito -

was the informal name for the economic measures taken in Argentina at the end of 2001 by Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo in order to stop a bank run, and which were fully in force for one year. The corralito almost completely froze bank accounts and forbade withdrawals from U.S. dollar-denominated accounts.On 1 December 2001, in order to stop this draining from destroying the banking system, the government froze all bank accounts, initially for 90 days. Only a small amount of cash was allowed for withdrawal on a weekly basis (initially 250 Argentine pesos, then 300), and only from accounts denominated in pesos. No withdrawals were allowed from accounts denominated in U.S. dollars, unless the owner agreed to convert the funds into pesos.[2] Operations using credit cards, debit cards, cheques and other means of payment could be conducted normally, but the lack of cash availability caused numerous problems for the general public and for businesses.

balanced budgets -

when revenues equal expenditure (no deficit or surplus)

indirect election -

with regard to executives, an electoral system in which most voters never cast a ballot directly for the individual who becomes head of government

Direct election -

with regard to executives, an electoral system in which voters cast a vote directly for the head of government or head of state