Popes

St. Leo I

saved Rome from the invading Huns by talking to Attila nothing is know about what he said. He established the pope as someone who could intervene in just about any affair

Pope Julius III

second session of the council of trent, presided over first as a cardinal. most important painting of High Renaissance; warrior Pope; wanted to rebuild new St. Peter's.

Ostrogoth Papacy

493-537

Turkish siege of Vienna

(1683)- held off, international affair= poles, Austria, Germany, and other states fought against terks, financed by Pope Innocent XI, terks abandoned siege,

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.. 312 A.D.; led army into battle Milvian bridge near Rome; flaming cross appeared in sky -beneath fiery letters - "In hoc signo vinces" - "With this as your standard, you will have victory"; ordered soldiers to paint cross on shields; army won battle; credited Christian God; 312 A.D. - became emperor; 313 A.D. issued Edict of Milan; extended toleration to all religions in Roman Empire; 305 - 312 A.D. - civil wars; tried to reinforce Diocletian's reforms; legalized - landowners chaining workers to keep them on farm; declared most jobs heredity; sons had to follow father‟s occupations; 330 A.D.; established new capital city at Byzantium

Jesus of Nazareth

(AD 1-30) First-century Jewish teacher and prophet; he founded Christianity and taught about kindness and love of God. His teachings spread through the Roman Empire and, eventually, the rest of the world. (ca. 3 BCE- 29 CE) According to Christian scripture was born to deeply religious parents (Mary and Joseph) & raised in Galilee. Ministry began when he was around 30 & he taught by preaching & telling stories. Left no writings but accounts of his sayings/teachings that had first circulated orally through followers and later written down. Principal evidence for his life= 4 Gospels.

Conflicts with Emperor and the East

1048-1257

Crusades

1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade.

Gregory VI

11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops. 1073- Cluniac monk, close associate of nick II that 1075-issued papal bull that said any priest that did lay investiture would be excommunicated

Wandering Popes

1257-1309

Avignon Papacy

1309-1377

Western Schism

1378-1417

Renaissance Papacy

1417-1534. More involved in Political and Cultural means during the Renaissance rather than spiritual leadership.

Baroque Papacy

1585-1689

New Testament

2 the twenty seven books of the second part of the Bible, which tell of the teaching, ministry, and saving events of the life of Jesus. 2 words Glossary.

Byzantine Papacy

537-752

Cadaver Synod

a. The Cadaver Synod (also called the Cadaver Trial or, in Latin, the Synodus Horrenda) is the name commonly given to the posthumous ecclesiastical trial of Catholic Pope Formosus, held in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome during January of 897

Pope Sergius III

Discussion over monasteries and their fidelity arrangements; cluny, Accused of ordering murder of Leo V. Theory that he had Formosus exhumed, tried again, beheaded, and thrown into the river all over again 904

Emperor Maximus of Tharcia

paranoid in his hatred of all religions (esp. christianity); re-enstates previous edicts of Nero and Domitian; pope ponchum, anthurus

Pope Pontian

persacution under rule of maximum of thrace 235 A.D.

Pope Gregory XII

pope during the western schism, made apostalate secretary, cardinal priest, Roman pope at time of council of pisa. Tridentine Pope. Successor to Pius V. Took a deep interest in Catholic education. Started the papal diplomatic corp (nuncios). and in foreign missions. Set up the modern calendar that every country in the world uses today.

Pope Pius VII

pope who agreed to Concordat with Napoleon came from Rome to crown Napoleon emperor in Paris and as pope was about to place the crown on the new emperor's head, Napoleon grabbed crown and placed it on his own head. Granted Napoleon the right to choose church officials in the signing of the Concordat of 1801

Pope John XII

to get rid of roman nobles he sought the help of otto the great. crowned Otto Holy Roman Emperor in 962. "elected" at age 18- his father bought him the spot; pressured to crown Otto I emperor and allowed him to control the Papacy and to reinstate the Holy Roman Empire and Papal States; died of a stroke wile in bed with a married woman turning the Vatican into a whorehouse, blinding his confessor, castrating and then murdering a subdeacon,

St. Gregory I (usatoday.com)

Genuinely pastoral pope. saved his people from marauding bandits, sold papal property to help feed them and set a vision of pastoral care for the church. first monk to be chosen pope. helped launch the evangelization of northern Europe that transformed Christianity.

Pope Innocent X

He financed the Christian army composed mostly of Poles, Austrians, and Germans led by John Sobieski and Duke Charles of Lorraine that combated the Turks after they besieged Vienna.

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness

Divine Right

Idea that a ruler receives the right to rule from God. Justification for absolute rule.

Pope Inoccent III

In 1198 he took office. As the head of the church, he clained supremacy over all other rulers. Considered witches to be heretics and called for them to be burned. 1161-1216. Issued strict decrees on church doctrine; heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted; initiated a fourth, unsuccessful crusade in which the Crusaders conquered - and sacked - the already Christian Constantinople

Pope Benedict IX

Was Pope at 16, committed simony, got married, then removed from office. sold the office of pope for one thousand pounds of silver to Gregory VI

Pope Sylvester I

Who cured Constantine of leprosy. was the first bishop of Rome to call himself Pope, is a symbol of the church living in his new found freedom, he oversaw the building of two important churches.

Pope Innocent VII

1st documentation of transfusion/infusion of blood; all tested died b/c no blood typing; 1492. traitor because he invited the Muslims gran Turk to come to Rome. also had an elaborate wedding for his son. A busy guy, he declared Henry VII to be the lawful King of England and appointed Torquemada s the Grand Inquisitor of Spain.

Cardinal

1. high ranking church official; 2. major, important

Pope Damasus II

ascended to the papacy in 1048, after several political squabbles, but passed away just 23 days later.

Frankish Papacy

756-857

Roman Families

904-1048

Pope Clement VI

A Medici pope who refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; his indecisiveness in choosing alliances led to the Sack of Rome by Charles V and marked the end of the High Renaissance in Italy.

Pope Clement VII ((1478-1534)

A Medici pope who refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; his indecisiveness in choosing alliances led to the Sack of Rome by Charles V and marked the end of the High Renaissance in Italy.

Pope Alexander VI

A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church. The pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America; Father of Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia. Borgia, most corrupt pope in history. Viewed alliance with France a way to gain political and personal power. He did three extreme things: anuuled Louis XII's marriage to the sister of Charles VIII so Louis could marry Anne of Brittany to keep it French, Bestowed a cardinal's hat on the archbishop of Rouen, and abandoned the League of Venice.

Papal States

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929. 1870, taken by nationalists in Italy; Italy got Rome; pope was angry and so imposed self captivity in the Vatican

Pope Boniface VII

A notoriously corrupt pope who reigned from 1294 to 1303, Boniface made a concerted attempt to increase the political might of the Catholic Church and was thus a political enemy of Dante, who advocated a separation of church and state.

Saint Peter

Early leader of the Christian church; one of Jesus's twelve apostles; also known as Simon Peter, the first pope of the Catholic Church. Didn't take the title pope. Rumor he sought to be crucified upside down, considering himself too low to share Jesus's crucifixion

Pope Pius IX

Elected pope in 1846, longest reigning Pope 1848 revolutions stripped him of all political territories and powers - except for Vatican City; called himself the "prisoner of the Vatican"; opposed liberal principles and published the Syllabus of Errors- list of 70 errors previously highlighted in earlier Church teachings. 1864, he said that the Catholic religion should be the only religion permitted by the state. 1870- proclaimed doctrine of Papal infallibility, First Vatican Council, bishops/priests doubted power, Immaculate Conception, full direct power and is infallible when on throne.

Pope Boniface VIII

In 1300, the pope was an able but subborn Italian named Boniface VIII. He tried to force the rulers of Europe to obey him as they had obeyed earlier popes. He had issued a bull (official statements by the pope were called bulls) in 1296 stating that kings were not to tax the clergy. It was aimed at Philip IV, who was taxing Church property to pay for a war against England. Philip shrugged it off. Boniface should have taken it as a warning, but ignored it. In 1302, he issued another bull known as the Unam Sanctam. Philip also ignored this. Before Boniface could excommunicate him, Philip send a small army to Itally to kidnap the pope and bring him to France for trial. In September 1303, soldiers burst into his palace at Anagni outside Rome and took him captive. The townspeople rescued him but he died a month later.

Evangelization

It involves proclaiming the gospel in such a way that people's hearts and lives are changed. Proclaiming the Good News of Christ by what we say and do. Sharing the Good News of Jesus Christ with others in a way that enlivens their faith and awakens within them a desire to be an active member of the Church

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades. A) A prominent pope in Rome. B) He called for the First Crusade in 1095 by appealing to the people. He offered full forgiveness of sins if they had died in battle. C) His call for help in the First Crusade led to several more crusades. These crusades, however, strayed from their focus-- Jerusalem-- and the Fourth Crusaded invaded Constantinople, which was one of the major causes of the city's decline. Becomes Pope in 1098. Tired of disputing with German King Henry IV he tried to unite all of Christendom. He tried to unite them against a common enemy - the muslims.

Pope Clement VI (1291-1352)

Lived during black plague

Pope Formosus

Papacy is horrific, many enemies, heretic, gets fingers and body chopped up, then burned and ashes spread. Bad Pope, after death, Italian factions dig him up out of the ground and try this dead corpse for treason (cut off three fingers that he used to bless people and throw him in river)

Blessed John XXIII

Pope convened the Second Vatican Council, the 21st ecumenical council in Church history; issued encyclicals including the social justice encyclicals Mater et Maister (Mother and Teacher) in 1961 and Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth) in 1963. Angelo Roncalli. Son of peasant farmers. After ordination, served in Italian army in WWI as a hospital orderly and chaplain. In 1953, he was named cardinal and patriarch of Venice. Elected Pope after Pius XII death in 1958. He was seen as an "Interim Pope". He enlarged the college of cardinals and made it more international, he updated code of canon law.

Paul the Apostle

The Christian name for Saul who had been a persecutor of Christians before conversion., Was responsible for the spread of Christian theology & the resulting response from the Roman Empire.. Once a Pharisee, A Roman citizen. Persecuted Christians before he received his vision and converted. Much of the Book of Acts describes his ministry, especially among the Gentiles. Also much of his writings and epistles are found in the new Testament. It is said he was killed by Nero after the burning of Rome.

Damasus I

The Pope (Bishop of Rome) in the late 4th century. Conclusively identified the canonical books of the Bible and affirmed their divine origin and authority in 382.. "Petrine Theme"; Christ specifically gave Peter the power to bind and loose sins; Pope receives the privileges from Christ and then can delegate

Emperor Nero

The first recorded persecution of Christians began in Rome around AD 64 under him, he blamed Christians for a fire in Rome that he actually started. Christians were blamed for misfortunes of the empire because of their leaving the roman gods for Christ. When Christians were tortured, it provided entertainment for the town

Pope Leo V

This Pope feared invasion was on the horizon and he needed secular (non- religious) help. Otto sent an army to the Pope and was awarded with the Title The Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation. declared democracy incompatible with the authority of the Church.. Rerum Novarum. mid-1000

First council of Nicaea

This meeting settled on the Homoiousian compromise, and during it Eusebius of Nicomedia defended a man who Saint Nicholas slapped. This council set the date of Easter and denounced a belief claiming that Jesus was a part of the Father, called Arianism. Its namesake document can include the "filioque" or "and from the son" clause. Convened in 325 CE, for 10 points, name this first church council, which proposed a namesake "creed" for believers.

Cardinal Richelieu

Transformed France into a centralized state. Warring with Huguenots, Spain, Hapsburg's,England. Sent Samuel De Champlain to New World. Set an example for Louis XIV on how to be a strong ruler.

Interregnums

an interval of time between the close of a sovereign's reignand the accession of his or her normal or legitimate successor.

Pope Nicholas II

began the practice of having cardinals who lived in Rome elect the next pope, rather than the emperor or wealthy Roman families. The Pope that in 1095 defined the rules for Papal Elections. He was a simonist (eigth circle) and accused Dante of being Pope Boniface VII; gave family positions in the church

Licinius

emperor of the East who jointely issued the Edict of Milan with Constantine; later began persecuting Christians again and was defeated by Constantine. Constantine's brother-in-law. He defeated Maximin Daia in the east. In his dream, a heavenly being told him to have his army offer a certain prayer to God.He was defeated by Constantine in 324 at the Battle of Adrianople in Turkey.