Portage A and P Module 4
nasal bones
form the bridge of the nose
transverse processes
have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins
Dislocation of a joint
means that the bone is removed from its socket. Dislocation of the shoulder occurs when the head of the humerus is removed from the glenoid cavity in any direction
Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
acromion process
projects from the scapular spine, which can be seen from both the posterior and anterior views (Figure 4.23). The acromion process connects to the clavicle anteriorly
cranium function
protects the brains and is composed of eight bones fitted tightly together in adults
temporal bone
Below the much larger parietal bones, each temporal bone has an opening that leads to the middle ear
two main divisions of the skeleton
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
The humerus is comprised of
the head, neck, shaft, capitulum and trochlea
Mastoiditis
a condition that can lead to deafness, is an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses
ethmoid bone
which lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum. The sphenoid and the ethmoid bones lie largely inside the skull
The lateral epicondyle of the humerus
can be palpated on the lateral side of the arm at the elbow
The medial epicondyle of the humerus
can be palpated on the medial side of the arm at the elbow
frontal bone
(one bone) forms the forehead, On the top of the cranium
Flat bones
(such as in the cranium) form the roof of the skull to protect the brain
parietal bones
(two, paired bones) extend to the sides
carpal bones
8, which look like small pebbles. The proximal row of carpal bones (from lateral to medial) are: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform. The distal row of carpal bones (from lateral to medial) are: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
Bone functions
All bones are storage areas for inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts. Bones also provide sites for attachment of muscle, tendons and ligaments. The long bones, particularly those of the legs and the arms, permit flexible body movement. The large, heavy bones of the legs support the body against the pull of gravity
ribs
All twelve pairs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly Ribs 1-7 connect directly to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 connect to the sternum indirectly via shafts of cartilage to the sternum. The lower two pairs of ribs (ribs 11 and 12) are called "floating ribs" because they do not attach to the sternum
Phalanges
Beyond the metacarpals, the bones of the fingers and the thumb. The phalanges of the hand are long, slender, and lightweight. The thumb, or first digit, is composed of two phalanges, while all other digits have three
bone landmarks
Bones are not simply smooth surfaces. Each bone has distinct markings, ridges, grooves or holes, called. Bone landmarks serve several functions. Some bone landmarks allow for tendons to attach. Other markings indicate where nerves and blood vessels run alongside the bone or penetrate the bone to provide blood and nervous supply
fontanelles
In newborns, certain bones are not completely formed and instead are joined by membranous regions called commonly called "soft spots". Fontanelles allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth and expand to accommodate a rapidly growing infant brain. These regions begin to close around two months but may last up to two years
Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
Processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones
the humerus
The single long bone in the upper arm, has a smoothly rounded head (Figure 4.25) that fits into a socket of the scapula at the glenoid cavity (Figure 4.23). The glenoid cavity is very shallow and much smaller than the head of the humerus. The humerus needs to be held to the shallow glenoid cavity by the rotator cuff muscles and other ligaments. The structure of the shoulder permits movement of the arm in almost any direction but provides little stability. The gleno-humeral joint is prone to dislocation because it is held in place primarily by muscular and ligament attachment with very little bony stability
Number of facial bones and names
There are fourteen facial bones, mandible, vomer (nonpaired), maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, inferior, middle, and superior nasal conchae
cervical vertebra
There are seven cervical vertebrae. Each has a long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly (except for C1). The cervical vertebral bodies are small, and the vertebral foramen are large
articular facets
allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other. Note how the spinal cord is protected in the center of the vertebrae, and the spinal nerves exit in between the vertebrae
foramen magnum
allows for passage of the spinal cord into the skull
The pectoral girdle
also known as the shoulder girdle, is composed of two clavicles and two scapulae. Each clavicle (collarbone) connects with the sternum anteriorly and the scapula (shoulder blade) posteriorly
inferior nasal conchae
are bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae
middle and superior nasal conchae
are formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone. The nasal conchae act to swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system
spinous processes
are located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae and can be palpated (examined externally by touch) as bony projections along the midline of the neck and back
Long bones
are long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement. Examples of long bones include the humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals and metatarsals
Short bones
are small and cube-shaped. The carpals in the hand and the tarsals in the foot are short bones
Irregular bones
are varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces. The vertebrae are irregular bones designed to protect the spinal cord as well as enable spinal movements. The pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) are also irregular bones
The capitulum of the humerus
articulates with a small portion of the radius
The trochlea of the humerus
articulates with the ulna
The groups names of vertebrae (anatomical regions) of the vertebrae are
cervical (neck), thoracic (back, ribs), lumbar (lower back), sacrum and coccyx (tail). When the vertebrae join, they form a canal (vertebral foramen) through which the spinal cord passes
Skeleton functions
comprised of a network of bones held together at joints, has many functions. The skeleton protects vital internal organs. For example, the skull forms a protective encasement for the brain. The rib cage provides protection for the heart and the lungs. Flat bones, such as those of the skull, the ribs, and the breastbone produce blood cells
sinuses
contained in the bones of the cranium, air spaces lined by mucous membrane Sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice. Two sinuses called the mastoid sinuses drain into the middle ear
occipital bone
contains a large opening, the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem
The posterior side of the scapula
contains the supraspinatus fossa, infraspinatus fossa, and the scapular spine
occipital bone
curves to form the base of the skull
Fossa, sulcus
depressions in bone
five types of bones
each with a distinct shape and form (see Figure 4.1). The shape of a bone determines its function. Long bones, flat bones, short bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones
Process, ramus
elevations in bone
vertebral column
extends from the skull to the pelvis. In a typical spine, the vertebral column has four curvatures that provide more resilience and strength in an upright posture than a straight column could. The various vertebrae are named according to their location in the vertebral column
metacarpal bones
fan out From the carpal bones to form a framework for the palm 5 The first metacarpal is the thumb, and the fifth metacarpal is the pinky. The metacarpal bone that leads to the thumb is placed in such a way that the thumb can reach out and touch the other digits. (Digits is a term that refers to either fingers or toes.
zygomatic bones
give us our cheekbone prominences
thoracic vertebra
has a long, thin spinous process that does not split The spinous process points inferiorly. The vertebral bodies are medium-sized and contain facets for rib articulations. The transverse processes also have costal facets for rib articulations. There are twelve thoracic vertebrae, all of which contain the facets for rib articulations except for T11 and T12
lumbar vertebra
has a shorter spinous process that is broader and points posteriorly. The vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine are the largest, enabling the it to support the weight of the head, neck, trunk, and upper limbs. The transverse processes are shorter and have no costal facets. The vertebral foramen of the lumbar spine are the smallest and triangular-shaped
bones of the cranium
have the same names as the lobes of the brain: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
Sinus
hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air
carotid canal
is an opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery
sacrum
is comprised of five fused bones at the base of the spine The base of the sacrum is the widest portion which articulates with the L5 vertebra above it
coccyx
is comprised of four to five fused vertebrae, which typically begin to fuse by around age 25. The sacrum and coccyx provide attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons. The stability of the sacrum, coccyx and the ligaments anchoring them to the pelvis are key for pelvic stability
external acoustic meatus
is for transmission of sound, also located within the temporal bone
Bones of the skull
is formed by 22 bones: the cranium (8 bones) and the facial bones (14 bones)
The scapula
is freely movable and held in place only by muscles and ligaments. The attachment of the scapula allows it to follow the many movements of the arm
vertebral body
is located on the anterior portion and is the part of the vertebrae with the most surface area
The olecranon process of the ulna
is the prominent bone that can be palpated in the elbow posteriorly (Figure 4.26). When the arm is held in anatomical position (so that the palm is turned anteriorly), the radius and ulna are almost parallel to one another. When the arm is turned so that the palm is next to the body the radius crosses in front of the ulna, a feature that contributes to the easy twisting motion of the forearm (pronation)
axial skeleton
lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull, the vertebral column, the sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and the thoracic (rib) cage
palatine bones
make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity
sphenoid bone
not only completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets
foramina
of the skull allow for many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves and the spinal cord
The neck of the scapula
on the lateral side contains the glenoid cavity, where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula. The anterior side of the scapula contains the subscapular fossa. coracoid process: projects anteriorly from the scapula, allowing for muscular attachment
Foramen, canal, fissure
openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply or a passageway
sinusitis
sinus infection, occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria or allergen
mandible
the lower jaw, is the only movable portion of the skull
is comprised of three parts
the manubrium, body and xiphoid process. The appendicular skeleton: consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the attached limbs. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and upper limbs (arms) are specialized for flexibility and increased range of motion, while the pelvic girdle and lower limbs are specialized for strength
The distal end of the humerus meets the two bones of the lower arm
the ulna and the radius, at the elbow
maxillae
the upper jaw, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen. Tooth sockets are found in both the mandible and the maxillae
vomer
thin, flat joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum
lacrimal bone
thin, scale-like lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone