positive psych exam 1
How many assets are within each group of the Developmental Asset framework?
40
What percentage of people on earth are estimated to be collectivistic
70%
In the end, what percentage of the Kauai children in Dr. Werner s study bounced back from their challenges?
80%
What is reality negotiation?
A debate for determining realistic goals for society.
Who among the following people should take the Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth?
A high schooler.
Regarding well-being, what would be the result of combining the subjective and objective views toward well-being?
A more complete portrayal of mental health.
Which of the following is the best example of someone undergoing the task of developing an identity?
A person begins to follow their own political stances instead of their parent s stance.
Which of the following best exemplifies one of the two judgments that are used to diagnose resilience?
A person is displaced by a hurricane and must start life anew elsewhere.
What is a moral vision, as described by John Chambers Christopher in his article Situating Positive Psychology?
A set of assumptions about a person s nature or self, and a set of moral or ethical assumptions about what the person should become.
What is a culture bound syndrome?
A set of symptoms that is much more common in some societies than in others.
What is the type of love called agape?
A spiritual love that signifies selflessness and altruism.
What is nirvana?
A state in which the self is freed from desire for anything.
Who initially coined the phrase positive psychology?
Abraham Maslow
What would a fairytale that originates from a Western culture, such as the United States, feature as a theme?
Acting independently or not relying on others to solve a problem
Which of the following best describes the contrast between advertisements in the United States and Korea, as it relates to Individualism and Collectivism?
Ads in Korea cater to conformity, and ads in the United States cater to uniqueness.
Someone who donates clothing or money to a homeless is exemplifying which type of love?
Agape
Through studying positive development in Finnish youth, what implication became apparent?
Allowing youth to make their own decisions can lead to greater feelings of empowerment in other areas..
Which of the following statements is true regarding how cultures view the construct of wisdom?
Americans from the majority culture tend to view wisdom only as cognitive in nature.
The most celebrated cases of resilience often depict an individual overcoming overwhelming circumstances to become stronger. Considering this, which of the following individuals would be considered resilient?
An individual who was sexually molested as a child but now advocates publicly for abused women
Which philosopher indicated that there are 11 moral virtues?
Aristotle
What did Chang s study reveal about the utility of optimism and pessimism when comparing Asian Americans and White Americans?
Asian Americans were significantly more pessimistic, but there was no significant difference in optimism.
Which of the following best expresses an example of teaching children to be more broad-minded as it relates to cultural competence?
Assisting people in disadvantaged communities.
In Hinduism, what does karma refers to?
Attaining a better placement in the world in the next life.
Which of the following is the best example of using a facet of culture to enhance personal strengths?
Attending church activities that emphasize the theme of resilience
Which of the following is a dimension of psychological well-being?
Autonomy.
What would a follower of Confucianism need to do in order to accomplish the virtue of xin?
Be truthful.
What enabled Martin Seligman to bring more attention to positive psychology?
Becoming president of the APA.
Regarding employment settings, what can be the effect of learning multicultural competence at an early age?
Better global involvement and more diverse relationships at work
Which program that matches low-income children and adolescents with adult volunteers who are committed to providing caring and supportive relationships?
Big Brothers and Big Sisters
What is the genetically and culturally deficient perspective on human diversity?
Biological characteristics explained the differences in the gaps of intelligence between racial groups, and inferior groups could not benefit from growth.
What is similar about the genetically deficient and culturally deficient perspectives
Both place higher value on certain characteristics that belong to dominant groups.
How would Clifton have ensured that he had empirically based information on success and strengths?
By basing it on established theories and research findings.
How could parents and schools utilize facets of positive psychology?
By emphasizing strengths and bringing out the best in children.
How can positive youth development programs be helpful in impoverished communities of color?
By offsetting the inherent risks of being raised in such a community.
What does it mean to assume that some strengths are universal?
Certain characteristics and virtues emerge as positive across cultures.
What does the use of strengths predict on an individual basis?
Changes and variance in subjective well-being
In consideration of virtuous life, which of these describes a similarity that exists between the Seven Heavenly Virtues and The Talmud?
Charitability and hospitality to others.
In consideration of the cultural differences in the definition of strengths on the VIA-IS, what have researchers begun to do?
Conduct cross-cultural research.
How should a psychologist approach the positive psychology initiative, as recommended by Seligman?
Continuing to use the scientific approach.
Which of the following best summarizes the message from Dr. Satcher s report?
Culture must be considered and incorporated into investigating the causes, effects, and treatment of educational and psychological problems.
Which Surgeon General of the United States oversaw the development of the report titled Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity?
David Satcher
What was The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) designed to do?
Describe individual differences of character strengths.
Which of the following statements best describes one of the two dimensions of resilience?
Dimension 2 involves the relative positivity of the life outcomes that stem from the use of coping strategies.
If you were giving to the poor and are guided by Islamic principles, what guidelines would you have to follow?
Doing it in secrecy to maintain your humility and spare the recipient from embarrassment.
Which of the following best describes a reason that it is important to consider all facets of culture, such as race, gender, or religion?
Each cultural facet can influence what is seen as a positive behavior or trait.
Which of the following best describes the culturally different perspective currently held by psychologists and anthropologists?
Each culture has the full potential to grow due to the unique strengths produced within that culture.
Which of the following best distinguishes Eastern and Western philosophical approaches to life?
Easterners attempt to find balance, but Westerners strive for happiness.
Which of the following would help both traditional and positive psychologists continue to strive toward understanding and helping people?
Embracing both viewpoints while keeping cultural contexts in mind.
What distinguishes emotional well-being from psychological and social well-being?
Emotional well-being is based on one s perceptions and is subjective.
Which term is best described as our ability to go beyond desire and suffering and to see things clearly for what they are?
Enlightenment
What do the authors suggest for what is necessary in evaluating positive youth development?
Evaluations must be conducted in different ways to assure that these programs are truly positive.
What is the implication of the study on self-transformation in African-American and Latino/Latina youth?
Exploring broad and diverse groups can bring about more information on how to enrich development of youth in minority groups.
Which of the following are included in Linley and Harrington s definition of strength?
Feeling, thinking, and behaving.
Which of the following terms best applies to someone who is experiencing high levels of emotional, psychological, and social well-being?
Flourishing.
Which American psychologists contributed to the practice of eugenics research?
G. Stanley Hall and Henry Goddard
VIA-IS drew inspiration from ______, as seen with the similarities in the wording of questions and type of feedback given to test takers.
Gallup s Clifton StrengthsFinder
Which of the following outcomes has a strong relationship with strengths-based development of employees?
Greater performance.
Research in positive psychology has not been used to describe and measure many outcomes; which outcomes have been extensively covered?
Happiness and life satisfaction.
Which of the following accurately distinguishes Confucian teachings of happiness from Greek views on happiness?
Happiness is centered upon achieving harmony in one s life.
The belief that one unifying concept interconnects all people is crucial to Hinduism. Considering this, which human strength may be highly valued?
Harmony
What conclusion should be drawn from Terman s longitudinal study on giftedness?
Having a higher IQ as a child does not assure that they will have success as an adult or better mental health.
What phenomenon do reports indicate is responsible for the individualistic culture of the United States?
Having ancestors who were originally Europeans.
What was Henry Goddard s role in the application of eugenics research?
He established intelligence screening procedures to increase deportation rates of feebleminded immigrants.
The Eastern religious tradition that lacks an identifiable founder is
Hinduism
Which of these Eastern religious traditions has a central focus on personal betterment that is similar to Western cultures?
Hinduism
Which of these do the authors suggest would help contribute to the success of positive psychology?
Holding it to higher standards of logic and science
Which basic questions spurred the creation of the VIA classification system?
How can we define strengths? How can we tell if a youth development program is meeting its goals?
Around the fifth century BC, what would leaders in Athens have dedicated their resources toward in relation to positive psychology?
Human virtues such as good character and actions.
According to Confucianism, what are the five virtues associated with a moral existence?
Humanity, duty, etiquette, wisdom, truthfulness
Which of these is a component of social well-being
Integration.
Which of the following religions has been disputed by scholars as being a part of Eastern or Western cultures?
Islam
______ is one of the influential Western traditions, along with the Judeo-Christian and Athenian traditions.
Islam
Which of these people did the authors indicate as someone who reiterated that hope, faith, and love are powerful?
Karl Menninger.
___ is the description applied to someone who is not dealing with mental illness but also has low levels of well-being.
Languishing.
What is something that a person who has low self-awareness can do to build resilience?
Learn to recognize their own strengths.
If you were following Aristotle's teachings, how would you manage to become self-actualized regarding virtue?
Living a life of sanction and order.
Which of the following research methods would be most useful for conducting research on daily manifestation of well-being?
Longitudinal studies.
What two missions have been neglected by the field of psychology until recently?
Making normal people stronger and fostering human potential.
What level of similarity is rated as being the most comfortable for people?
Moderate to high levels of similarity
Based on the report Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity, which of the following options best exemplifies how professionals can adhere to its message?
Modifying therapy sessions based on the client s background information.
How does finding strength ethnic identity affect the academic performance of White American students?
No links have been observed in strength of ethnic identity and academic performance in White American students.
In regard to understanding the self and promoting subjective well-being, why is there be a risk of pathologizing non-Western individuals?
Non-Western individuals may be viewed through the Western perspective of the self.
According to Clifton, what conditions must be in place for talent to manifest itself?
Normal, healthy development and successful experiences in childhood and adolescence.
Which of the following exemplifies the belief by most professionals that strengths and traits exist across cultures but are manifested differently?
One person pursues happiness by avoiding negative consequences, and another tries to remain balanced by taking on positive and negative consequences.
Which of the following statements describes the issue that comes along with reality negotiation?
Ongoing political strife from all viewpoints leads to an imbalance in who controls the negotiations.
Which of these views would guide the behavior of someone from an Eastern background?
Optimal functioning
What are positive psychology scientists and practitioners are committed to studying and promoting?
Optimal human functioning, especially client strengths
What does research indicate tends to occur as people get older?
People become more collectivistic.
What are the positive outcomes associated with play?
Play allows for practicing social, emotional, and physical skills.
What would a culturally competent field of psychology manage to maintain the balance of?
Positive psychology and pathology.
What task differentiates positive youth developmentalists from resilience researchers?
Positive youth developmentalists design and conduct programs based on resilience research.
Which of the following best describes the difference between premortal and postmortal nirvana states, as detailed in Buddhism?
Premortal is related to the ultimate good in life, and postmortal is similar to heaven.
What is included in the objective approach to well-being?
Psychological and social well-being.
Which of the following best describes the contrast between psychological and social well-being?
Psychological well-being is mainly comprised of internal strengths, while social well-being is mainly comprised of social strengths.
How do the personal mini experiments featured throughout the book apply to the work of psychologists?
Psychologists use similar experiments and tasks within their research or with clients.
By practicing humanity, justice, temperance, and propriety, and doing so without effort, what would a Taoist achieve?
Realizing naturalness and spontaneity in life.
In contrast to Western students learning about and understanding different cultures in the classroom, what method(s) would a traditional Easterner use?
Self-exploration and hands-on experience.
Thomas Aquinas referred to faith, hope, and charity as part of the ______
Seven Heavenly Virtues
Which of these strategies fits within the purpose of the Life Enhancement Strategies?
Sharing emotions with a family member.
What do the authors indicate was notable in the story about Keyonna being able to convince her team leader to change her role at her job?
She anticipated the need for flexibility in her sixth decade of life
In addition to applying good scientific practices, what else does the field of positive psychology require?
Skeptical and open minds.
Which type of well-being should a clinician emphasize to a client that faces social challenges?
Social well-being
Sandage, Hill, and Vang examined the trait of forgiveness among Hmong Americans. What difference did they notice exists between Hmong and other conceptualizations of forgiveness?
Spiritual components and third-party mediation of forgiveness are more prevalent among the Hmong.
Which of the following is the best example of individualism?
Striving to attain an executive position at a company.
What contrast exists between studies on African-American youth from studies on Asian-American and European youth?
Studies on African-American youth often highlight deficits and negative outcomes.
What do the authors indicate is needed to have a more competent cultural understanding of strengths?
Studies on racial and ethnic minorities.
What might the studies on MacArthur studies and Valiant study indicate about successful aging?
Successful aging may be due to having positive emotional experiences in early life.
After decades of focus on deficiency, many psychologists focused on a culturally different model which emphasized what aspect?
That each culture has its own unique strengths and has positive features to offer to greater society.
Which period marked the beginning of hope being viewed as more prevalent in present life?
The Renaissance
The question What protects children from today s problems? was the inspiration for which measure?
The Search Institute s 40 Developmental Assets
If a therapist wanted to refer to a classification of strengths or positive outcomes, what would be the best option?
The Search Institute s 40 Developmental Assets.
Which group(s) contributed to the early practice of classifying disorders in 2600 BC?
The Sumerians and Egyptians.
If someone needed to choose a manual that helps provide a common language for strengths, like diagnostic manuals, which of the following should they choose?
The VIA Classifications of Strengths.
The translation of Tao is ______ and refers to ______.
The Way; the energy that surrounds everyone
The Taoist yin and yang symbol represent _____
The balance between opposing forces and desires.
What was result of increased wages for practicing therapy and earning grants to conduct psychological research?
The building of a greater understanding of mental illness and effective treatment.
What might an individualist need to notice while engaging in conflict with a collectivist?
The collectivist prioritizes saving face during confrontations.
How did the Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity report define culture?
The common heritage or set of beliefs, norms, and values of a group.
Which of the following statements best describes the counterargument to using positive youth development programs?
The continued focus on decreasing problems has taken away from reinforcing positive growth.
Which of the following events helped increase research on understanding and therapeutic treatment of mental illness by awarding grants?
The creation of the National Institutes of Health.
Researches examine a group of people who are satisfied by meeting basic needs, such as having food and shelter. Which of the following concepts are these researchers trying to understand?
The cultural factors that influence individual views on what represents the good life.
Which of the following describes a way in which the culturally deficient model differed from the genetically deficient model?
The culturally deficient model focused on external factors, such as environment.
In regard to race and culture, what was the conclusion of research done by anthropologists and psychologists during the late 1800s and early 1900s?
The dominant racial or cultural group, those of European ancestry, was superior to all ethnic or cultural minorities.
What is the difference in an individual that is said to be flourishing and an individual that is said to be languishing?
The flourishing individual has high levels of well-being, and the languishing individual has low levels.
Which of the following is a difference that exists between the genetically and culturally deficient perspectives on diversity, and the culturally different perspective on diversity?
The genetic and culturally deficient perspectives focus on inferiority
According to Aristotle, which entity should be responsible for development of virtue?
The government.
Which of the following best describes the underlying reason for the idea that positive psychology needs to be more attentive to specific interpretations of strengths?
The meanings of strengths and virtues can be drastically different between cultures, and these differences are typically unexplored.
Compared to someone who has very high similarity to you, how would someone with very slight similarity change their behavior?
The person would behavior more similarly to you
What is important about having awareness of unconscious or conscious stereotypes while conducting resilience research?
The stereotypes can lead to asking less questions that allow groups to show their true strengths.
Robert Kennedy's 1968 speech at the University of Kansas focused on which of the following points?
The things in life that make it worthwhile
Which of these best fits the reason why the authors of the VIA-IS chose to organize strengths under 6 overarching virtues?
The virtues are seen cross-culturally and throughout time.
Which of these describes a similar viewpoint shared by of Martin Seligman and Robert F. Kennedy?
Their desire to bring more focus onto what makes life worth living.
What does the study by D Imperio, Dubow, and Ippolito demonstrate about resilience literature?
There are few universal truths in the resilience literature.
The authors of this text have agreed upon recognition of ideas and issues that pertain to culture s influence on human life. Which of the following best describes one of these ideas?
There are no universal strengths because they are manifested on an individual and cultural basis.
What might be the result of holding both the ME and WE perspectives?
There can be more meaningful interactions with those who hold different views
When examining pathology in non-dominant groups, what would the likely revelation be?
There exists too much pathologizing of minorities due to a bias toward Western culture.
How do the psychometric properties of the Search Institute Profiles of Student Life: Attitudes and Behaviors differ from the other measures discussed in this chapter?
There is little public information about the properties.
What unintended consequence can occur from articles that attempt to be helpful toward populations that are struggling?
There might be stigmatization or the creation of deficit models that make recovery difficult.
What idea was supported by the study on the use of coping strategies across cultures?
There needs to be caution when assuming there are universal benefits to using similar coping strategies.
Which of the following best describes the importance of gathering data on status, such as race or ethnicity, within the country of origin?
There needs to be consideration of differences between privileged and underprivileged groups.
How did Cabrera and Padilla s research reflect the principle of avoiding biased topics and questioning in research?
They avoided studying factors that led to poor achievement and instead examined factors that promoted achievement.
How are construct, linguistic, and metric equivalences similar?
They contribute to improved cultural competency and understanding.
In what way is Confucianism like the teachings of Aristotle and Plato?
They emphasize the responsibility of leaders to take charge of a group.
Which of these is a problem that the authors mentioned a researcher may encounter when administering a Likert scale to members of certain cultures?
They may not choose responses on the extremes of the scale.
In what way did hunter-gatherers begin to reflect the ideals of collectivism?
They shared emotional bonds and resources to foster a sense of belongingness.
which of following describes a reason that practitioners and researchers were more focused on studying negative characteristics?
They were operating within the particular circumstances of their time
How would you expect someone to react upon realizing that they have a high degree of similarity to you?
They will react with positive emotions.
How would a researcher oriented toward the genetically deficient model view someone with below average intelligence?
They would argue that the person has no chance to grow and improve their intelligence.
How would someone who did not follow mainstream, White American culture have previously been treated by psychologists?
They would be referred to as deficient.
How would people from a collectivist culture view their role in a large company
They would consider how their role helps the company perform.
How might an individual demonstrate resilience in the event of a natural disaster if they are conscientious and goal-oriented?
They would set up an emergency plan in case a natural disaster struck.
How did Clifton derive the themes of talent listed in the Gallup classification system?
Through qualitative, highly structured interviews.
In consideration to the debate between positive psychology and pathology, what stance do the authors suggest that future psychologists take?
To avoid being drawn into it altogether
What was the purpose of the report Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity, published in 2001?
To further analyze how culture influences mental health.
What contrast exists between Eastern and Western cultural views on optimal living?
To what story do the Anishinaabe attribute their value system?
If someone abides by the four universal virtues, which of the following would be the most significant to attain?
Transcendental compassion
With most psychologists preoccupied with human weakness and pathology, what would most of their focus be on?
Understanding and treating mental illness.
Which of the following should individualists consider when conducting business?
Understanding collectivist norms.
Considering that citizens in individualist countries strive to stand out from others, which of these qualities is a high need?
Uniqueness
What is the term for the attributes that provide an acceptable method for citizens to show their differences?
Uniqueness
What contributes to the lack of construct equivalence on measures of psychological strength?
Using culturally normative definitions of a strength.
In traditional Eastern culture, what orientation to time is most common?
Valuing a past orientation over the future.
What cultural framework is prevalent in the measures of psychological strength, and what does this imply?
Western; other cultures may not define these strengths similarly.
What difference exists between socioemotional and instrumental support?
Whether someone likes and/or loves another person or gives assistance to someone in need.
Which of these virtues do the authors discuss as being defined differently across religions?
Wisdom
What do the authors imply that slogans aimed at empowering women can result in?
Women may feel as though their failures cannot be attributed to the systems of the world.
What did Doll and Lyon note about resilience programs for young people?
Young people learn about using life skills that are not reinforced in their cultures.
Considering the purpose behind creating The Search Institute s 40 Developmental Assets, who would be best suited to take this measure?
Youth in middle or high school.
Masten, Cutuli, Herbers, and Reed refer to resilience as ______.
a class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk
What desire do people from collectivistic societies tend to hold?
a desire for harmony
Of the following options, which best describes what researchers viewed as being culturally deficient?
a heavy use of slang while speaking with others
what do the authors suggest can help reveal the power of positive emotion and strengths?
a mindful approach to life
At what level do observers expect resilient children s functioning to be at after experiencing adversity?
a normal level of functioning
a social construct is....
a perspective or definition agree upon by many people that constitutes reality
Which of the following is something that resilience researchers look out for when examining a child s postthreat functioning?
a return to normal functioning
African-American and Mexican youth have shown better self-esteem and academic performance, respectively, due to ______.
a strong ethnic identity
What is the culturally embedded perspective on science and practice?
acknowledgement of the influence of cultural values in examining strength and positive functioning
To understand how a strength or process becomes valued within a culture, how should studies should be conducted?
across nations and within diverse nations
The Japanese story of Momotaro, the adopted child, exemplifies many cultural themes which includes ______.
acting for the good of the group
The authors' goals for this book are for it to be an excellent summary of the science and practice of positive psychology, and ______.
allow the readers to apply positive psychology to their own lives.
Which two primary characteristics accounted for the resiliency of at-risk children in the Werner and Smith study involving children born on the island of Kauai?
an outgoing disposition and several sources of support
Teachings from the Anishinaabe implicate that there are seven values, each represented by different ______.
animals
The VIA Classification of Strengths and Clifton StrengthsFinder are similar because they both ______.
are adapted for use by adults and youth.
According to the MacArthur study of successful aging, what are the three components of successful aging?
avoiding disease, engaging with life, and maintaining functioning
aside from acquiring mnore pscyhological knowledge, what is another goal set upon the readers by the authors?
becoming more skilled at capitalizing their own stregths
Which of these do the authors identify as the parsimonious definition of resilience?
bouncing back
People do best in life when developing coping skills during ___
childhood, particularly the first 10 years
The authors suggest that developmental gains from early in school or work could be linked to ______.
civic contributions
The Search Institute s 40 Developmental Assets contribute to thriving in young people because the assets are ______.
commonsense positive experiences and qualities
researchers have been shown to mistakenly believe that because their measure has linguistic equivalence it also has ______.
conceptual equivalence
In order to operate as a good science, the authors suggest that the way to advance positive psychology is to ______.
consider both the good and bad aspects of life
As indicated in Valiant s study, which of the following was a lifestyle predictor of healthy aging?
coping adaptively with mature defenses
Which of these qualities have been shown to be most likely serve as a buffer to mental illness?
courage
Which of these is an example of a method of pseudoscience used to uphold the views of European and European-American superiority?
craniometry
Ponterotto defines the multicultural personality as a strengths-based cluster of personality traits that predicts ______.
cultural adjustment and quality of life outcomes
What are the five factors of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ)?
cultural empathy, open-mindedness, emotional stability, initiative, and flexibility
A researcher who creates a measure of joy but does not consider other cultural perspectives, other languages, and how it is measured across cultures might find that the measure has poor ______
cultural equivalence
Which term is described as interpreting behaviors within the context of the culture?
cultural relativism
What major force is often ignored in the conceptualization of resilience outcomes?
culture
Cross-cultural studies on measures of psychological strengths have indicated that ____
culture plays a significant role in the treatment, expression, and role of strengths
In the study of children on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, what factor affected one third of children who were considered as at-risk for academic and social problems?
deficits in family support and home environments
The four coping strategies that seem to be valued equally by health caregivers in most cultures are identified as taking action, utilizing social support, cognitively reappraising life situations, and ______.
denying the health problem and demands or avoiding thinking about it
Within the Chickering model, what is the primary developmental goal for college students?
developmental competence
Despite the claim that positive psychology is balanced, what did Martin Seligman indicate was lacking in positive psychology?
discussions of the importance of culture when distinguishing strengths and weaknesses
Regarding culture, barriers to effective treatment of clients by professionals can stem from ______.
divergence in viewpoints because of dissimilar cultural backgrounds
what virtues were sought out during the victorian period in england
duty honor discipline
One potential experience of adversity is using risky coping methods and obtaining expected negative outcomes, which is termed as ______.
dysfunctional
Teachers, counselors, and psychologists who are committed to positive youth development focus on ______.
each child s strengths and potential
The authors indicate subjective well-being refers to ____
emotional well-being and happiness.
According to Seligman, psychologists previously viewed people as being ______, which affected how they treated patients.
essentially passive
Which term is used for meeting the social, educational, cultural, and occupational expectations of society?
external adaptation
People in collectivistic societies tend to be more ______ in their interactions with others.
formal
For Asian Americans, optimism was found to be negatively correlated with ______
general psychological and physical symptoms
Eugenics is defined as the study of methods to reduce ______.
genetic inferiority by selective breeding
When asked about their own happiness, what are individuals from Western cultures are most likely to mention?
harmonious relations with others
Although it is highly valued in Eastern cultures, ______ has received minimal attention by positive psychology.
harmony
The story of The Wise Man of the Gulf illustrates which principle?
having a full and happy life
In a study investigating resilience in American Indian adolescence, what phenomenon did researchers discover was significantly linked to resilience?
having strong ties to their American Indian heritage
Which of the following is an example of helping youth develop ties to cultural communities to help increase resilience?
helping African-American children research African culture
The authors indicate that a powerful underlying force throughout Western civilization has been ______.
hope
Which of these traits is most likely to be a central theme in Western articles about positive psychology and happiness?
hope
Individualism is best described as containing constructs for ______.
hope and the need for uniqueness
As a result of increased research and funding for understanding and treating mental illness, psychologists focused less on the missions of making lives better and ____
identifying and nurturing high talent
The Changing Lives Program aims to be ____
inclusive of both gender and ethnicity
When individuals from Western cultures are asked about their own happiness, what they are most likely to mention?
individual factors or achievements
Seliman's work to strengthen the positive psychology movement included
initiating conferences and providing research grants
Which task of adult development is associated with building a broader social circle and a mentoring of the next generation?
integrity
Positive experiences that young people gain through interactions with people and institutions are considered what type of assets?
internal assets
Which of the following is something that psychologists examined under the culturally deficient model?
interpersonal factors
The Islamic virtue that emphasizes equality of all is known as
justice
Someone who is willing to share their wisdom of the workings of the world and people by telling folktales is demonstrating which primary task of adulthood?
keeper of meaning
The translation of a measure into another language is called ___
linguistic equivalence
While Western cultures have traditionally placed more emphasis on qualities such as self-efficacy, Eastern cultures have focused on ______.
living well
Seligman referred to ______ as the three great realms of life. (Freud did as well.)
love, work, and play
What do the authors suggest has grown due to the absence in rigorous research about resilience?
many resilience programs and methods
Considering the study on the pattern of changes in the activities of the elderly, which of the following factors was shown to serve as a buffer to declining health?
marriage
Which of these groups have been pathologized due to comparisons to majority groups?
members of the low or working class
what kind of news story is someone most likely to be presented with?>
negative
Freud suggested that the capacity to love, work, and play is the definition of ______
normalcy
Which of these options best describes the definition of worldview?
our way of describing the universe and life
Maddux, Snyder, and Lopez argue that reality negotiations are not dictated scientifically, but rather by ______.
people and institutions who are interested in defining social constructs
while continuing to study strengths within positive psychology, it is important to remember that
people are diverse, so context matters.
In the Search Institute's Developmental Asset Scale, internal assets are come from young people s ______.
personal characteristics and behaviors.
the medical model has guided professionals toward examining the damaged brain and __________ resulting in making prevention more difficult
personal weakness
which perspectives help provide info about various factors that underpin positive psychology
physicology, neurobiology, evoluitionary
Researchers are split on whether it is necessary to determine internal adaptation, also known as someone s ______.
positive psychological well-being
in what way does prevention differ from pathologizing?
prevention aims to promote human virtues within younger ppl
which of the following are topics included in the definition of positive psychology
psychological strengths and positive emotions
Which of the following methods do the authors describe as being used to better understand the connection between culture and the development and manifestation of strengths?
qualitative research
Before the shift to exploration of individual differences, what did psychologists and anthropologists in the late 1800s and early 1900s use to examine behaviors and characteristics?
racial and cultural differences
Which of these factors would most of the participants in Dr. Werner s study have claimed to help raise their resiliency?
receiving support from a caring adult, such as a teacher
During interactions with individualists, a collectivist might find it suitable to discuss ______ to attain status with the individualists.
recent accomplishments
Professionals that recognize naturally occurring personal and environmental resources that help youth overcome life s challenges are referred to as ______.
resilience researchers
Which of the following is an outcome targeted by positive youth development programs?
rewarding bonding
the authors believe that for postiive pscyhology to become more prevalent, it must be based upon
scientific principles
the positive psychology and pathology perspectives are both influecned by
sociocultural goals and values
Satcher stated that culture needed to be viewed in a broad sense. Which of these is a facet of culture that he mentioned?
socioeconomic status knowledge
If you were a psychologist who began practicing in the mid-20th century, you would have noticed the shift toward focusing on ______.
stimuli and responses or but probs not personal strengths and virtues
Aristotle claimed that ______ is required to reach enduring human excellence,
strength of character
A comprehensive and valid approach to psychology includes understanding cultural factors and ______.
stressors and resources in the environment
Donald Clifton view strengths as extensions of _
talent
According to the authors, one of the more notable accomplishments of positive psychology is ______.
that more psychologists are participating in it than other perspectives
Snyder and Fromkin developed ______, a scale that identifies the individual differences within the need to behave distinctively.
the Need for Uniqueness Scale
Which positive youth development program focuses on awareness of thought patterns and on modifying the explanatory style of students?
the Penn Resiliency Program
The threefold structure of emotional well-being includes life satisfaction, positive affect, and ______.
the absence of negative affect
According to your authors, the question that is often disagreed upon in the conceptualization of resilience outcomes is ______.
the degree to which the child bounces back.
what successes came about while operating from the pathology perspective?
the development of diagnosis, measurement approaches, and treatments
While some scholars refer to the desire to be special in comparison to others as the need for uniqueness, a similar term used for this desire is ______.
the motive for distinctiveness
What issue that plagued the field of psychology did scholars hope that positive psychology would fix?
the over-pathologization of underprivileged groups
The authors suggest that religious and philosophical writings, along with United States culture, have focused on ______.
the pursuit of happiness
A new, integrative perspective can help tie together the promotion of living well and _____
the research-based understanding of living well
Although scholars agree on what needs to be present for a person to be considered resilient, what debate is currently taking place?
the universality of protective factors
Which of the following best describes a way that a group of professionals exemplify culture?
the use of jargon in work settings
how would developmental researchers describe the contribution of love work and play to human life
they are associated with human growth and successful aging
after reading snyder's story about the airport delay, how did his readers react
they responded favorably and wished for more stories
which ofn the following best describes the contrast that exists between trying to avoid unwanted outcomes and thinking of what one wants to happen?
those who try to avoid unwanted outcomes become more reactive than those pursing happier circumstances
The Presidential Task Force on Prevention is taking on tasks such as ______.
training professionals in prevention and health promotion ensuring that adults are receiving mental health treatment
which of the following best describes the two aims of positive psychology
uncover peoples strengths and promote their positive functioning.
What do Western health-care practitioners base their treatment decisions on?
universal truths discovered by their fields through the scientific method
In Snyder's story about the airport delay, upon learning that their flights were behind schedule the passengers reacted to the news by ______.
using a variety of healthy coping mechanisms
what would a future psychologist need to include in their approach?
weaknesses and stregths of people within a cultural contex
Which of the following is something that marginalized groups can contribute to the study of culture within positive psychology?
wisdom and experiences that pertains to developing resilience