Positive Psychology Test 1

What is the "340 Ways" and how can they help you?

"340 ways to use VIA character strengths". How to use your strengths.

What did Joseph Campbell mean by "following your bliss"?

"The deepest sense of being in form and going where your body and soul want to go".

How does the character Strengths and Virtues book define open-mindedness?

"the recognition, pursuit, intense desire to explore novel, challenging, and uncertain events".

What were the 4 ways given to increase the love of learning?

1. Identifying what you're interested in. 2. Focus on what you're good at. 3. Finding things you value learning about. 4. Identifying what you enjoy learning for its own sake.

What are the 5 kinds of stress-related growth?

1. Improved relationships with others. 2. Increased personal strength. 3. Greater appreciation of life. 4. Discovering new values/possibilities 5. Spiritual growth

What are 3 things that the positive psych movement has accomplished?

1. Journal of positive psych. 2. Positive psych researchers wrote books. 3. International pos psych association.

What are the 6 factors that may increase resilience?

1. Mindful-based strength reduction. 2. Self-efficacy. 3. Trying to fully understand a problem. 4. Social Support. 5. Spirituality. 6. Positive Emotions.

What are the 3 conditions necessary for flow?

1. Must be clear about goals/progress. 2. Task must have clear and immediate feedback. Can adjust effort to maintain flow state. 3. Must be a good balance between perceived challenges of tasks & your perceived skills.

What are the 5 sources of self-efficacy?

1. Performing experiences. 2. Vicarious experiences. 3. Imaginal experiences. 4. Positive feedback. 5. Reducing stress and emotional distress.

What are the 5 elements of PERMA?

1. Positive Emotion 2. Engagement 3. (Positive) Relationships 4. Meaning 5. Accomplishment

What are the 4 things that may increase stress-related growth?

1. Positive reappraisal 2. Emotional self-disclosure 3. Spirituality 4. Constructing a coherent narrative

What are the 2 evolved human responses to stress and how are they different?

Fight or flight.

How is pos psych not like pop psych or self-help?

Follows an actual scientific method based approach to happiness based on empirical evidence.

What is the difference between a maximizer and a satisficer?

MAXIMIZER- Considering every possible option SATISFICER- Consider few possibilities. Usually happier.

What is selective exposure?

Maintain beliefs by exposing self with info we already support. We do this without even realizing it.

How is positive psychology an umbrella term?

Organizes the work of those of us who studied what makes life worth living.

How did the weight-lifting experiment show the effects of self-efficacy?

Our own experiences in achieving desired outcomes are the most powerful source of self-efficacy

What did Emmy Werner find and how was it relevant for the study of resilience?

PIONEER OF RESILIENCE Some children who face adversity did not succumb to them, that there is resilience. Some people can experience stress without being adversity affected.

What did Elizabeth Dunn find about happiness and who you spend your money on?

People expect that spending money on themselves would bring more happiness, but found that spending it on others did

What are the 4 ways we mentioned to beat the hedonic treadmill?

Psychotherapy, medication, meditation, and positive psychology exercises.

How do the Hero's Journey and positive psychology compliment each other?

The HJ can inspire, motivate, and guide the way. Positive psychology can give us the best tools possible for successfully making the journey.

How did we define self-efficacy?

The belief that you can do what it takes to reach an important and specific goal.

What was referred to as the Un-DSM?

The characters Strengths and Virtues book

What are the 6 categories of virtues in the VIA classification?

Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence.

What are the 6 stages of change?

pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination

What is the happiness formula and what percentage do each of the predictors of happiness account for?

**H=S+C+V** C (conditions of life)- 10% S (Genetics and biology)- 50% V (Voluntary activities)- 40%

What is the PATH process?

*8 STEPS* 1. Touching the dream. 2. Sense the goal. 3. Ground the way. 4. Invite enrollment. 5. Build strength. 6. Bold steps. 7. Being specific and organized. 8. Commit to step one.

What are cognitive reappraisal behavioral activation and exposure therapy, and how are they relevant to pos psych?

*THE THREE PRIMARY PROCESSES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES* COGNITIVE REAPPRAISAL- Changes the way we think about things, and our behavior. BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION- Doing things we enjoy. EXPOSURE THERAPY- Gradually expose self to the thing you fear.

What is the sailboat metaphor and what does it say about using our strengths vs. focusing on our weaknesses?

-Addressing weakness = plugging holes. -Using strengths = raising sails. -"Letting sails carry you is easier than staying in the same place focusing on the holes". -Learning to see strengths in obstacles, other people, and all around.

What 4 things in the syllabus are critical for success in this class?

1. Attendance 2. Iclicker questions. 3. Assignments. 4. Extra credit.

What are 5 things that positive psychology is not?

1. Avoidance of the negative. 2. Not just about special happiness. 3. Not just common sense. 4. Not just for those who already are doing well. 5. Not only for optimists.

What are the 4 principles for how the scientific method will be used?

1. Background 2. Founding 3. Evolution 4. Beyond

What are the 6 reasons why the hero's journey is relevant for pos psych?

1. Can help us follow the path of science. 2. Helps us understand what it means to be our best. 3. Can help us see the value of our life. 4. Inspires and motivates us to be our best. 5. Helps us face and benefit from the worst. 6. Connects us with humanity.

What are the 4 criteria for the VIA strengths?

1. Contributes to the good life. 2. Each strength is morally valued in its own right. 3. Does not diminish/hurt others. 4. Embodies in consensual paragons and must be people who show the absence of strength.

What are the 3 ways that wisdoms a master virtue according to Schwartz and Sharpe?

1. Enables person to decide which strengths are more relevant for situation. 2. Enable to decide how to specifically apply a relevant strength. 3. Use wisdom to decide among strengths may be in conflict with each other.

What are the 5 criteria for what is wise according to Paul Baltes?

1. Rich factual knowledge. 2. Rich procedural knowledge. 3. Life span contextualism. 4. Values relativism and tolerance. 5. Recognition and management of uncertainty.

What are the 4 strengths metaphors?

1. SAILBOAT- strengths and weaknesses 2. GANDHI LADDER- thoughts>>actions>>habits>>strengths>>destiny 3. MATRIX ANALOGY- download programs for success>>strengths. 4. FROM MARTIAL TO VISUAL ARTS

What are Carol Ryff's 6 components of well-being?

1. Sense of purpose in life 2. Environmental Mastery 3. Autonomy 4. Self-acceptance 5. Positive relations with others 6. Personal growth

What were the 4 ways given to increase open-mindedness?

1. Talk to someone with an opposing point of view. 2. Learn about a different point of view. 3. Play the Devil's advocate with people who agree with you. 4. Make a new friend who has a different point of view, but who you otherwise like very much.

What are the 12 stages of the hero's journey?

1. The ordinary world, 2. The call to adventure, 3. The refusal of call, 4. Meeting mentor, 5. Crossing the threshold, 6. Test, allies, and enemies, 7. Approach and preparation, 8. The ordeal, 9. The reward, 10. The road back, 11. The resurrection, 12. The Return w/ Elixir

What is the hero's journey as described by Joseph Campbell?

12 stages >> Narrative >> Appeals to us because it reflects our story.

What are the 4 basic negative emotions and the 4 basic positive emotions?

>>Negative- Anger, fear disgust >>Positive- Joy, contentment, interest, love

How is the work of Maslow, Rogers, and Frankl relevant for pos psych?

All focused on positive psych themes.

What does "tend and befriend" refer to?

An evolved human response to stress that involves oxytocin

How did we define positive psychology?

Application of the scientific method to enable us to make the most of our lives, and live them to the fullest.

What is the hedonic treadmill?

As people rise and fall in their accomplishments and possessions, their expectations ADJUST to that level. Not a good thing

What are the 3 components of mindfulness?

Awareness, attention, and non-judgement.

What does the broaden and build theory say are the functions of positive emotions?

BROADEN- Increase things to increase thoughts and behaviors (having fun in class). BUILD- Build strengths to adapt to environment.

How did we define mindfulness for this class?

Being aware of and paying attention to whatever is occurring without making judgements about it.

How does Todd Kashdan think that curiosity can help us increase happiness and well-being?

By driving us from simple pursuit of hedonic happiness (pleasure) to eudaemonic happiness (meaningful and fulfilling life).

Why might curiosity be good for us?

Desire to learn/know about something. More positive emotions, sensitivity to good, motivates us to look for rewarding things, enjoy and savor.

Why can self-efficacy be so beneficial?

Does not include actual ability to reach goal, focuses on specific goal. Increases gratitude and appreciation for what we love.

How are humanistic and existential psych relevant for pos psych?

EXISTENTIAL PSYCH- emphasized the importance of a sense of meaning in life and value of confronting your own morality. HUMANISTIC PSYCH-focuses on the inherent growth and potential of human beings towards authentic and fulfilling life.

What is the difference between hedonic and eudaemonic well-being?

HEDONIC- Seek pleasure while avoiding painful experiences- Aristippus EUDAEMONIC- Seek personal fulfillment and realization of your own unique potential- Aristotle

What did the review by Lyubomirsky, Diener, and King find about the relationship between happiness account for?

Happiness may lead to a greater likelihood of approaching possibilities for success in the future and better reactions to negative emotions when they occur.

What did Ryan Howell find about happiness and how we spend our money?

He found that we may get more happiness from your money on spending it on experiences.

What are the 3 components of happiness as defined by psychology?

High life satisfaction, few negative emotions, many positive emotions.

What is stress-inoculation training?

Identify problem, acquire a skill to rehearse, apply skills to cope when stress arises.

What is the optimal stimulation/dual process theory?

In order to know when to try to satisfy curiosity or hold back, it's about balancing anxiety and curiosity.

What is Sternberg's balance theory of wisdom?

Involves learning to balance the knowledge gained from multiple interests for the common good.

Who was the founder of positive psychology?

Martin Seligman

What is the emotion of elevation?

May increase desire to help others. >> Release of oxytocin, related to social bonding. >> POSITIVE EMOTION

What are the 4 common practices for increasing mindfulness?

Mindful breathing, mindful body scan, choice-less awareness, and mindfulness during daily life.

Who is Jon Kabat-Zinn and what did he do regarding mindfulness?

Mindfulness Interventions. >> 8 week group intervention that teaches mindfulness meditation to deal with stress, pain, illness.

How is this class like a call to adventure?

Moving towards (a goal) the kinds of things that we seek most for their own sake. Joy, happiness, meaning, filfillment.

How did we define wisdom in class?

Practical knowledge and understanding that enables us to achieve happiness and well-being.

What is the Gandhi ladder and why is it important?

Progression from beliefs, to thoughts, to words, to values, and then destiny. Our emotions can shift frequently throughout a single day, to things that are very stable.

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?

QUANTITATIVE- Data in the forms of numbers. >> Usually larger test groups, testing preconceived hypothesis. QUALITATIVE- Data in the forms of words. >> Usually smaller test groups, used to develop new theories.

What is the difference between resilience and stress-related growth?

RESILIENCE- ability to bounce back and positively adapt to stress. >> Fostered by mindfulness, self-efficacy, coping, social support, positive emotions, spirituality. STRESS RELATED GROWTH- ability to learn, grow, and benefit from stress. Increased by processing the experience and think of it as a narrative.

What are the 4 paths or trajectories that Bonanno found that people follow after a major stressful event?

Resilience, recovery, chronic, delayed.

What did Ryan Howell find about happiness and how we spend our money?

Spending money on experiences brings more happiness than spending it on possessions.

How has the negativity bias been shown in gambling and relationships?

The pleasure of gambling a certain amount of money is smaller than the pain of losing the same amount.

What is the negativity bias?

The tendency to pay more attention to bad events than positive events. >>Avoiding predators.

What is the Berlin wisdom paradigm?

Those with a high wisdom score take multiple points into consideration, culture, historical period. This with a low wisdom score would shut it down and impose their beliefs into the situation.