PPE Test Questions

When you think about visiting your family for Thanksgiving, you begin to feel anxious.

An emotional state

Which theory of attraction has the most empirical support?

Attraction similarity (we like people who are similar to us)

Which is more important for relationship satisfaction? A. Having a partner whose personality matches what you said you wanted in a partner B. Having a partner who is agreeable, emotionally stable, open, and conscientious C. Having a partner who is similar to you on personality D. Having a partner who complements you on personality

B. Having a partner who is agreeable, emotionally stable, open, and conscientious

Which of the following statements would a person scoring high on Machiavellianism agree with? A. It is important to tell the truth B. It is useful to flatter important people C. Most people are generally good and kind D. Helping others is the best strategy

B. It is useful to flatter important people

Most cultures agree that the trait of _____ is more associated with men. A. affection B. arrogance C. fearfulness D. appreciativeness

B. arrogance

Buss, Block, and Block found that highly active children elicited behaviors to bring them under control by their parents and teachers. This finding is an example of the mechanism of person-environment mechanism of A. manipulation. B. evocation. C. selection. D. provocation.

B. evocation

When someone feels sad, their heart rate slows and blood pressure decreases. Which component of emotions is this referring to?

Bodily changes

Who is more likely to self enhance? A. Mike from the US B. Akiro from Japan C. Mike and Akiro are equally likely to self-enhance D. Neither Mike nor Akiro will self-enhance

C. Mike and Akiro are equally likely to self-enhance

It is probably less adaptive to have an internal locus of control A. in the domain of relationships B. in academic domains C. When you can't change the situation D. all of these

C. When you can't change the situation

Differences in the ways Western and non-Western people describe themselves are most likely due to A. evoked culture. B. genes. C. cultural transmission. D. evolution.

C. cultural transmission

Differences in the ways Western and non-Western people describe themselves are most likely due to A. evoked culture. B. genes. C. cultural transmission. D. evolution.

C. cultural transmission

Research suggests that American students are more likely to describe themselves as _______ compared to Japanese students. A. ordinary B. respectful C. special D. loyal

C. special

Someone who has OCPD can be extremely low on openness and high on conscientiousness. This explanation fits with the _____ view of personality disorders.

Dimensional: personality disorders are just extreme variations of other personality traits

What environmental difference is associated with cultural differences in tolerance for non-conformity?

Disease causing pathogen prevalence. Where there is a lot of disease, nonconformity is not tolerated because everyone will get sick and die.

Compared to people who are married to someone less like their ideal, people who are married to someone who has personality characteristics close to their ratings of their preferred partner are _______ as satisfied.

Equally as satisfied

Angelica is selfish, spoiled, and unpleasant. Because of this people avoid her. What is this an example of?

Evocation

Which fundamental cultural task do people from collectivist cultures put more emphasis on?

Interdependence

Who is more likely to have a personality disorder- men or women?

It is equal

You really don't want to get divorced. If you could only control one trait, which trait would you look for in a partner to avoid divorce?

Low neuroticism/ emotional stability

Stu is very manipulative. He uses people to achieve his own goals and has no problem lying to get what he wants. What trait is Stu high on?

Machiavellianism

Which demographic variable has an impact on happiness?

Nationality (freedom/wealth of country)

Which explanatory style is likely to lead to learned helplessness

Pessimistic (Internal, stable, and global) when bad things happen to you

People with a ____ focus are more sensitive to criticism and meeting obligation

Prevention

People who are high in conscientiousness use which manipulation tactic the most?

Reason

Tommy wants to be a doctor but doesn't think he will be able to successfully graduate from med school. Tommy is low in

Self-efficacy

How does happiness relate to positive life outcomes?

There is a reciprocal causality between happiness and positive life outcomes.

Why are people from cultures of honor more likely to retaliate when someone insults them?

They come from herding cultures so they have to protect their reputations to avoid loss. You have to be ruthless to protect yourself.

Chucky is a worrier-he's always anxious in every situation. Chucky's anxiety is a ______

Trait emotion

The idea that it is wrong to eat beef is an example of _______

Transmitted culture

Is it better to be high or low on affect intensity?

We cannot say

What is an advantage of being in a bad mood?

You are more likely to reject bad arguments.

_____ depends more on particular situations than personality characteristics a. Emotion states b. Emotion traits c. Mood inductions d. Dimensional emotions

a. Emotion states

Chad and Todd look at the same image. However, one reports seeing a rabbit while the other reports seeing a duck! This represents a difference in a. Perception b. Interpretation c. Goals d. Cognitive abilities

a. Perception

A pessimistic explanatory style has been shown to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT a. aggressiveness. b. poor health. c. mortality. d. lowered immunocompetence.

a. aggressiveness

As measured by the KFA, participants who overestimate the length of the block they felt are _____________ which means they have _________ pain tolerance Answers: a. Augmenters; low b. Augmenters; high c. Reducers; low d. Reducers; high

a. augmenters, low

Elika is a successful writer. However, she is very self-conscious and refuses read any reviews about her work in case they are negative. She skips going on book tours because she worries that her fans will not like her. Elika's behavior is probably a sign that she has a _____ personality disorder. a. avoidant b. histronic c. paranoid d. schizod

a. avoidant

In what type of situations do machiavellian strategies work best?

unstructured

Hostility is associated with ______ activation in the ______ lobe of the brain

-Decreased -Frontal

Neither Drew not Charlotte spend a lot of time around other people. However Drew avoids others because he doesn't desire relationships or feel many emotions. Charlotte doesn't because she is worried about looking stupid or being judged. Drew has ______ personality disorder while Charlotte has ______ personality disorder

-Drew has schizoid -Charlotte has avoidant

Susie is generally a happy person. She frequently feels enthusiastic and joyous. Describe her emotional content and style

-Emotional content: High positive affect -Emotional style: High affect intensity

Describe the explanations using all 3 dimensions of explanatory style. "I was late for work because my roommate was in a fight with her boyfriend and kept me up all night."

-External -Unstable -Specific

What are the three components of emotions?

-attributed affect -bodily response -distinct action tendencies

The "optimistic explanatory style" is defined as making _________ attributions for negative events. A. external, unstable, and specific B. internal, stable, and specific C. external, unstable, and global D. internal, stable, and global

A. external, unstable, and specific

Workers who score low on Machiavellianism make more money A. in companies where there are many rules. B. in companies where there are few rules. C. in companies that frequently evaluate performance. D. compared to people who score high.

A. in companies where there are many rules

_____ seek out more stimulation than _____. a. Reducers; augmenters b. Augmenters; reducers c. Narcissists; people with low self-esteem. d. People with low self-esteem; narcissists

A. reducers, augmenters

What differentiates antisocial personality disorder from psychopathy?

APD can be diagnosed solely on behavior while psychopathy requires internal signs as well.

Rose believes that Jackie likes her. Due to this belief, when Rose meets Jackie, she is friendly. This behavior causes Jackie to like Rose more than she perhaps would have otherwise. This example demonstrates ___________.

Expectancy confirmation

A benefit of low affect intensity is

Fewer psychosomatic symptoms

Phil is a social worker and is very good with people. He has no trouble remembering names and faces. He doesn't work well under distraction and sometimes can't see pattern within information. Phil can best be described as _________.

Field dependent

People from _____ social classes emphasize non conformity and taking initiative to their children.

Higher -expect people to get jobs and be the jobs

Lou acts very macho and hyper-masculine. Although he is charming at first, people soon get tired about being around him because he always wants their attention. He often throws temper tantrums and is always looking for the next exciting new thing. What personality disorder is Lou likely to have?

Histrionic

What is the relationship between food source and cooperation?

Hunting cultures cooperate more because food is less consistent

The term cognitive style refers to individual differences in _______

Information processing

The psychological definition of "abnormal" focuses on __________. a. characteristics that cause dysfunction for an individual b. characteristics that are not tolerated in society c. characteristics that are rare in the population d. how extreme levels of personality traits can be seen as abnormal

a. characteristics that cause dysfunction for an individual

After mutual attraction, what characteristics do people value most in a mate? A. Conscientiousness and emotional stability B. Openness and physical attractiveness C. Education and intelligence D. Social status and agreeableness

a. conscientiousness and emotional stability

Students who are _____ are especially good at seeing connections between different categories. a. field-dependent b. field-independent c. both field dependent and field independent d. intelligent

a. field dependent

Alejandro, who attends church every Sunday, has a strong moral and ethical code. If Alejandro has a personality disorder, it most likely will be a(n) _____ disorder. a. obsessive compulsive b. dependent c. paranoid d. histronic

a. obsessive compulsive

Showing someone how fun an activity will be is an example of the _____ manipulation tactic. Selected Answer: A. pleasure induction B. hardball C. silent treatment D. self-abasement

a. pleasure induction

A person who experiences odd sensations that border on hallucinations most likely has _____ personality disorder. a. schizotypal b. schizoid c. antisocial d. avoidant

a. schizotypal

Francis believes in ghosts and spends much of his time going to séances, reading about ghosts, and visiting haunted houses. If Francis had a personality disorder, it most likely would be a ____ personality disorder. a. schizotypal b. schizoid c. eccentric d. histronic

a. schizotypal

Someone who is high on ______ is most likely to be chosen as a friend

agreeableness

A person who focuses on details and ignores the bigger picture is said to be A. a defensive pessimist B. field-dependent C. field-independent D. an optimist

c. Field-independent

People who score higher in affect intensity a. experience only negative emotions more strongly than people who score low. b. experience more physiological arousal than people who score low. c. experience less physiological arousal than people who score low. d. Both A and B.

b. Experience more physiological arousal than people who score low

Which of the following MOST suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism? a. Neuroticism scores are stable over time. b. Neuroticism is associated with better recall of negative information. c. Neuroticism is partially heritable. d. Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures.

b. Neuroticism is associated with better recall of negative information

Ryan is constantly worried about failing and is very sensitive to criticism. Ryan can be described as having a. an external explanatory style b. a prevention focus c. a promotion focus d. a specific explanatory style

b. a prevention focus

People who have narcissistic personality disorder a. generally do not achieve much in life. b. are insensitive to the needs of others. c. tend to be very suggestible. d. have shallow opinions about issues.

b. are insensitive to the needs of others

The social definition of "abnormal" focuses on __________. a. characteristics that cause dysfunction for an individual b. characteristics that are not tolerated in society c. characteristics that are rare in the population d. how extreme levels of personality traits can be seen as abnormal

b. characteristics that are not tolerated in society

Which of the following is NOT a trait related to antisocial personality disorder? a. Irresponsibility b. Excessive attention-seeking c. Superficial charm d. Recklessness

b. excessive attention-seeking

You have heard that Dean X has a reputation for being very arrogant and condescending to students. One day your professor sends you to see the Dean to discuss an important educational issue. You are quite apprehensive when you enter the Dean's office and act very nervous and anxious. Since Dean X does not suffer fools, he snaps at you, thus confirming the _____ that you evoked. A. self-fulfilling corroborations B. expectancy confirmations C. behavioral verifications D. likelihood substantiations

b. expectancy confirmations

People who are married to someone who scores high on all of these personality traits EXCEPT _____ tend to be more satisfied in their relationships than individuals whose spouse score low on this trait. a. agreeableness b. extraversion c. emotional stability d. openness to experience

b. extraversion

Sam has just relocated to New York City after growing up on a farm in rural Nebraska. He has great difficulty in adapting to life in the big city and appears socially numb and passive. Sam's behavior is a. diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder. b. mimicking schizoid personality disorder. c. related to schizotypal type behaviors. d. representative of avoidant personality disorder.

b. mimicking schizoid personality disorder

People with _____ personality disorder tend to be distrustful of others and see others as constant threats. a. Avoidant b. Paranoid c. Antisocial d. Histrionic

b. paranoid

People's personalities influence them to choose certain types of people as friends or as romantic partners. This process is called __________. A. manipulation B. selection C. evocation D. stagnation

b. selection

What do people use to evaluate themselves?

beliefs and desires

Individuals with which of the following personality disorders might attempt suicide or self-mutilation in an attempt to manipulate people with whom they have relationships? a. Paranoid b. Dependent c. Borderline d. Histrionic

c. Borderline

People who score high (as compared to low) on neuroticism tend to Selected Answer: a. underestimate their physical symptoms. b. reported fewer serious physical symptoms. c. have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced. d. believe that others have physical symptoms even when they do not.

c. Have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced

Which of the following information regarding emotions is determined by culture? A. How primary emotions feel B. Recognition of facial features linked to primary emotions C. When it is appropriate to display primary emotions D. All of the above

c. When it is appropriate to display primary emotions

Lillian is very emotionally unstable. She experiences very extreme emotions and has a very uncertain sense of self. She is always worried about her partner leaving her for someone else. Lillian most likely has __________ personality disorder. a. schizotypal b. antisocial c. borderline d. histrionic

c. borderline

Marvin has trouble working independently. Instead of working independently, he will tolerate the abuse of others at work, avoiding disagreements at all costs. Marvin most likely has __________ personality disorder. a. avoidant b. obsessive-compulsive c. dependent d. histrionic

c. dependent

Aggressive responding to insults in a "culture of honor" is an example of _____. A. interdependence B. independence C. evoked culture D. transmitted culture

c. evoked culture

Which of the following is a characteristic of the avoidant personality disorder? a. Lack of concern for other people. b. Seeks reassurance from others. c. Feelings of inadequacy. d. Strong pathological jealousy.

c. feelings of inadequacy

Which of these represents the distinct affect component of emotions? a. Being angry increases heart rate and blood pressure b. People who are scared are more liking to flee the situation c. Happiness is a pleasant experience d. Neuroticism is related to limbic system activation

c. happiness is a pleasant experience

A study by Wilson et al. showed that people who scored high in Machiavellianism were A. more likely prefer highly structured situations. B. less likely to steal money. C. more likely to lie about stealing money. D. scrupulously honest in financial transactions.

c. more likely to lie about stealing money

Kim knows that she is the smartest, most gifted, and best graduate student in her program. She frequently talks about her accomplishments and superiority. She is also very sensitive to any criticism and will lash out at the other grad students if she thinks they are judging her. Kim most likely has _____ personality disorder. histrionic a. borderline b. histrionic c. narcissistic d. dependent

c. narcissistic

Nisbett has attributed greater aggression among Southerners to A. transmitted culture. B. false politeness. C. the greater need to protect resources that could easily be stolen. D. the warmer southern climate.

c. the greater need to protect the resources that could easily be stolen

Sadness, anger, surprise, and disgust are all examples of a. Affect intensity b. Emotional variability c. Emotional style d. Emotional content

d. Emotional content

People in countries with _____ tend to be happier. Selected Answer: Answers: a. aggressive leaders b. low incomes c. fewer laws d. high incomes and more civil liberties

d. High incomes and more civil liberties

studies of happiness and age have found that a. levels of happiness are not predicted well by age. b. relationships and success at work are more important to young people. c. financial security is more important to older people. d. All of these.

d. all of these

Kody Scott, a gang member nicknamed "Monster," is a violent person who craves excitement, fears nothing, and has no guilt or remorse. Scott most likely has _____ personality disorder. a. paranoid b. schizotypal c. narcissistic d. antisocial

d. antisocial

Questionnaire measures of happiness a. correlate with measures of social desirability. b. appear to be valid. c. are invalid due to response bias. d. correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valid.

d. correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valid.

A characteristic common to all personality disorders is a. indifference to social rules. b. an erratic pattern of behaviors c. avoidance of social situations. d. impaired social relations.

d. impaired social relations

Research on the differential-use manipulation tactics by men and women has found that A. women are more likely to use the self-abasement tactic. B. men are more likely to use the hardball tactic. C. women are more likely to use the reason D. men and women use different tactics about the same amount.

d. men and women use different tactics about the same

Gian has a promotion focus. What sort of game would he most likely enjoy? Selected Answer: a. One where he can compete against another person b. One where he has to complete many detailed objectives c. One where he has to complete the game without making mistakes d. One where he has to earn the highest amount of points to win

d. one where he has to earn the highest amount of points to win

Cultural differences are most apparent in A. expression of emotions. B. recognizing emotion expressions. C. the dimensional structure of personality traits. D. self-concepts.

d. self-concepts

People with OCPD are most likely to be described as a. people pleasers b. needy c. shy d. workaholics

d. workaholics

When Didi was a child, her parents fought a lot. Her mother would frequently leave. As an adult, Didi would likely use what kind of mating strategy?

fast/short term

what does the rod and frame test assess?

field dependence vs. field independence

A person who "sees the trees rather than the forest" is said to be

field independent

A women who concludes that all men are untrustworthy after her husband was unfaithful has an _____ explanatory style.

global

Decreased activity in the frontal lobe indicate that hostility may stem from an inability to control

impulses

People from _____ social classes tend to emphasize the importance of obedience to authority

lower

Interpretation

making sense of or explaining events in the world

People who score high on intellect-openness tend to use the manipulation tactic of _____ most

reason

People in eastern cultures tend to use more _______ to describe themselves

relational statements

Action tendencies

the component of emotions that refers to the increase in probabilities of certain behaviors